Resumo Este trabalho avaliou o desempenho contra a corrosão de juntas soldadas dissimilares, utilizando aço carbono ASTM A 615 e aços inoxidáveis austeníticos AISI 304 como metais básicos, e como metal de enchimento eletrodo ER-309L, utilizando bisel único de 45 °. Metade dos corpos-de-prova foram submetidos a um processo de "manteiga" com eletrodo Inconel 182. Os resultados eletroquímicos mostram que, apesar dos defeitos apresentados na junta soldada, eles tendem a passivar em meio alcalino, sendo os corpos de prova com manteiga menos deteriorado pelo efeito da corrosão.

Abstract In this study, the corrosion performance of dissimilar welded joints between ASTM A615 and AISI 304 stainless steel with and without buttering using Inconel 182 was evaluated. In both cases, the filler metal was ER-309L and the base metals were prepared with a 45° single bevel. One half of the specimens were welded with “buttering” using Inconel 182. The electrochemical results showed that despite welding defects, the welded specimens formed a passive layer in alkaline environments. The specimens welded with buttering exhibited the best corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.

Resumen Este trabajo evaluó el desempeño frente a la corrosión de uniones soldadas disimiles, utilizando como metales base acero al carbono ASTM A 615 y acero inoxidable austenítico AISI 304, y como metal de aporte electrodo ER-309L, se utilizó bisel simple a 45°. La mitad de los especímenes fueron sometidos a un proceso de “mantequillado” utilizando electrodo Inconel 182. Los resultados electroquímicos muestran que, a pesar de los defectos presentados en la unión soldada, estas tienden a pasivarse en medio alcalino, siendo las probetas con mantequillado las menos deterioradas por efecto de la corrosión y su resistencia mecánica no se ve minimizada.

Resumo Este artigo descreve propriedades relativas à durabilidade de cinco misturas de concreto com diferentes teores de cinzas volantes ativadas (CVA) e cimento portland tipo CPC 40. Os ensaios realizados foram: velocidade de pulso ultrassônico, resistividade elétrica aparente, permeabilidade rápida ao íon cloreto e resistência mecânica à compressão. A qualidade de todas as misturas foi duradoura, o desenvolvimento da resistividade elétrica e a diminuição do nível de permeabilidade ao íon cloreto foi favorecido pelo conteúdo de CVA, embora a resistência à compressão em maior conteúdo de CVA tenha sido menor. O percentual máximo de substituição do CVA para atender aos critérios atuais de durabilidade foi de 65%.

Abstract This article describes properties related to the durability of five different mixtures of concrete with different contents of activated fly ash (AFA) and Portland cement (CPC 40). The measurements carried out were apparent speed of ultrasonic pulse, electrical resistivity, fast ion permeability of chloride and mechanical resistance to compression. The performance of all mixtures proved to be durable, and the development of the electrical resistivity and the decrease in the level of the chloride ion permeability were enhanced by the contents of AFA, although the resistance to compression at higher contents of AFA was minor. The maximum percentage of AFA to comply with the current criteria of durability was 65%.

Resumen Este artículo describe propiedades referentes a la durabilidad de cinco mezclas de concreto con distintos contenidos de ceniza volante activada (CVA) y cemento portland tipo CPC 40. Los ensayos realizados fueron: velocidad de pulso ultrasónico, resistividad eléctrica aparente, permeabilidad rápida al ión cloruro y resistencia mecánica a la compresión. Los resultados indicaron que la calidad de todas las mezclas resultó durable, el desarrollo de la resistividad eléctrica y disminución del nivel de permeabilidad al ión cloruro fue favorecido por el contenido de CVA. En cuanto a las resistencias a la compresión, se notó que a mayor contenido de CVA estas resultaron menores. El porcentaje máximo de sustitución de CVA para cumplir con los criterios de durabilidad actuales resultó del 65%.

