Resumo O óleo essencial de citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus) possui diversas atividades biológicas, entre elas a ação repelente a insetos. Alguns estudos mostraram que os ésteres do ácido cinâmico podem ser aplicados como pesticidas naturais, inseticidas e fungicidas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a produção de ésteres a partir do óleo essencial de citronela com ácido cinâmico via esterificação enzimática. Além disso, foi investigada a toxicidade do óleo essencial antes e após a esterificação contra Artemia salina e a ação larvicida sobre Aedes aegypti. Os ésteres foram produzidos utilizando ácido cinâmico como agente acilante e óleo essencial de citronela (3: 1) em heptano e 15% em peso da enzima NS 88011 como biocatalisadores, a 70 ° C e 150 rpm. As taxas de conversão de cinamatos de citronelil e geranil foram 58,7 e 69,0% para NS 88011, respectivamente. Para a toxicidade sobre Artemia salina foram obtidos CL50 de 5,29 μg mL-1 para o óleo essencial e 4,36 μg mL-1 para os óleos esterificados com NS 88011. Na atividade inseticida contra larvas de Aedes aegypti, obteve-se CL50 de 111,84 μg mL-1 para o óleo essencial de citronela e 86,30 μg mL-1 para os óleos esterificados com a enzima NS 88011, indicando alta toxicidade dos ésteres. Os resultados demonstraram que as amostras avaliadas apresentam potencial de aplicação como bioinseticida.

Abstract The essential oil of citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) has several biological activities, among them the insect repellent action. Some studies showed that cinnamic acid esters can be applied as natural pesticides, insecticides and fungicides. In this context, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the production of esters from citronella essential oil with cinnamic acid via enzymatic esterification. Besides, the essential oil toxicity before and after esterification against Artemia salina and larvicidal action on Aedes aegypti was investigated. Esters were produced using cinnamic acid as the acylating agent and citronella essential oil (3:1) in heptane and 15 wt% NS 88011 enzyme as biocatalysts, at 70 °C and 150 rpm. Conversion rates of citronellyl and geranyl cinnamates were 58.7 and 69.0% for NS 88011, respectively. For the toxicity to Artemia salina LC50 results of 5.29 μg mL-1 were obtained for the essential oil and 4.36 μg mL-1 for the esterified oils obtained with NS 88011. In the insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae, was obtained LC50 of 111.84 μg mL-1 for the essential oil of citronella and 86.30 μg mL-1 for the esterified oils obtained with the enzyme NS 88011, indicating high toxicity of the esters. The results demonstrated that the evaluated samples present potential of application as bioinsecticide.

In this study, for the first time, histamine-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (HIS-MNP) were used as sorbent phase combined with bar adsorptive microextraction (BAµE) for the determination of methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), and butylparaben (BP) in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Extraction and desorption conditions, including desorption time and solvent, ionic strength effect and extraction time, were investigated. The extractions were performed for 90 min, 30% of NaCl and sample pH 5. Desorption was carried out using 250 μL of acetonitrile:methanol (25:75 v/v) for 30 min. The limits of detection (LODs) were of 1.5 μg L-1 and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 5.0 μg L-1 for all analytes. The intra-day precision ranged from 1% for EP, PP and BP to 3% for MP, EP, PP and BP. The inter-day precision ranged from 3% for EP to 18% for BP. The relative recoveries varied from 81 to 125%, and relative standard deviations (RSD) ranged between 1 and 16%.

ABSTRACT Objective: Obesity is characterized by a state of chronic, low-intensity systemic inflammation frequently associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Materials and methods: Given that chronic inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of mood disorders, we investigated if chronic obesity that was initiated early in life – lasting through adulthood – could be more harmful to memory impairment and mood fluctuations such as depression. Results: Here we show that pre-pubertal male rats (30 days old) treated with a high-fat diet (40%) for 8-months gained ~50% more weight when compared to controls, exhibited depression and anxiety-like behaviors but no memory impairment. The prefrontal cortex of the obese rats exhibited an increase in the expression of genes related to inflammatory response, such as NFKb, MMP9, CCl2, PPARb, and PPARg. There were no alterations in genes known to be related to depression. Conclusion: Long-lasting obesity with onset in prepuberal age led to depression and neuroinflammation but not to memory impairment.

