Abstract In this research, aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Justicia pectoralis Jacq and Croton Jacobinensis Baill were characterized. The UPLC-QTOF-MSE analysis was performed on the extracts identified, predominantly, flavonoids, tannins and acids. The extracts did not indicate toxicity in human epithelial cells. C. jacobinensis presented a concentration of phenolics 60.5% higher than J. pectoralis in all scenarios evaluated and, for both samples, the hydroalcoholic extract at 70% exhibited the best efficiency in the extraction (14501.3 and 32521.5 mg GAE 100 g-1 for J. pectoralis and C. jacobinensis, respectively). The antioxidant activity presented a positive correlation with the concentration of phenolics, being 1.186,1 and 1.507,9 μM of Trolox for J. pectoralis and C. jacobinensis at 70% of ethanol; however, it was not verified statistical difference between the ethanolic solutions (p < 0.05). The antimicrobial activity of J. pectoralis extracts was highlighted once was the most effective against gram-positive bacteria. The results suggest that both J. pectoralis and C. jacobinensis extracts present the potential to be applied as natural additives due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and safety. Thus, it is suggesting the development of studies that could investigate the interaction of these plant extracts with food matrices is required.

ABSTRACT Background: Malaria is a parasitosis conditioned by several factors. This study sought to analyze the spatial distribution of malaria considering environmental, socioeconomic, and political variables in São Félix do Xingu, Pará, Brazil, from 2014 to 2020. Methods: Epidemiological, cartographic, and environmental data were obtained from the Ministry of Health, Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute, and National Space Research Institute. Statistical and spatial distribution analyses were performed using chi-squared tests of expected equal proportions and the kernel and bivariate global Moran’s techniques with Bioestat 5.0 and ArcGIS 10.5.1. Results: The highest percentage of cases occurred in adult males with brown skin color, mainly placer miners, with a primary education level, living in rural areas, who were infected with Plasmodium vivax and with parasitemia of two or three crosses as diagnosed by the thick drop/smear test. The disease had a non-homogeneous distribution, with distinct annual parasite indices associated with administrative districts and clusters of cases in locations with deforestation, mining, and pastures close to Conservation Units and Indigenous Lands. Thus, a direct relationship between areas with cases and environmental degradation associated with land use was demonstrated, along with the precarious availability of health services. Pressure on protected areas and epidemiological silence in Indigenous Lands were also noted. Conclusions: Environmental and socioeconomic circuits were identified for development of diseases associated with precarious health services in the municipality. These findings highlight the need to intensify malaria surveillance and contribute to the systematic knowledge of malaria’s epidemiology by considering the complexity of its conditioning factors.

ABSTRACT Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a viable alternative to replacing traditional plastics, harmful to nature. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of PHA by Cupriviadus necator using agro-industrial residues, its physicochemical characterization, and of the membranes produced. Cell growth and PHA production were compared in three carbon sources: residual glycerol, whey cheese with and without a mineral solution. After cultivation, the biopolymer was extracted and characterized by FTIR and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Membranes containing 5.0% of PHA had their physicochemical properties measured for mechanical properties, color, and water vapor permeability. The results demonstrated that the yield of PHA.g-1 of biomass was higher for cultivation using residual. Yet the PHA.L-1 was higher in cultures with whey cheese. The NMR and FTIR result allowed to characterize the molecular structure of PHA produced. It was calculated 8 carbon atoms in the methylene main chain and a maximum of 13 carbons (Poly-3-hydroxytridecanoato) in the polymer side chain. The membranes showed a strong whiteness tendency as well as a high opacity, expected low water vapor permeability, and rigidity. In conclusion, mechanical properties indicated that the formed PHA membranes could be applicable to plastic packaging in substitution for petroleum derivatives.

