ABSTRACT Evaluating the effects of N and K supply on grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L.) and the techniques for nutritional diagnosis is of great importance for fertigation management of this crop. This study evaluated the effects of N and K fertigation on the soluble concentrations of NO 3 – and K + in the petiole sap and on the leaf chlorophyll index in drip irrigated ‘Syrah’ grapevine (from 17 June 2013 to 25 Nov 2014). The treatments consisted of five levels of N (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha –1 ) and K 2 O (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha –1 ), combined in an incomplete 5 2 factorial scheme in 13 combinations and arranged in randomized blocks with four replications. We determined NO 3 – and K + concentrations in petiole sap, leaf chlorophyll index, grapevine cluster mass and number per plant, mean grapevine cluster mass, and phenolic composition. High NO 3 – concentrations contributed positively to grapevine yield; however, increased K+ concentrations caused a negative response of sap. For 120 kg N ha –1 rate, NO 3 – in the sap and chlorophyll index showed higher values at the flowering stage, while high values for K + were observed during the grape-ripening stage.

RESUMO Os dados topográficos extraídos do modelo digital de terreno (MDT) possibilitam analisar fatores associados a diversos fenômenos decorrentes na superfície terrestre. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a susceptibilidade ambiental à salinização do solo por meio da modelagem de dados topográficos no Semiárido brasileiro. Definiu-se o município de Jeremoabo-BA como escala espacial de análise devido às características climáticas e aos indícios de deterioração ambiental. Aplicou-se a lógica fuzzy, operador gamma, para integrar a declividade, plano de curvatura, perfil de curvatura e índice topográfico de umidade e configurar cenários de susceptibilidade à salinização. A ocorrência das classes de alta e severa susceptibilidade à salinização do solo decorrem, juntas, em cerca de 22,29% da área total. Elas estão associadas às baixas declividades, altos índices topográficos de umidade, perfil de curvatura côncavo e à classe planar do plano de curvatura do relevo. Os dados indicam a necessidade de realizar um planejamento eficaz do uso da terra pela agricultura, como o do emprego da irrigação, para minimizar o processo de salinização do solo, que estão associados ao fenômeno da desertificação.

ABSTRACT Topograph ic data extracted from a digital terrain model (DTM) make it possible to analyze factors associated with various phenomena arising on the earth’s surface. The aim of this study was to evaluate environmental susceptibility to soil salinization using the modeling of topographic data in the semiarid region of Brazil. The municipality of Jeremoabo, Bahia, was defined as the spatial scale for the analysis due to the climate characteristics and signs of environmental deterioration. The fuzzy gamma operator was applied to integrate the slope, plan and profile curvature, and topographic wetness index, and to configure scenarios of susceptibility to salinization. Together, the classes of high and severe susceptibility to soil salinization occur in around 22.29% of the total area. They are associated with low slopes, high topographic wetness indices, a concave curvature profile, and the planar class of plan curvature of the terrain. The data show the need to carry out effective land use planning for agriculture, such as the use of irrigation, to minimize the process of soil salinization, which is associated with the phenomenon of desertification.

RESUMO Os sistemas de saneamento básico não são suficientes para atender as necessidades sanitárias nas áreas rurais do Brasil. Assim, um sistema anaeróbio descentralizado foi desenvolvido pela Embrapa para viabilizar o tratamento de esgoto doméstico. O efluente de esgoto tratado (EET) pode ser aplicado para substituir totalmente o N oriundo do fertilizante mineral requerido pelas plantas de milho, espécie vegetal típica cultivada por pequenos produtores brasileiros para alimentação animal. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as respostas da cultura do milho ao uso de EET como fertilizante. Um experimento de campo foi realizado em solo franco argilo arenoso em São Carlos, estado de São Paulo, Brasil, na safra de verão 2018-2019 utilizando uma cultivar de milho híbrido com dupla aptidão (produção de grãos e silagem). Foram avaliados quatro tratamentos sobre a aplicação de diferentes fontes de nutrientes, dispostos em blocos casualizados com três repetições: 1- NPK: uréia, superfosfato simples e cloreto de potássio como fontes de nutrientes; 2- EfPK: EET como fonte de N + PK de fertilizantes minerais; 3- Ef: apenas EET; 4- PK: apenas fertilizantes minerais. O EET foi aplicado na cultura por irrigação por sulcos curtos e fechados. O EET pode ser utilizado principalmente como fonte de nitrogênio e outros nutrientes para a nutrição da cultura do milho com base no conhecimento das concentrações de nutrientes do efluente. A aplicação fracionada de EET por fertirrigação pode levar a parâmetros de produtividade do milho próximos aos da aplicação de NPK utilizando apenas fertilizantes minerais como fonte de nutrientes. O reaproveitamento desse efluente é viável para a produção de milho em pequena escala, típica da agricultura familiar brasileira.