Pharmaceutical cocrystals are composed of a drug and a coformer and are currently gaining attention due to their possibility of improving drug solubility. Quantitative determination of cocrystals is usually carried out by liquid chromatography method, but an alternative for the same is derivative UV spectrophotometry. Cocrystals of lamotrigine (LAM) were formed with nicotinamide (NIC) in order to improve the solubility of LAM. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple, low-cost, environment friendly, first-order derivative spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of LAM and NIC in cocrystals. Determination of LAM and NIC was performed at 244.4 and 271.6 nm, respectively. The method was accurate with recovery values of 98.21-101.52%, and precise (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 1.88%). Robustness evaluated by Plackett-Burman design showed no significant influence of the factors (pH, scanning speed, and sonication time) on LAM and NIC assays. The developed method was compared with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and applied to study the cocrystal stoichiometry and solubility. The results indicated a molar ratio of 1:1 and that the cocrystal is more soluble than the drug. This study demonstrated that the first-order derivative method is feasible for drug and coformer determination in cocrystals and is a suitable alternative to chromatographic methods.

This experimental activity proposes the use of lily (Lilium sp.), agapanthus (Agapanthus sp.) and hydrangea (Hydrangea sp.) extracts to investigate the colorimetric profile of each extract between pH 1-14. Water, ethanol and ethanol/HCl 1% (w/w) were used as extractive solvents. Among the flowers tested, the extracts of orange lily and burnt yellow lily were the ones that presented the greatest color variation with the solution pH change. In addition, the total content of anthocyanins in relation to cyanidin-3-glycosidic was determined and in ascending order we have: yellow lily (LAM: 0,07 ± 0,03) < agapanthus white (AGB: 0,21 ± 0,03) < agapanthus violet (AGV: 1,72 ± 0,13) < blue hydrangea (HAZ: 1,83 ± 0,47) < orange lily (LAL: 2,87 ± 0,52) < burnt yellow lily (LAQ: 9,55 ± 0,46). For this determination methanol/HCl 1% (w/w) was used as the solvent. Using UV-Vis spectroscopy, it is suggested that the behaviors are due to the presence of cyanidin in AGB, AGV, LAL and LAQ, delphinidin in HAZ and apigeninidine in LAM. This activity can be applied in courses that have Chemistry in their curricular matrix and in General Chemistry subjects when the acid-base theme is approached.

RESUMO O peixe-borboleta listrado, Chaetodon striatus, possui a maior distribuição geográfica dentre as quatro espécies de peixes-borboleta do gênero Chaetodon presentes no Oceano Atlântico Ocidental, abrangendo 44° de latitude (entre Massachusetts, EUA até o sul do Brasil). A ecologia alimentar desta espécie é bastante conhecida, considerando a ampla distribuição, porém, pouco se sabe sobre a filogeografia e como as barreiras biogeográficas estruturam as populações. Para acessar a conectividade genética entre as populações de diferentes províncias biogeográficas e diferentes condições ambientais, foram coletadas amostras de sete localidades: Porto Rico, no Caribe, e Tamandaré, Salvador, Abrolhos, Ilha da Trindade, Arraial do Cabo e Florianópolis, no Brasil. Foram sequenciados um gene nuclear (rag 2) e dois genes mitocondriais (região controle e cit B). Para todas as populações, foi identificada uma expansão populacional recente, em torno de 30-120 mil anos atrás. A análise de rede de haplótipos sugere que o Caribe serviu como refúgio antes desta expansão populacional. Os resultados indicam que não há padrão geográfico de diversidade genética. Apesar da existência de barreiras oceanográficas e diferenças na constituição dos recifes (rochosos e coralíneos), não foi encontrada estruturação populacional. Também, não encontramos padrão na direção de migração entre as populações. Os resultados sugerem que C. striatus apresenta plasticidade ecológica, uma vez que não há diferenciação genética entre as populações que habitam ecossistemas tão diferentes ao longo da ampla distribuição no Atlântico Ocidental.