The in vitro response of two Sclerotinia minor-, five S. sclerotiorum- and two Sclerotium cepivorum-isolates to 16 biological control agents and eight fungicides was evaluated. A split plot experimental design was used, with a factorial arrangement correction for each pathogen. Factor A corresponded to fungi isolates and Factor B to control agents. The comparison of means was carried out using a Tukey test (P<0.05), having 11 evaluations every 24 h of the Mycelial radial growth rates (Mrgr). In any case no effect was found, alone or in interactions with control agents. Dicloran, Benomyl, Tebuconazole and Cyprodinil-Fludioxonil inhibited the mycelial growth of all fungi with a final average of 1.0 Mrgr, and in greater proportion than biological agents (BA). The BA that propitiated the lesser mycelial growth towards S. minor were: Microorganisms (BPG-Plus), Trichodermasp. (Trichoderma), T. viride(Esporalis) and Bacillus subtillis (Serenade max); with isolates of S. sclerotiorum, Trichodermasp. (Trichoderma), Trichoderma harzianum (Natucontrol), Microorganisms (BPG-Plus) and T. harzianum (Biotricho-H), with a Mrgr of 1.48, 1.56, 2.35 and 2.53, respectively. For S. cepivorum, the best management was obtained with Trichodermasp. (Trichoderma), T. viride (Esporalis), T. harzianum(Natucontrol) and Microorganisms (BPG-plus), with a Mrgr of 1.03, 1.73, 2.55 and 2.70, respectively. In summary, Thichoderma sp. and Microorganisms were the most consistents in their ability to inhibit the three pathogens.

Se evaluó la respuesta in vitro de dos aislados de Sclerotinia minor,cinco de S. sclerotiorum,y dos de Sclerotium cepivoruma 16 agentes biológicos y ocho fungicidas en un diseño experimental de parcelas divididas con arreglo factorial por cada patógeno. El factor A correspondió a los aislados del hongo y el factor B a los productos de control. La comparación de medias se realizó con la prueba de Tukey (P < 0.05). Se hicieron 11 evaluaciones cada 24 horas del crecimiento promedio radial micelial (Cprm). En ningún caso se encontró efecto de aislado, solo o en interacción con los productos de control. Dicloran, Benomilo, Ciprodinilo-Fludioxonilo y Tebuconazole inhibieron el desarrollo micelial de todos los hongos en mayor proporción que los agentes biológicos (AB) con un promedio final de 1.0 Cprm. Los AB que propiciaron el menor crecimiento promedio radial micelial (Cprm, cm), en S. minor fueron Microrganismos (BPG-Plus), Trichodermasp. (Trichoderma), T. viride(Esporalis) y Bacillus subtillis (Serenade max) con 1.2, 1.3, 1.5 y 1.9 Cprm, respectivamente. En S. sclerotiorum, Trichodermasp. (Trichoderma), Trichoderma harzianum (Natucontrol), Microorganismos (BPG-Plus) y T. harzianum (Biotricho-H) fueron los mas inhibidores con 1.5, 1.6, 2.4 y 2.5 Cprm, respectivamente. S. cepivorum, Trichodermasp., (Trichoderma), T. viride (Esporalis), T. harzianum(Natucontrol) y Microorganismos (BPG-plus) fueron las más sobresalientes con 1.0, 1.7, 2.6, y 2.7, respectivamente. En todos estos casos se superó estadísticamente al testigo (6.6-7.9 Cprm, p=0.05). En general, Trichoderma sp. y Microorganismos fueron los más consitentes en su capacidad de inhibición de los tres fitopatógenos.

Objective: to determine the level of asthma knowledge in parents of asthmatic children followed in a pediatric respiratory ward. Material and methods: descriptive and cross-sectional study. Asthma Knowledge was assessed using the Newcastle Asthma Knowledge Questionnaire (NAQK). We performed a questionnaire to parents and other relatives of asthmatic children treated in the pediatric pulmonary ward of a tertiary hospital. The surveys were conducted between September and November 2009. Results: the sample consisted of 344 questionnaires. The mothers answered 72.7%, the fathers 14.9%, both parents filled the questionnaire in 6.7% and 5.8% were filled by a different person. Patients were 203 boys (59%) and 141 girls (41%) with a mean age of 8 ± 4 years. The average score was 18.5 ± 3.7 points out of 31. Conclusions: our respondents have obtained higher mean score compared to similar samples in other studies. Nevertheless we believe that an educational intervention can improve asthma knowledge and help decrease the morbidity of this chronic disease.