ABSTRACT The basic sanitation systems are not enough to meet the sanitary requirements in the rural areas of Brazil. Hence, a decentralized anaerobic system was developed by Embrapa to enable the treatment of domestic sewage. The treated sewage effluent (TSE) should be applied to completely replace the N from mineral fertilizer required by corn plants, a typical crop cultivated by Brazilian smallholder farmings for animal feed. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the corn crop responses to the use of TSE as fertilizer. A field experiment was carried out in a sandy clay loam soil at São Carlos, state of São Paulo, Brazil, over 2018-2019 summer growing season of a hybrid corn cultivar with dual aptitude (grain and silage production). Four treatments about application of different nutrient sources were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications: 1- NPK: urea, simple superphosphate and potassium chloride as nutrient sources; 2- EfPK: TSE as N source + PK from mineral fertilizers; 3- Ef: TSE only; 4- PK: mineral fertilizers only. TSE was applied to crop by short and closed-end furrow irrigation. TSE can be used as a source of nitrogen mainly and other nutrients for corn crop nutrition based on the knowledge of effluent nutrient concentrations. TSE split application through fertirrigation can lead to corn yield parameters close to those from NPK application using only mineral fertilizers as nutrient sources. The reuse of this wastewater is feasible for small-scale corn production which is typical of Brazilian smallholder farming.

RESUMO O monitoramento do teor de clorofila nas folhas da videira permite a avaliação do estado do nitrogênio nesse orgão da planta, o que pode auxiliar na definição da quantidade e do momento de aplicação deste nutriente ao vinhedo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo propor um procedimento de fácil utilização para a calibração do medidor de clorofila portátil baseado em zonas de NDVI em um vinhedo para medidas com o equipamento e coleta de amostras de folha. Avaliamos o cultivo da videira para vinho ‘Chardonnay’ irrigada por gotejamento em um vinhedo localizado no Sudeste do Brasil. As leituras dos índices relativos de clorofila (a, b e total) foram feitas in situ quatro vezes durante o estádio de maturação do ciclo de produção de uvas em 2019, com o dispositivo colocado em duas folhas de cada 40 plantas pré-selecionadas em duas zonas homogêneas de NDVI previamente definidas. Posteriormente, os teores de clorofila e nitrogênio foram determinados em laboratório para relacioná-los com as leituras do medidor por meio de equações de estimativas generalizadas. O equipamento é capaz de estimar os níveis de clorofila a, b e total pelos modelos com erro de 0,98, 0,58 e 1,47 µg ml-1 cm-2 (calibração) e de 1,03, 0,67 e 1,49 µg ml-1 cm-2 (predição), respectivamente. As funções para o teor de N foliar apresentam erro de calibração de 1,49 g kg-1 e erro de predição de 3,39 g kg-1, mas fornecem uma estimativa quando o erro é menor que a amplitude de suficiência de nitrogênio.