ABSTRACT Among the four butterflyfishes of the genus Chaetodon present in the western Atlantic, the banded butterflyfish Chaetodon striatus has the largest distribution range, spanning 44 degrees of latitude (from Massachusetts, USA to Santa Catarina, Brazil). Although the ecology of the banded butterflyfish has been well studied over its entire range, nothing is known about its phylogeography and how biogeographic barriers structure its populations. To assess the level of genetic connectivity among populations from distinct biogeographic provinces and environmental conditions, we collected samples from seven localities: Puerto Rico, in the Caribbean, and Tamandaré, Salvador, Abrolhos, Trindade Island, Arraial do Cabo and Florianópolis, in Brazil. One nuclear (rag 2) and two mitochondrial (control region and cyt b) molecular markers were sequenced. Our findings are consistent with a recent population expansion, around 30-120 thousand years ago, which was found for all populations. Haplotype network analyses point to the Caribbean as a refugium before the population expansion. Results show no geographic pattern of genetic diversity. Indeed, a lack of population structure was found and no isolation was observed across oceanographic barriers, as well as between coral and rocky reef ecosystems. Furthermore, no directionality in the migration pattern was found among populations. Since ecological and environmental characteristics are very diverse across such a vast geographic range, the lack of genetic differentiation suggests that C. striatus evolved ecological plasticity rather than local adaptation in the western Atlantic.

O objetivo do estudo foi obter informações sobre as características físico-químicas e sensoriais de melados de marcas comerciais. Foram avaliados 15 melados quanto ao pH, acidez, sólidos solúveis, viscosidade, humidade, sólidos totais, açúcares redutores, cinza e cor instrumental. Cinco marcas foram avaliadas quanto às características sensoriais, preferência e intenção de compra. Os dados físico-químicos obtidos foram avaliados por análise de variância e teste de Tukey (p≤0,05), e os sensoriais por teste de Friedman (p≤0,05). As médias foram: 4,7 para pH; 0,70% de acidez total; 78,7°Brix para sólidos solúveis; 116 St de viscosidade; 18,1% de umidade ; 81,9% de sólidos totais; 38,0% de açúcares redutores; 1,6% de cinza; cor L, a*, b*, respectivamente, 21,0, 1,2 e 2,4. Houve relação da viscosidade sensorial com a instrumental e o teor de sólidos solúveis. Não houve diferenciação para gosto doce. As amostras com maior intenção de compra e preferência foram as mais escuras sensorialmente, aparência bastante viscosa e textura de pouca ou média viscosidade. Há uma grande variação entre os parâmetros físico-químicos de melados de cana-de-açúcar, não significando necessariamente um problema de qualidade tecnológica, e sugere-se revisão das faixas de valores estipuladas na legislação.

The aim of this study was to obtain information about the physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of sugarcane syrup. Fifteen brands were evaluated for pH, acidity, soluble solids, viscosity, moisture, total solids, reducing sugars, ash and instrumental color. Five brands were evaluated for sensory characteristics, preference and purchase intention. The physicochemical and sensorial data were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (p≤0.05) and Friedman test (p≤0.05), respectively. Results showed the following average values: 4.7 for pH; 0.70% total acidity; 78.7 ° Brix for soluble solids; 116 St of viscosity; 18.1% moisture content; 81.9% total solids; 38.0% reducing sugars; 1.6% ash; and L* a* b* colors, respectively, 21.0, 1.2 and 2.4. The sensorial viscosity corroborated the instrumental viscosity and the soluble solids content. There was no differentiation for the sweet taste. The samples with the highest purchase intention and preference were the darkest sensorially, very viscous in appearance and with low or moderate texture viscosity. There is a wide variation between the physicochemical parameters of sugarcane syrup, not necessarily implying a technological quality problem, and it is suggested the revision of the range values stipulated in the legislation.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características físico-químicas e sensoriais de sumo de cana-de-açúcar de variedades RB (República do Brasil). Foram analisados o pH, acidez, ºBrix, Pol pureza, cor, turvação e açúcares redutores. Quanto à analise sensorial foram avaliados a cor, aroma característico, gosto doce, corpo e preferência. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas mostraram existir diferenças entre as variedades, quanto ao pH, acidez, ºBrix, pureza, cor, turbidez e açúcares redutores. As variedades não apresentaram diferença para ao Pol. Verificou-se que a cor das variedades RB855156, RB867515 e RB965917 foi a mais clara, para o atributo aroma característico as variedades RB855453 e RB935744 apresentaram maior intensidade. Para ao corpo, gosto doce e preferência dos sumos não houve diferença significativa entre as variedades. As diferenças físico-químicas e sensoriais não influenciam a preferência dos sumos elaborados com diferentes variedades de cana-de-açúcar. Pelo facto de todas as variedades apresentarem boas condições fitossanitárias nesta região, pode-se promover a plantação combinando as variedades de forma a obter uma maior diversidade genética, bem como uma maior disponibilidade de matéria-prima no decorrer do ano.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the physic-chemical and sensorial characteristics of sugarcane juice of RB (Republic of Brazil) varieties. In was evaluated the pH, acidity, ºBrix, Pol, purity, color, turbidity and reducing sugars. The sensorial analysis was evaluated by the color, characteristic aroma, sweet taste, robustness and preference. The results of the physic-chemical analyses showed differences between the varieties, regarding pH, acidity, Brix, purity, color, turbidity and reducing sugars. The varieties did not present difference for the attribute polarimetry. It was verified that the color of varieties RB855156, RB867515 and RB965917 was the lightest, for the attribute characteristic aroma, varieties RB855453 and RB935744 showed the highest intensity. For attributes robustness, sweet taste and preference, there was no significant difference among the varieties. The physic-chemical and sensory characteristics did not influence the preference of juices elaborated with different sugarcane varieties. Since all varieties presented good phytosanitary conditions, in this region, it is possible to promote a combined planting among the varieties, in order to obtain a greater genetic diversity, as well as better raw material availability throughout the year.