Abstract Smart film from jackfruit seeds containing anthocyanin extract has potential application as a freshness indicator of fish as they deteriorate, changing the color as a function of the product pH. The lower solubility percentage of the films was evidenced by the lower anthocyanin extract volume. The films presented mean water vapour permeability values of 3.034 g.mm/kPa.h.m2. The starch/anthocyanin film (ST4.0:AN5.0) showed higher tensile strength, while ST2.4:AN5.0 and ST3.0:AN5.3 showed lower resistance. A small change in color in the films was evidenced after 48 hours, and fish (FF10) presented a blue color after 146 hours with a reduction in a* values. Shrimp (SF10) presented negative b* values and grayish color. The indicator film provides an alternative for a convenient, non-destructive and easy-to-view method, as well as informing consumers about the quality of the packaged product. The indicator function of the film was positive, suggesting the potential use of industry co-products in developing smart food freshness indicator packaging.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar los efectos sinérgicos, aditivos y antagónicos de mezclas de diferentes frutas tropicales en la capacidad antioxidante total (TAC) y compuestos bioactivos presentes en los jugos mixtos, y optimizar su formulación por la metodología de superficie de respuesta basado en las evaluaciones de: polifenoles totales (TP), capacidad antioxidante total (TAC), contenido de ácido ascórbico y la aceptación sensorial. Camu-camu, acerola y acai fueron las frutas que más influyeron en el potencial antioxidante del jugo mixto; y el jobo mostró un efecto positivo en la aceptación del jugo mixto tropical. Se observó un efecto antagónico entre acerola y camu-camu para la TAC. La formulación óptima obtenida contenía 20% acerola, 10% de camu-camu, 10% el jobo, 10% de manzana de marañón y 10% de acai, la cual ha proporcionado contenidos medio de 155,46 mg.100 g-1 de ácido ascórbico, 103,01 mg de GAE.100 g-1 de TP, 10,27 mM Trolox g-1 de TAC y aproximadamente 6.1 de aceptación sensorial.

The objective of this work was investigate the synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects of fruit mixtures on total antioxidant capacities and bioactive compounds in tropical fruit juices, and optimize its formulation by the response surface methodology based on the responses: total polyphenols (TP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ascorbic acid content and sensorial acceptance. Camu-camu, acerola and acai were the major factors that influenced the antioxidant potential of the juice; and the yellow mombin showed a positive effect on the acceptance of the tropical juice. It was observed an antagonistic effect between acerola and camu-camu for the TAC response. The optimum formulation obtained was 20% acerola, 10% camu-camu, 10% yellow mombin, 10% cashew apple and 10% acai, which was responsible for a response of 155.46 mg.100 g-1 of ascorbic acid, 103.01 mg of GAE.100 g-1 of TP, 10.27 μM Trolox g-1 of TAC and approximately 6.1 of acceptance.

O Brasil apresenta uma diversidade de frutas regionais, principalmente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Dentre estas, destaca-se o cupuaçu, que é uma fruta considerada exótica e de grande potencial comercial nos mercados dos estados do Sudeste do Brasil e dos países europeus. A polpa e a semente são importantes para o desenvolvimento de produtos industriais. A polpa tem sido estudada como matéria-prima para néctar; entretanto, é usada em sorvetes, geléias, purês e polpa enlatada. Atualmente, o processo de extração da polpa ainda é feito de maneira empírica, utilizando-se de acessórios como facas, colheres ou tesouras de uso doméstico, devido à forte aderência da mesma ao caroço, causando baixo rendimento no produto final. Com o objetivo de aumentar o rendimento durante o processo de extração da polpa de cupuaçu, adicionaram-se à polpa bruta dois tipos de preparações enzimáticas de ação pectolítica (Citrozym-L e Rohament PL). As concentrações estabelecidas foram de 100; 300; 500 e 750 ppm. Após todo o processo, obteve-se a polpa, e o rendimento foi comparado com a polpa-controle. O experimento foi realizado nos laboratórios de Tecnologia de Alimentos da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical. Pelos resultados obtidos, observou-se que o rendimento da polpa com adição de Citrozym-L foi superior a 60% nas concentrações de 300; 500 e 750 ppm, enquanto, com a utilização de Rohament-PL, o rendimento variou de 43 a 57% nas mesmas concentrações. O rendimento da polpa-controle foi de 44 e 41 %, para os experimentos realizados com a primeira e segunda preparação enzimática, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a utilização de enzimas é uma alternativa para melhorar o processo de extração da polpa; adicionando-se acima de 300ppm, obtém-se um rendimento próximo a 60%.