ABSTRACT The monitoring of chlorophyll content in grapevine leaves allows us to evaluate their N status, assisting with the information for the decision make about nutrient rate and application time to the vineyard. The present work aimed to propose an easy-to-use procedure for the calibration of a chlorophyll hand-held meter based on the NDVI homogeneous zones in a vineyard for the device readings and leaf sampling. We evaluated the wine grape ‘Chardonnay’ growing under drip irrigation in a vineyard located in the Southeast region of Brazil. Readings of the relative chlorophyll indices (a, b, and total) were taken in situ four times throughout the 2019 growing season, with the device placed on two leaves of every 40 pre-selected target plants in two homogeneous zones of NDVI previously defined in the vineyard. Subsequently, the chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen contents were determined in laboratory to relate them to the chlorophyll meter readings through generalized estimation equations. The chlorophyll meter is capable of estimating the levels of chlorophyll a, b and total by the models generated with an error of 0.98, 0.58, and 1.47 µg ml-1 cm-2 for calibration and of 1.03, 0.67, and 1.49 µg ml -1 cm-2 for prediction, respectively. The functions developed for the leaf N content present calibration error of 1.49 g kg-1 and prediction error of 3.39 g kg-1, but capable of providing an estimate when error is less than the amplitude of nitrogen sufficiency.

ABSTRACT Characterization of the spatial variability of vegetative vigor in vineyards can help improve the performance of site-specific management practices, or the management of vineyards with different rates. Characterization using canopy proximal sensing has been a widely disseminated technique; however, vineyards in southeastern Brazil, where the utilization of annual double pruning results in a winter harvest, knowledge of the role of variability in improving vineyard management has not yet been applied. This study aimed to determine if post-veraison mapping of a normalized difference vegetation index could be used to assess the variability in grapevine vigor, water status, physiology, yield and berry quality attributes at harvest in an irrigated vineyard in southeastern Brazil. This normalized difference vegetation index was measured with an active canopy sensor, and spatial distribution maps over two growing seasons of a vineyard, managed on an annual double pruning basis, were generated. Attributes of physiological and technological berry maturation, leaf water potential, gas exchange, production, and fresh pruning weight were calculated. These normalized difference vegetation index maps allowed for the determination of variability in vegetative vigor and the productive potential of the vineyard; however, high levels of rainfall during the maturation period may reduce the potential of using these maps for determining berry parameters.

RESUMO A evolução tecnológica é imprescindível para tornar a agricultura irrigada mais eficiente no uso da água. Sendo assim, esse artigo de revisão visa contextualizar a irrigação na era da agricultura 4.0 de forma a abordar como essas novas tecnologias estão a impactar no uso racional da água. No que concerne a automação de sistemas irrigados abordou-se a eficiência da irrigação com auxílio de sensores de umidade, aplicativos com uso de smartphone, controladores e injetores de fertilizantes e como o funcionamento destes pode promover a irrigação. Com relação ao manejo da irrigação, o uso do sensoriamento remoto como opção para determinação da evapotranspiração da cultura foi contextualizado, relacionando os tipos de bandas espectrais e sensores utilizados para a coleta de imagens (orbital, aéreo e terrestre), no acompanhamento do status hídrico da cultura. Versou-se também sobre a importância da coleta de dados nas delimitações das zonas de manejo para a irrigação de precisão e quais os possíveis avanços ainda podem ser alcançados no que concerne a obtenção e análise de dados. Por fim, conclui-se que, apesar da alta eficiência dos sistemas de irrigação automatizados, informações oriundas dos atributos do solo, clima e planta obtidas através da gama de dados fornecidos por sensores, serão responsáveis pela mitigação dos impactos globais ocasionados pela agricultura irrigada no futuro próximo, já que estas informações podem potencializar com máxima eficiência, a irrigação de precisão, reduzindo assim o consumo de água pela agricultura.