São necessários estudos que definam um “padrão de qualidade” de um determinado produto. Nesse sentido, as avaliações ligadas aos variados aspectos dos alimentos, sejam eles de indicações nutricionais, físico-químicos ou sensoriais, apresentam-se como importantes ferramentas na definição da qualidade do produto. O trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a qualidade de quinze marcas de açúcar mascavado. Quanto à humidade, todas as marcas estavam dentro do relatado pela literatura apresentando duas delas um valor de Aw maior que 0,60. Quatro marcas apresentaram-se fora do limite estabelecido do padrão internacional para bactérias mesófilas e duas marcas não conformes para bolores e leveduras. Quanto a analise sensorial, os açúcares apresentaram diferenças na cor, aparência húmida, gosto doce e textura granulosa, porém estas diferenças não afetaram a preferência para este grupo de consumidores.

Studies which lead to a pointing that aims at defining a qualitative positioning of a certain product are necessary. In this sense, the evaluations related to the various aspects of the foods, being them of nutritional indications, physicochemical or sensory, are important tools in pointing the quality of the product. This work aimed at analyzing the quality of fifteen brands of brown sugars. Regarding moisture, all brands were inside what is reported by the literature and two brands presented Aw higher than 0.60. Four brands stayed outside the limit established by the international standard for mesophilic bacteria and two brands were not in accordance for molds and yeasts. The sugars presented sensory difference for color, humid appearance, sweet taste and grainy texture; however, for this group of consumers, these differences did not affect preference.

Resumo Objetivos Adaptar transculturalmente e validar a ferramenta Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale para a língua portuguesa e cultura brasileira, além de verificar a associação de seus resultados com as características sociodemográficas maternas. Metodologia Trata-se da validação e adaptação transcultural aninhada a estudo observacional longitudinal feito em Porto Alegre (RS), com puérperas de diferentes condições gestacionais e perinatais. Os processos ocorreram mediante autorização dos autores originais da escala Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale para a tradução para o português brasileiro, montagem de versão unificada, retradução, análise por experts, aplicação da versão final e validação. Realizou-se a análise Alpha de Cronbach. Para a comparabilidade entre os grupos do estudo utilizou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com post hoc de Dunn. As características socioeconômicas e demográficas das puérperas, obtidas através de questionário estruturado nas 24-48 h pós-parto, foram relacionadas com a confiança materna obtida através da aplicação da escala, utilizando-se a correlação de Spearman e o teste de Mann-Whitney. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 251 puérperas, com a aplicação do questionário sobre confiança materna aos 15 dias pós-parto. A mediana da pontuação de confiança materna foi 40,00 [37,00-43,00]. O protocolo obteve valor de Alpha de Cronbach de 0,717. Houve correlações fracas significativas positivas entre confiança e idade materna (p = 0,013; r = 0,157) e entre confiança e escolaridade materna (p = 0,048; r = 0,125). Além disso, houve associação significativa entre a confiança materna e a paridade (p = 0,030). Conclusão A adaptação transcultural e validação da ferramenta sobre a confiança materna para o português brasileiro mostrou boa confiabilidade. Os resultados de sua aplicação demonstraram que a confiança materna esteve associada à escolaridade, à idade e à paridade.