Brazil displays an richness fruits varieties, many of which occur in the warmer north and northeastern regions of the country. The exotic --flavored cupuassu is of particular interest for its importance on the markets in southeastern Brazil and Europe. The pul and the pits constitute industrial raw material of significant potential. As object of studies in the area of nectar production, the pulp of the cupuassu is more commonly used for manufacturing ice cream, jam, mash and canned pulp. However, the pulp and the pit adheres very tighty to each other, their separation is done manually with the aid of domestic utensils such as spoons , scissors and knives, yielding rather small amounts of pulp for further processing. In order to increase the yield during the extraction process, two commercial pectinolitic enzymes (Citrozym L and Rohament PL) in concentrations of 100, 300, 500 and 750 ppm were added to the total pulp. The final yield was compared to that obtained with the control pulp (without enzymes). The experiment was carried out at the food technology laboratories at the Embrapa Tropical Agro-Industry. With the addition of the Citrozim L, tthe yield was over 60% at concentrations of 300, 500 and 750 ppm, while with the addition of Rohament PL the yield attained values between 43 and 57% at these same concentrations. The yield of the control sample was 44% for Citrozym L and 41% for Rohament PL. In conclusion, the use of enzymes with the purpose of increasing the yield of cupuaçu pulp during extraction is a viable alternative, and at 300 ppm or more the yield obtained is approximately 60%.

Foi avaliada a qualidade das polpas congeladas de acerola, cajá e caju, produzidas e comercializadas por empresas paraibanas e pernambucanas, através de parâmetros físico-químicos, com a finalidade de verificar a sua adequação às normas e padrões vigentes no país. Os valores médios obtidos, para os dois Estados, foram: a) polpa de caju - pH = 4,11; sólidos solúveis = 9,75° Brix; acidez em ácido cítrico = 0,39%; açúcares redutores =5,74%; vitamina C = 162,89mg/100g. b) polpa de cajá - pH = 2,50; sólidos solúveis = 7,5° Brix; acidez em ácido cítrico = 1,09%; açúcares redutores = 2,73%; vitamina C = 10,29mg/100g. c) polpa de acerola - pH = 3,07; sólidos solúveis = 6,25° Brix; acidez em ácido cítrico =1,03%; açúcares redutores = 3,20%; vitamina C = 989,47mg/100g. Os resultados obtidos para as polpas de cajá e caju foram comparados com o P.I.Q. de suco dessas frutas e a polpa de acerola com o padrão específico. Os resultados indicaram que 68,2% das amostras de polpa de cajá e 59,1% das amostras de polpa de caju não se enquadraram nos padrões para suco das mesmas frutas. Quanto à polpa de acerola, 40,7% das amostras não atenderam ao padrão, conforme a legislação vigente. Os resultados obtidos indicam a urgência na elaboração dos P.I.Q’s para as polpas de cajá e caju, a fim de garantir ao consumidor produtos de qualidade.

This work was conducted to study the quality of frozen fruit pulps of cashew apple, yellow mombin and acerola produced by enterprises from Paraíba and Pernambuco States (Brazilian northeastern region), in order to verify if they are according to Brazilian regulatory laws. The mean values for pulps from both states were: a) cashew apple: pH 4.11; soluble solids = 9.8°Brix; acidity in citric acid = 0,39%; reducing sugars = 5.74%; ascorbic acid = 162.89mg/100g. b) yellow mombin: pH = 2.50; soluble solids = 7.5°Brix; acidity in citric acid = 1.09%; reducing sugars = 2.70%; ascorbic acid = 8.87mg/100g. c) acerola: pH = 3.05; soluble solids = 6.50°Brix; acidity in citric acid = 1.04%; reducing sugars = 3.20%; ascorbic acid = 989.51mg/100g. The result revealed that 68.2% of yellow mombin pulp samples and 59.1% of cashew apple pulp samples were found in disagreement with the QIS juice of these fruits. Concerning to acerola pulp, 40,7% of samples were also in disagreement with the required standard, according to Brazilian legislation. Such findings indicate the necessity to set up QIS for yellow mombin and cashew apple pulps in order to offer good quality products to consumers.