ABSTRACT Technological evolution is essential to make irrigated agriculture more efficient in the use of water. Thus, this review article aims to contextualize irrigation in the age of agriculture 4.0 in order to address how these new technologies are impacting the rational use of water. With regard to the automation of irrigated systems, irrigation efficiency with moisture sensors, applications using smartphone, controllers and fertilizer injectors, as well as how their operation can promote irrigation, was addressed. Regarding irrigation management, the use of remote sensing as an option to determine crop evapotranspiration was contextualized, listing the types of spectral bands and sensors used to collect images (orbital, aerial and terrestrial), in the monitoring of crop water status. The importance of data collection in the delineations of management zones for precision irrigation and what possible advances can still be achieved with regard to obtaining and analyzing data were also discussed. Finally, it is concluded that, despite the high efficiency of automated irrigation systems, information of soil, climate and plant attributes obtained through the range of data provided by sensors will be responsible for mitigating the global impacts caused by irrigated agriculture in the near future, since this information can enhance irrigation, with maximum efficiency, thus reducing water consumption by agriculture.

ABSTRACT The apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) is an attribute commonly used for the characterization of the spatial variability of soil, but its determination by handheld sensors consumes considerable time and labor. The reduction in the number of sampling points allows minimize them but can result in increased uncertainty of interpolated maps. Thus, the goal of this study was to identify the best spacing and number of ECa measurements, to guarantee the quality of maps generated in three vineyards. The ECa values were obtained using a handheld sensor in different sampling grids. The data were submitted to descriptive statistical and geostatistical analyses. The relative deviation and Kappa coefficient of agreement were used to assess the similarity of generated maps. The reduction in the number of points and increase in the size of the sampling grid reduced the quality of maps and this reduction was greater when the spacing increased in the direction of the terrain slope. A minimum limit of 100 sampling points should be considered for the sampling planning to generate ECa spatial distribution maps, with a more conservative approach when regarding the increase in spacing in the direction of the terrain slope.

ABSTRACT Vegetation indices (VIs) are quantitative measures used to describe the distribution and spatial variability of the vegetation cover of natural or cultivated areas. The aim of this study was to delimit homogeneous zones (HZs) of different VIs using geostatistics and multivariate analysis in order to identify vegetation patterns in Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards. The evaluation was performed in two vineyards in the municipality of Espírito Santo do Pinhal in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Reflectance (ρ) was measured at three wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum (670, 730, and 780 nm) at canopy height in georeferenced points along planting rows using the Crop Circle ACS-430 active sensor. Nine VIs were calculated based on the ratios between the ρ values. Geostatistical data analysis allowed the spatial prediction of VIs by ordinary kriging interpolation. Principal component analysis and fuzzy k-means clustering were applied for HZs delimitation and the optimal number of zones was defined according to cluster validity functions. Despite the variations of the VIs spatial distribution patterns, the multivariate analysis resulted in a representative categorization of the grapevine vegetative vigor and delimitation of HZs for this characteristic. This was validated according to the observed significant differences between VIs.

ABSTRACT Variation in the spatial distribution of leaf chlorophyll content associated with the progression of the phenological cycle of crops may occur in cultivated areas as a result of the variability of environmental conditions and of the intrinsic properties of the plants. The objective of the present study was to model the trend in variation and assess the temporal stability of index of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll (Chla, Chlb, and Chlt, respectively), and to characterize the spatial distribution of Chlt index in grapevine cv. ‘Chardonnay’. The assessments consisted of in situ measurements made with a portable meter in a commercial vineyard located in the municipality of Espírito Santo do Pinhal, state of São Paulo, Brazil, in the period between flowering and fruit maturation. Descriptive statistics were applied to the indices and regression models were fitted to ascertain the relationship of their mean variation with time. The temporal stability of Chlt index was estimated using Spearman's rank correlation analysis and thematic maps were created using geostatistical analysis and spatial estimation by ordinary kriging. The Chlb and Chlt indices were non-linearly associated with cycle progression and their decrease after the start of maturation was estimated. The temporal stability of the Chlt index was low and variation in its spatial distribution was observed over the assessed period.