Objetivo: determinar el grado de conocimiento sobre asma de los padres de niños/as asmáticos seguidos en una consulta de Neumología infantil. Material y método: estudio descriptivo y transversal, mediante encuestas autocumplimentadas. Los conocimientos sobre asma se evaluaron usando el Newcastle Asthma Knowledge Questionnaire (NAQK). Se realizó el cuestionario a padres y otros familiares de niños asmáticos atendidos en la consulta de Neumología infantil de un hospital terciario. Las encuestas fueron realizadas entre septiembre y noviembre de 2009. Resultados: la muestra quedó conformada por 344 cuestionarios. Un 72,7% fue contestado por la madre del paciente, un 14,9% por el padre, en un 6,7% fueron ambos progenitores los que rellenaron el cuestionario y en un 5,8% fue otra persona diferente. Los pacientes fueron 203 niños (59%) y 141 niñas (41%) con una edad media de 8±4 años. La puntuación media fue de 18,5±3,7 sobre 31. Conclusiones: nuestros encuestados han obtenido mayor puntuación media en comparación con muestras similares en otros estudios. A pesar de ello, consideramos que una intervención educativa puede mejorar los conocimientos sobre asma y contribuir a disminuir la morbilidad de esta enfermedad crónica.

O apuim-de-costas-pretas [Touit melanonotus (Wied, 1820)] é uma espécie florestal endêmica da Mata Atlântica Brasileira e de relevante interesse conservacionista. Trata-se de uma ave com poucas informações disponíveis acerca de sua história natural e distribuição geográfica e novas observações são importantes fontes de informação para auxiliar na conservação da espécie. Aqui reavaliamos o primeiro registro da espécie e apresentamos novas observações no estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil. As vocalizações atribuídas a T. melanonotus e que consubstanciaram sua ocorrência no estado foram examinadas com auxílio de espectrogramas e identificadas como vozes de Pionopsitta pileata (Scopoli, 1769). Não obstante, T. melanonotus ocorre com certa regularidade no Paraná, como indicado por novos registros da espécie em sete localidades distribuídas por todo o litoral do estado. Esta ave foi registrada principalmente em florestas de terras baixas e, uma vez que esta fisionomia sofre intensas pressões antrópicas, sugerimos que esforços de conservação da espécie devem priorizar a preservação desses hábitats.

The Brown-backed Parrotlet [Touit melanonotus (Wied, 1820)] is a rare forest species restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and is included in the endangered category for species threatened of extinction. As there is a lack of knowledge about the species' natural history and occurrence, new observations can provide helpful information for parrotlet conservation. Here we reevaluate the first record for the species and present new records for the state of Paraná (southern Brazil). The vocalizations previously attributed to T. melanonotus, and which were used to infer its occurrence in the state, were examined by spectrogram analysis. These were actually found to be vocalizations of the Red-capped Parrot [Pionopsita pileata (Scopoli, 1769)], representing a case of misidentification. Even so, the Brown-backed Parrotlet occurs with some regularity in the state of Paraná, as shown by 12 records spread through seven localities spanning the entire Paraná coast. The Brown-backed Parrotlet was recorded mostly in lowland areas, and as these forest types suffer intense pressures, conservation efforts aiming the species preservation should focus in the maintenance of these habitats.

Objective: The purification of commercially prepared triamcinolone acetonide is important in order to avoid the potential toxic side-effects of the solvent benzyl alcohol. We present a new technique for preparation of pure triamcinolone acetonide by dissolving the powder in sterile distilled water with no additional solvents. As the triamcinolone powder is relatively insoluble in water, we describe the sterile method used for the preparation and control of this suspension. Materials and methods: The triamcinolone acetonide is prepared in our hospital pharmacy, under optimum sterile conditions, and then packaged in a primary vial, sealed and sterilized in an autoclave at 121ºC. This vial contains an individual dose of 4mg/0.1ml. Results: A final dose for an intravitreal administration of 3.77mg/0.1ml triamcinolone acetonide was obtained using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The chemical, physical and microbiological stability allows the solution to be kept at a temperature of 2-8ºC for 6 months. Conclusions: A rapid method is presented for preparing triamcinolone acetonide in pure state without preservatives in a concentration near the standard dose and under optimum sterile conditions.