Abstract Objectives To transculturally adapt and validate the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale to the Brazilian Portuguese language and culture and verify the combination of the results with the maternal sociodemographic characteristics. Methodology This is a validation and transcultural adaptation nestled in a longitudinal and observational study in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, assessing mother-infant pairs from different gestational and perinatal environments. The original authors authorized the translation into Brazilian Portuguese, unified version creation, back-translation, analysis by specialists, final version implementation, and acceptance. Cronbach's alpha analysis was performed. The Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn's test was used to compare the study groups. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, obtained through a questionnaire in the first 24-48 h of the newborns' life, were associated with maternal results by the Brazilian version of the scale, using Spearman's correlation and Mann-Whitney's test. Results The sample consisted of 251 postpartum women, with the confidence maternal questionnaire being applied at 15 days postpartum. The median score of the mothers' confidence was 40.00 (37.00-43.00). The protocol obtained a Cronbach's alpha of 0.717. There were significant weak positive correlations between maternal confidence and age (p = 0.013, r = 0.157) and between maternal confidence and schooling (p = 0.048, r = 0.125). Additionally, a significant association was observed between maternal confidence and parity (p = 0.030). Conclusion The transcultural adaptation and validation of the confidence maternal questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese language and culture showed good reliability for this sample. The results of its use demonstrated that maternal confidence was associated with schooling, age and parity.

RESUMO A percepção de gravidade da esclerose múltipla (EM) e riscos associado a terapias podem influenciar a escolha de tratamento em diferentes países. Investigamos a percepção da gravidade da EM e fatores associados à aceitação de risco em 96 pacientes com EM remitente-recorrentecom um questionário e comparamos com duas coortes europeias. A EM foi percebida como muito grave e o risco de desenvolver leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva devido ao natalizumabe, como moderado a alto, sendo que76% consideraram um risco de 1: 1.000 ou maior como impeditivo deseu uso. Idade mais avançada foi a única variável associada àaceitação de risco mais elevado e nossos pacientes revelaram um perfil mais conservador do que os pacientes alemães e espanhóis. Esses dados devem ser considerados ao discutir opções terapêuticas e pode ter impacto nas adaptações de diretrizes locais.

ABSTRACT The perception of multiple sclerosis (MS) severity and risk associated with therapies might influence shared decision making in different countries. We investigated the perception of MS severity and factors associated with risk acceptance in Brazil in 96 patients with relapsing-remitting MS using a standardized questionnaire and compared this with two European cohorts. Multiple sclerosis was perceived as a very severe disease and the risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy due to natalizumab was seen as moderate to high. Seventy-six percent considered a risk of 1:1,000, or higher, an impediment for natalizumab use. Older age was the only variable associated with higher risk acceptance and our patients showed a more conservative profile than German and Spanish patients. Our patients perceived MS severity and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy risk similarly to elsewhere, but their willingness to take risks was more conservative. This should be considered when discussing therapeutic options and it might have an impact on guideline adaptations.

Abstract This study described a broad clinical characterization of classical homocystinuria (HCU) in Brazil. This was a cross-sectional, observational study including clinical and biochemical data from 72 patients (60 families) from Brazil (South, n = 13; Southeast, n = 37; Northeast, n = 8; North, n = 1; and Midwest, n = 1). Parental consanguinity was reported in 42% of families. Ocular manifestations were the earliest detected symptom (53% of cases), the main reason for diagnostic suspicion (63% of cases), and the most prevalent manifestation at diagnosis (67% of cases). Pyridoxine responsiveness was observed in 14% of patients. Only 22% of nonresponsive patients on treatment had total homocysteine levels <100 mmol/L. Most commonly used treatment strategies were pyridoxine (93% of patients), folic acid (90%), betaine (74%), vitamin B12 (27%), and low-methionine diet + metabolic formula (17%). Most patients diagnosed with HCU in Brazil are late diagnosed, express a severe phenotype, and poor metabolic control. Milder forms of HCU are likely underrepresented due to underdiagnosis.