Resumo A prática da fertirrigação pode aumentar a eficiência de aplicação de fertilizantes e facilitar o manejo nutricional de uma cultura agrícola. Assim, os movimentos de nitrato e de potássio em solo de textura franco arenosa foram avaliados em função da dose de fertilizantes, durante três ciclos de produção da videira de vinho cv. Syrah sobre o porta-enxerto Paulsen 1103 (junho a outubro de 2013, fevereiro a junho de 2014 e agosto a novembro 2014), em Petrolina, Pernambuco. Cinco doses de N (0; 15; 30; 60 e 120 kg ha-1) e cinco doses de K2O (0; 15; 30; 60 e 120 kg ha-1) foram combinadas em um esquema fatorial 52 fracionado, em um total de 13 combinações, e com disposição dos tratamentos em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A concentração de nitrato e de potássio foi determinada na solução do solo, que foi coletada por meio de extratores de cápsulas porosas instalados a 0,4 e 0,6 m de profundidade. O movimento desses íons foi obtido pelo produto entre a concentração dos mesmos na solução do solo e a densidade de fluxo de água no solo. O aumento da adubação nitrogenada promoveu maior movimento de NO3- (62,2 kg ha-1) no solo. O movimento de K+ também foi observado em dois ciclos de produção.

Abstract Fertigation can increase the efficiency of fertilizer application and facilitate the nutritional management of a crop. Thus, nitrate and potassium movements in a sandy loam soil were evaluated as function of fertilizer doses during three growing seasons of the grapevine cv. Syrah grafted on Paulsen 1103 rootstock (June to October 2013, February to June 2014, and August to November 2014) in Petrolina, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Five doses of N (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) and five doses of K2O (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) were combined in a fractional 52 factorial design, totaling 13 combinations, in a randomized blocks experiment with four replications. The concentrations of nitrate and potassium in the soil solution were determined. Samples were collected by porous cup extractors installed at 0.4 and 0.6 m depths. The movement of these ions was obtained by the product between their concentration in the soil solution and the soil water flux density. The increase in nitrogen fertilization promoted a greater movement of NO3- (62.2 kg ha-1) in the soil. The movement of K+ was also observed in two growing seasons .

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi delinear zonas de manejo da irrigação, por meio de geoestatística e análise multivariada em diferentes combinações de atributos físico-hídricos do solo, bem como determinar o número ótimo de zonas de manejo para evitar sobreposições. Um experimento de campo foi realizado em Neossolo Quartzarênico, por dois anos, em pomar irrigado de videira de mesa, no perímetro irrigado Senador Nilo Coelho, em Petrolina, PE. Amostras de solo foram coletadas para a determinação das propriedades físico-hídricas. Um medidor portátil foi utilizado para medições da condutividade elétrica aparente do solo. Mapas de distribuição espacial foram gerados por krigagem ordinária. Zonas de manejo para cinco diferentes combinações de atributos foram delimitadas com uso do algoritmo de agrupamento fuzzy c-means, e dois índices foram aplicados para determinar o número ótimo de zonas de manejo. Duas combinações de atributos do solo podem ser utilizadas no planejamento das zonas de manejo, para o monitoramento da umidade do solo.

Abstract The objective of this work was to delineate irrigation management zones using geostatistics and multivariate analysis in different combinations of physical and hydraulic soil properties, as well as to determine the optimal number of management zones in order to avoid overlaping. A field experiment was carried out in a Quartzipsamment, for two years, in an irrigated orchard of table grape, in the Senador Nilo Coelho Irrigation Scheme, in the municipality of Petrolina, in the state of Pernanbuco, Brazil. Soil samples were collected for the determination of soil physico-hydraulic properties. A portable meter was used to measure soil apparent electrical conductivity. Spatial distribution maps were generated using ordinary kriging. Management zones for five different combinations of soil properties were defined using the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm, and two indexes were applied to determine the optimal number of management zones. Two combinations of soil properties can be used in the management zone planning in order to monitor soil moisture.