Objetivo: La purificación del preparado comercial de triamcinolona acetónido disponible es importante para evitar el efecto potencialmente tóxico del disolvente alcohol bencílico. Presentamos una nueva técnica de preparación de triamcinolona en polvo, a partir de su forma pura, sin disolventes y diluida con agua destilada estéril. Dada su escasa solubilidad en agua se describe cómo preparar y controlar dicha suspensión. Material y método: El acetónido de triamcinolona es preparado por el Servicio de Farmacia del Hospital, en condiciones de máxima esterilidad, bajo campana de flujo laminar. La suspensión de triamcinolona es envasada en un vial primario, capsulado y posteriormente esterilizado en autoclave a 121ºC. Del vial primario se obtienen dosis individualizadas de 4mg/0,1ml. Resultados: Se obtiene la dosis real administrada (3,77mg/0,1ml) mediante cuantificación de triamcinolona por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). La estabilidad física, química y microbiológica conservando el vial entre 2-8º se mantiene a los 6 meses. Conclusión: Se presenta un método de preparación de triamcinolona en estado puro, obteniendo una concentración muy próxima a la dosis óptima, evitando el uso de disolventes y con máxima garantía de esterilidad.

Corpos-de-prova de zircônia parcialmente estabilizada com ítria foram moldados por prensagem uniaxial, sinterizados e nitretados em plasma de micro-ondas à pressão atmosférica. A camada de ZrN sobre zircônia formou-se a uma taxa de 4 µm.min-1, podendo atingir uma espessura de 500 µm. As amostras foram caracterizadas por meio de medidas de dureza e resistência ao desgaste. A superfície nitretada apresentou dureza superior e resistência ao desgaste similar ao substrato de zircônia.

Samples of yttria partially-stabilized zirconia were molded by uniaxial pressing, sintered and nitrided in an atmospheric pressure microwave plasma. This procedure leads to the formation of a ZrN layer whose growth rate and thickness reached 4 µm.min-1 and 500 µm, respectively. The samples were characterized by means of hardness and wear resistance tests. The nitrided surface exhibits superior hardness and wear resistance similar to that of the zirconia substrate.

During the last decade there has been an increased demand for cyclamen as a potted ornamental plant in Mexico, but there is a deficit of high quality seed at low cost. The objective in this work was to investigate if there is any influence of the mother plants age on phenology, seed production and quality. The cv. Lugano Supreme special mix was used and plants were grown in a plastic greenhouse were air temperature varied between 5.4 and 34.0 °C, with an average of 17.8 °C. The treatments were three plant ages: one (T1), two (T2) and three (T3) years respectly. The phenological stages considered were: PS1: when floral button had a diameter from 1.0 to 2.0 mm, PS2, floral button with 2.0 to 3.0 cm of length, and PS3, initial flower opening. T2 had the fastest development time from PE1 to PE2, 30 days, statistically shorter than in the other treatments; from PE1 to PE3, it was 38, statistically similar to T1 with 42 days, and from PE1 to harvest it was of 120days, statistically similar to T3 (123 days). Regarding capsule setting, T1 was significantly superior (83%) to T3 (66%) but similar to T2 (75%). T3 and T2 had a seed yield (2.16 and 1.92 g·plant-1, respectively) superior to that of T1 (1.02 g·plant-1). Ratings for seed quality characteristics for all treatments were: germination, lower than 60%; viability, lower than 65%, and weight of 1000 seeds lower than 6 g. All of them below standards required for certification process.