RESUMO O conhecimento da variabilidade espacial dos atributos físicos e químicos do solo é útil para o uso racional de insumos, como na aplicação localizada de corretivos e fertilizantes. Objetivou-se, nesta pesquisa, avaliar a variabilidade espacial dos índices de vegetação e atributos físicos e químicos do solo em um sistema de integração lavoura-pecuário (ILP). Uma área de 6,9 ha foi amostrada com grade regular hexagonal na profundidade de 0-0,20 m. Os valores no solo de P, K, Ca, Mg, e CTC, saturação por bases, argila e areia foram analisados. A condutividade elétrica aparente do solo (CEa) foi medida com um sensor de contato. O talhão foi avaliado no final do ciclo do milho (abril) e para a produção de pastagem (outubro) por imagens do satélite Landsat 5, utilizando-se técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e sistemas de informação geográfica (SIG). Os resultados mostraram que o índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI) foi associado à CEa e aos parâmetros de solo indicando as variações da cultura do milho e pastagem em sistema ILP. A geoestatística e o SIG foram ferramentas eficazes para unir os dados de variabilidade espacial do solo e da cultura, indicar as tendências dos resultados e interpretar a informação para apoiar estratégias de manejo adequadas.

ABSTRACT The knowledge of soil property spatial variability is useful for determining the rational use of inputs, such as the site-specific application of lime and fertilizer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetation index and spatial variability of physical and chemical soil properties in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS). Soil samples were taken from a 6.9 ha area in a regular hexagon grid at 0-0.20 m depths. Soil P, K, Ca, Mg, and cation exchange capacity - CEC; base saturation; clay and sand were analyzed. Soil electrical conductivity (ECa) was measured with a contact sensor. The site was evaluated at the end of the corn season (April) and during forage production (October) using Landsat 5 images, remote sensing techniques and a geographic information system (GIS). Results showed that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was associated with ECa and soil parameters, indicating crop and pasture variations in the ICLS. Geostatistics and GIS were effective tools for collecting data regarding the spatial variability of soil and crop indicators, identifying variation trends in the data, and assisting data interpretation to determine adequate management strategies.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever quantitativamente e qualitativamente uma metodologia para avaliar as respostas faciais hedônicas, em recém-nascidos saudáveis, ao estímulo doce. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal e observacional, com recém-nascidos saudáveis (com até 24 horas de vida), entre 37-42 semanas gestacionais, nascidos por parto vaginal e alimentados previamente aos testes. A avaliação das reações hedônicas dos recémnascidos foi considerada pelas expressões faciais com séries rítmicas de protrusões de língua após a ingestão de solução neutra ou doce. Inicialmente, 1 mL de solução neutra (água) foi fornecida para o recém-nascido, seguido de uma filmagem de 1 minuto. Sequencialmente, a mesma quantidade de solução de sacarose 25% foi fornecida, realizando-se uma segunda gravação. A concordância entre os pesquisadores foi analisada pelo método estatístico de Bland-Altman. Resultados: Um total de 100 recém-nascidos (n = 49 do sexo masculino, n = 51 do sexo feminino, tempo de vida média = 15 h 12 min ± 6 h 29 min) foram registrados para a ingestão de solução neutra e de sacarose, totalizando 197 vídeos (n = 3 perdas para o tratamento água). Estes vídeos foram analisados em duplo-cego e o teste revelou uma concordância de 90%, para ambas as soluções, entre os pesquisadores treinados. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse foi de 0,99 para as duas substâncias, com um aumento significativo nas frequências das expressões faciais hedônicas evocadas pela ingestão de sacarose. Conclusões: Estes resultados confirmam que o método proposto possui poder estatístico eficiente para detectar diferenças entre estímulos neutros e sacarose. Em conclusão, este método de avaliação de reações faciais hedônicas em recém-nascidos reflete a resposta para um gosto específico.