RESUMO No Semiárido do Brasil com o advento da irrigação na fruticultura, o aproveitamento destes sistemas para o uso da fertirrigação é um dos principais meios para a incorporação de nutrientes no solo. Porém, esta técnica ainda requer avaliações sobre seu uso, manejo e sistemas de aplicação. Diante disto, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a concentração de nitrato e potássio em solo fertirrigado com fertilizantes nitrogenados e potássicos em cultivo de videira de vinho. Foi realizado um experimento de campo com videiras 'Syrah', em Petrolina-PE, sendo avaliados cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 15, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1) e cinco doses de K2O (0, 15, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1), em esquema fatorial fracionado, perfazendo 13 combinações, dispostas no delineamento blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, aplicadas via fertirrigação. A irrigação foi realizada por gotejamento com dois emissores por planta com vazão de 4 L h-1. Amostras de solução do solo foram coletas semanalmente em todos os tratamentos nas profundidades de 0,4 e 0,6 m, determinando-se a concentração de nitrato, de potássio e a condutividade elétrica. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o aumento da concentração de nitrogênio e potássio na água de irrigação aumentou a disponibilidade de nitrato e potássio na solução do solo. As maiores concentrações de nitrato e potássio foram observadas no segundo ciclo de produção da cultura da videira em ambas as profundidades estudadas.

ABSTRACT In the semiarid region of Brazil the use of irrigation systems for applying fertilizers in horticulture is the primary means for incorporating nutrients in the soil. However, this technique still requires its use in wine vines to be assessed. In view of this, this study aimed to assess nitrate and potassium concentrations in soil fertigated with nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in 3 wine grape growing cycles. A field experiment was conducted with 'Syrah' wine grapes, in Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil; it assessed five nitrogen doses (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) and five K2O doses (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1) applied by drip irrigation system with two emitters per plant, with a flow rate of 4 L h-1. The experimental design used was the factorial split-plot, making up 13 combinations arranged in 4 randomized blocks. Soil solution samples were collected weekly with the aid of porous cup extractors for all treatments and at depths of 0.4 and 0.6 m by determining nitrate and potassium concentrations and electrical conductivity. Increased levels of both nutrients in the irrigation water increased the availability of nitrate and potassium in the soil solution. The highest nitrate and potassium concentrations were found in the second growing cycle at both depths studied.

ABSTRACT Viticulture is an activity of great social and economic importance in the lower-middle region of the São Francisco River valley in northeastern Brazil. In this region, the fertility of soils under vineyards is generally poor. To assess the effects of organic and nitrogen fertilization on chemical properties and nitrate concentrations in an Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (Typic Plinthustalf), a field experiment was carried out in Petrolina, Pernambuco, on Syrah grapevines. Treatments consisted of two rates of organic fertilizer (0 and 30 m3 ha-1) and five N rates (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 kg ha-1), in a randomized block design arranged in split plots, with five replications. The organic fertilizer levels represented the main plots and the N levels, the subplots. The source of N was urea and the source of organic fertilizer was goat manure. Irrigation was applied through a drip system and N by fertigation. At the end of the third growing season, soil chemical properties were determined and nitrate concentration in the soil solution (extracted by porous cups) was determined. Organic fertilization increased organic matter, pH, EC, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, sum of bases, base saturation, and CEC, but decreased exchangeable Cu concentration in the soil by complexation of Cu in the organic matter. Organic fertilization raised the nitrate concentration in the 0.20-0.40 m soil layer, making it leachable. Nitrate concentration in the soil increased as N rates increased, up to more than 300 mg kg-1 in soil and nearly 800 mg L-1 in the soil solution, becoming prone to leaching losses.

RESUMOA adubação pode influenciar a produção e a composição química do mosto da videira. Assim,o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar osefeitos da aplicação de adubo orgânico e nitrogenado nos atributos do solo e na produção da videira ‘Syrah’ irrigada por gotejamento, durante 3 ciclos de produção (abril a agosto de 2010; novembro de 2010 afevereiro de 2011; maio a setembro de 2011), bem como a composição química do mosto produzido, emPetrolina-PE. Os tratamentos consistiram em 2 doses de adubo orgânico (0 e 30 m3 ha-1 de esterco caprino) e 5 doses de N (0; 10; 20; 40 e 80 kg ha-1), dispostos em blocos casualizados, com 5 repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. A adubação orgânica aumentou os teores de fósforo disponível, CTC e matériaorgânica do solo, diminuindo a acidez total titulável do mosto no primeiro ciclo e proporcionou aumento na produção de frutos e na massa de 100 bagas no terceiro ciclo de produção. As doses de N não influenciaramo número de cachos por planta, a produtividade de frutos, nem as características enológicas.