En la última década en México se ha incrementado la demanda de ciclamen como planta ornamental, pero existe déficit de semilla barata de alta calidad. En este trabajo se estudió la influencia que tiene la edad de la planta madre sobre la producción y calidad de semillas de esta especie. Plantas de la variedad Lugano Supreme mezcla especial se sembraron en un invernadero con temperatura entre 5.4 y 34.0 con promedio de 17.8 °C. Los tratamientos consistieron en plantas de uno (T1), dos (T2) y tres años (T3) de edad. Las etapas fenológicas consideradas fueron: EF1, botón de 1.0 a 2.0 mm de diámetro; EF2, botón de 2.0 a 3.0 cm de longitud y EF3, apertura floral inicial. Las plantas del T2 tuvieron un desarrollo más rápido: entre EF1 y EF2 hubo 30 días, lo que es más corto estadísticamente que lo observado en los otros dos tratamientos; entre EF1 y EF3 fueron 38 días, estadísticamente similar al T1 (42 días), y de EF1 a cosecha fueron 120 días, estadísticamente similar a T3 (123 días). En prendimiento de cápsulas, el T1 (83%) fue significativamente superior a T3, 66.4%, pero similar a T2 (75%). T2 y T3 produjeron rendimientos de semilla superiores (1.93 y 2.16 g·planta-1). En cuanto a las características de calidad de semilla, en todos los tratamientos la germinación fue inferior a 60%, la viabilidad inferior a 65% y peso de 1000 semillas inferior a 6 g. Todos ellos por debajo de los estándares indicados para certificación.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a existência de associação entre vitimização e uso de álcool entre meninos e meninas de Porto Alegre (RS). MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal. Participaram estudantes de escolas públicas com idade entre 10 e 19 anos, da 5ª série do ensino fundamental até a 3ª série do ensino médio, compondo amostra por conglomerados em dois estágios, definidas pelas características socioeconômicas do bairro da escola e pela turma. A coleta de dados foi realizada por questionário padronizado de forma anônima e voluntária. RESULTADOS: O álcool foi utilizado por 54% dos meninos adolescentes (14-19) e 17% dos adolescentes (10-13), por 58% das meninas adolescentes mais velhas e 19% das adolescentes mais novas. Cinqüenta e sete por cento dos estudantes sofreram vitimização severa, e 53% sofreram vitimização moderada. Quando as amostras separadas por sexos foram avaliadas, observou-se que meninos e meninas que faziam uso de álcool relataram 2,6 e 1,8, respectivamente, mais vitimização grave, ao passo que o uso de álcool entre meninos e meninas se associou a 3,1 e 2,5 mais prevalência de vitimização moderada, respectivamente. Para os episódios de embriaguez, observou-se que adolescentes se embriagaram mais que pré-adolescentes e que as exposições à violência mostraram associação aumentada para embriaguez. Um percentual de 32% de meninos (razão de prevalência, RP = 4,4; IC95% 2,6-7,3) e 22% de meninas (RP = 2,2; IC95% 1,2-4,1) vítimas de violência severa relatou embriaguez pelo menos uma vez. CONCLUSÕES: Adolescentes de ambos os sexos que consomem mais bebidas alcoólicas têm maior risco de sofrerem violência comunitária.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether there is an association between victimization and alcohol use among boys and girls in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of students from public schools, aged 10 to 19 years, from the fifth grade of primary education to the third grade of secondary education, selected by two-stage cluster sampling, defined by the socioeconomic characteristics of the neighborhood in which each school is located and by school class. Data collection was by means of a questionnaire which was completed anonymously and voluntarily. RESULTS: Fifty-four percent of the older adolescent boys (aged 14-19) drank alcohol, compared to 17% of the younger adolescent boys (10-13), as did 58% of the older adolescent girls and 19% of the younger adolescent girls. Fifty-seven percent of the students had suffered severe victimization, and 53% had suffered moderate victimization. When the samples were separated by sex, it was observed that boys and girls who drank alcohol reported 2.6 and 1.8 times more severe victimization respectively, while alcohol was associated with 3.1 and 2.5 times greater prevalence of moderate victimization, among boys and girls respectively. When episodes of drunkenness were analyzed, it was observed that adolescents got drunk more than pre-adolescents and that exposure to violence exhibited an increased association with drunkenness. Thirty-two percent of the boys (prevalence ratio, PR = 4.4; 95%CI 2.6-7.3) and 22% of the girls (PR = 2.2; 95%CI 1.2-4.1) who had been the victims of severe violence reported being drunk at least once. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents of both sexes who consume more alcohol are at greater risk of suffering community violence.

Testou-se a infecção de Trypanosoma evansi pela via oral em ratos e camundongos, através de sangue contaminado de ambas as espécies. Dez ratos e dez camundongos foram alocados em quatro grupos iguais A e B (ratos), C e D (camundongos). Os grupos A e C receberam sangue contaminado de um rato e o grupo B e D de um camundongo, através de uma sonda. O volume de sangue administrado foi de 0,2ml, o qual apresentava uma concentração de 10(7) tripanossomas ml-1. Os animais foram mantidos em temperatura e umidade constantes (25°C e 80% UR), sendo realizados esfregaços sanguíneos diários para identificar o período pré-patente e a evolução do parasita na circulação. Nos grupos A e B, o período pré-patente variou de 19 a 25 dias, e o período entre a detecção dos parasitas e a morte dos animais foi em média de 12,7 dias. Os camundongos do grupo C e D não apresentaram infecção pelo parasita, sendo estes avaliados por 60 dias. Os ratos foram susceptíveis a infecção por T. evansi pela via oral; entretanto, os camundongos não se contaminaram com o protozoário por via digestiva.