ABSTRACTFertilization can influence the production and must composition of vine. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of organic and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield of drip irrigated wine grape ‘Syrah’ and on the must composition, in three growing seasons (April to August 2010; November 2010 to February 2011; May to September2011) in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The treatments consisted of 2 organic fertilizer levels (0 and 30 m3 ha-1 of goat manure) and 5 N levels (0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 kg ha-1), in 5 randomized blocks in split-plot design. The organic fertilization increased the soil organic matter content, the available P, and CEC, as well as decreased the total tritatable acidity in the must in the 1st growing season and increased the yield and the hundred berries weight in the 3rd growing season. The N rates did not influence the number of cluster per plant, neither the fruit yield and enological characteristics.

Os solos naturalmente possuem metais pesados em teores variáveis, podendo ocorrer incremento desses elementos em razão de práticas agrícolas adotadas. O transporte de metais pesados no solo ocorre, principalmente, nas formas dissolvidas na solução desse ou associado às partículas sólidas, sendo a água sua principal via de transporte. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o teor de metais pesados e micronutrientes no solo, na planta e nos frutos de videira, submetida a diferentes estratégias de irrigação. O experimento foi instalado em Petrolina, PE. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de três estratégias de irrigação: IP (irrigação plena); IDC (irrigação com déficit controlado); e ID (irrigação com déficit). Durante o período de maturação da uva, foram coletadas amostras de solo nas profundidades de 0-10; 10-20; 20-40; 40-60; e 60-80 cm. Também foram coletadas folhas, no momento da maturação dos cachos, e bagas, no instante da colheita. Determinaram-se no solo, na folha e baga os teores de metais pesados e micronutrientes. Os teores de metais pesados e micronutrientes no solo apresentaram padrão estocástico em relação às diversas estratégias de irrigação. As diferentes estratégias de irrigação não influenciaram os teores de metais pesados e micronutrientes na folha de videira, estando esses abaixo dos teores considerados tóxicos para a planta. Entretanto, a maior disponibilidade de água no tratamento com IP favoreceu maior teor de Cu na uva, podendo ser um risco para os vinhos, causando instabilidade e turbidez. Dessa forma, recomenda-se adotar irrigação com déficit, evitando-se assim comprometer a estabilidade de vinhos tropicais da região Nordeste do Brasil.

Soils under natural conditions have heavy metals in variable concentrations and there may be an increase in these elements as a result of the agricultural practices adopted. Transport of heavy metals in soil mainly occurs in forms dissolved in the soil solution or associated with solid particles, water being their main means of transport. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the heavy metal and micronutrient content in the soil and in the grapevine plant and fruit under different irrigation strategies. The experiment was carried out in Petrolina, PE, Brazil. The treatments consisted of three irrigation strategies: full irrigation (FI), regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), and deficit irrigation (DI). During the period of grape maturation, soil samples were collected at the depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-80 cm. In addition, leaves were collected at the time of ripening of the bunches, and berries were collected at harvest. Thus, the heavy metal and micronutrient contents were determined in the soil, leaves, and berries. The heavy metal and micronutrient contents in the soil showed a stochastic pattern in relation to the different irrigation strategies. The different irrigation strategies did not affect the heavy metal and micronutrient contents in the vine leaves, and they were below the contents considered toxic to the plant. In contrast, the greater availability of water in the FI treatment favored a greater Cu content in the grape, which may be a risk to vines, causing instability and turbidity. Thus, adoption of deficit irrigation is recommended so as to avoid compromising the stability of tropical wines of the Brazilian Northeast.