In this research, Trypanosoma evansi infection was tested in rats and mice by oral ingestion of contaminated blood. Groups of ten rats and ten mice were disposed in four experimental groups: A and B (rats), C and D (mice). The groups A and C were contaminated by rat-contaminated blood; B and C groups by mouse-contaminated blood. The blood was given using a probe filled with 0.2ml of contaminated blood with 10(7) trypanosomes ml-1. These animals were maintained at constant temperature and humidity (25°C and 80% UR). Dairy blood smear were done to identify the prepatent period and evolution of parasite in the circulation. In the A and B groups, the pre latency period varied from 19 to 25 days and the period of parasite detection and animals death was an average of 12.7 days. The C and D groups did not present infection by the parasite even when evaluated for 60 days. In conclusion, the rats had oral infection by T. evansi but this protozoan couldn’t contaminate the mice by digestive path.

The Health Administration Agencies of many municipalities in Greater Buenos Aires (GBA) receive frequent reports on triatomines in houses. The aim of this work was to identify and describe the dispersal foci of Triatoma infestans in an urban neighborhood of GBA, and contribute to the knowledge of the epidemiological situation in the region. In June 1998, potentially infested places were entomologically evaluated. T. infestans was only detected in a hen building for egg production, which housed approximately 6,000 birds. A total of 2,930 insects were collected. Density was about 9 triatomines/m². The proportions of fifth instar nymphs and adults were significantly higher than those of the other stages (p<0.001). The number of triatomines collected largely exceeded the highest domestic infestation found in one house from rural endemic areas of Argentina. Though triatomines were negative for Trypanosoma cruzi, they could acquire the parasite by coming in contact with infected people living in GBA. Besides, the numerous and widely distributed places housing hens and chickens, would favor the settlement of the vector. Together, both facts may constitute a risk of parasitic vectorial transmission. It is recommended to intensify systematic activities of vector search and case detection in GBA.

In this paper Chinchorro mobility and ecology will be presented. The research was accomplished as a multidisciplinary effort using surveys of the upper and lower coasts of Arica, excavations of two shell middens, and radiocarbon dating of 21 samples from mummies and middens. The following observations can be drawn from our ongoing study: 1) the peopling of the coast moved along the smooth paths from the upper coastal cordillera rather than the lower rocky coast; 2) there was intense preceramic occupation of the coast illustrated by Macarena, Hipodromo, Chinchorro, Citroen, Maderas Enco, Colon, Morro, Playa Miller 8, and Quiani cemeteries in Arica. Also the harvesting grounds of Punta Palomo, Punta Baquedano and El Muertito toward the south could have a preceramic component. The latter three sites are located at the bottom of steep cliffs and are accessible by zigzagging paths which are still visible along the slopes of the mountains; and 3) the ancient environment was milder than it is today. Water and plants were abundant based on the geomorphology of the "chimbas" and the fossilized pollen of graminaes and compositae found in the shell middens

En este trabajo se presentará la movilidad y la ecología asociada a las poblaciones Chinchorro. Las investigaciones constituyeron un esfuerzo multidisciplinario que incorporó exploraciones de la costa superior e inferior de Arica, la excavación de dos conchales y la fechación por radiocarbono de 21 muestras de momias y depósitos. Se pueden hacer las siguientes observaciones generales de nuestro estudio: 1) el poblamiento de las costa avanzó a lo largo de los senderos planos de la cordillera superior costera en lugar de la costa rocosa inferior; 2) hubo una intensa ocupación precerámica de la costa ilustrada por los cementerios de Macarena, Hipódromo, Chinchorro, Citroen, Maderas Enco, Colón, Morro, Playa Miller 8 y Quiani en Arica. Las tierras de cosecha de Punta Palomo, Punta Baquedano y el Muertito hacia el sur, también podrían tener un componente precerámico; 3) el ambiente antiguo era más moderado de lo que es hoy en día. El agua y las plantas eran abundantes según lo indican la geomorfología de las "chimbas" y el polen de gramíneas y compuestas encontradas en los conchales