Abstract Objective: This study describes a quantitative and qualitative methodology to assess hedonic responses to sweet stimulus in healthy newborns. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study, with healthy newborns (up to 24 h of life), between 37 and 42 gestational weeks, vaginally born and breastfed previously to all tests. The evaluation of the newborns reactions was performed by hedonic facial expression analysis, characterized by facial expressions with rhythmic serial tongue protrusion after neutral or sweet solution intake. Initially, 1 mL of water solution was provided to the newborn, followed by a 1-minute recording. Afterwards, the same amount of 25% sucrose solution was provided, performing a second recording. The concordance between researchers was analyzed by the Bland-Altman statistical method. Results: A total of 100 newborns (n = 49 males, n = 51 females; mean lifetime = 15 h 12 min ± 6 h 29 min) were recorded for neutral and sucrose solution intake, totaling 197 videos (n = 3 missing in the water treatment). These videos were double-blind analyzed and the test revealed a 90% concordance between the two trained researchers, in relation to both solutions. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.99 for both solutions, with a significant increase in frequency of hedonic expressions evoked by sucrose solution intake. Conclusions: These results confirm that the proposed method has an efficient power to detect significant differences between neutral and sucrose stimuli. In conclusion, this evaluation method of hedonic facial reactions in newborns reflects the response to a specific taste.

Abstract: Background: Seaweeds must survive in highly competitive environments and thus develop defense strategies that may produce highly diversified antioxidant compounds. Goals: The main objective of this work was to assess the antioxidant activity of green seaweeds. Methods: Six species of ulvophycean chlorophytes were collected during spring/summer, between the Antarctic (Monostroma hariotii, Protomonostroma rosulatum and Ulva hookeriana - formerly as U. bulbosa) and the southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Gayralia brasiliensis, Protomonostroma undulatum and Ulva fasciata). They were then tested for their antioxidant activities using the 2.2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and by quantification of their phenolic (expressed as gallic acid equivalent - GAE - and carotenoid contents. Results: Among the evaluated species, P. rosulatum and U. hookeriana showed high antioxidant potential (77.9±2.8 and 53.1±15.0%, respectively) and high phenolic content (176±6.0 and 144.7±8.9 µg GAE g-1, respectively). These species were collected on King George Island (South Shetland archipelago, around the Antarctic Peninsula) and their higher antioxidant potential may be associated with adaptation to the high incidence of UV rays in this region during summer. In general, tested seaweeds, mainly the samples collected in the Antarctic and Chilean Patagonia, showed higher values of phenolic (from 58.3±2.0 to 144.7±8.9 µg GAE g-1) and carote noid contents (from 23.4±0.2 to 51.5±0.1 µg β-carotene g-1). Conclusions: The presence and levels of these compounds suggest that the target seaweeds may have high antioxidant potential. Also the antioxidant activity could be associated with the occurrence area of the species instead of the order or taxonomic group to which they belong.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Las algas marinas tienen que sobrevivir en entornos altamente competitivos, lo que hace que desarrollan estrategias de defensa que pueden dar lugar a una gran diversidad de compuestos antioxidantes. Objetivos: El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antioxidante de algas verdes. Métodos: Seis especies de clorófitos (Ulvophyceae) recogidos durante el primavera/verano entre la Antártida (Monostroma hariotii, Protomonostroma rosulatum y Ulva hookeriana - antes como U. bulbosa) y el Atlántico Sur (Gayralia brasiliensis, Protomonostroma undulatum y Ulva fasciata) fueron probados por su actividad antioxidante usando el método de secuestro de radicales libres con 2,2-diphenil-picrylhidrazil (DPPH) y pela cuantificación de contenidos fenólicos (expreso como equivalente de ácido gálico (GAE)) y contenidos de carotenoides. Resultados: Entre las especies evaluadas, P. rosulatum y U. hookeriana mostraron alto potencial antioxidante (77,9±2,8 y 53,1±15%, respectivamente) y alto contenido fenólico (176±6,0 y 144,7±8,9 µg GAE g-1, respectivamente). Estas especies fueron recolectadas en la Isla Rey Jorge (cerca de la Península Antártida) y su mayor potencial antioxidante puede estar asociado con la adaptación a la alta incidencia de los rayos UV en esta región. En general, las algas marinas probadas, principalmente las muestras recogidas en la Patagonia Antártida y chilena, mostraron valores más altos de fenólico (de 58,3 ± 2,0 a 144,7 ± 8,9 mg GAE g-1) y el contenido de carotenoides (de 23,4 ± 0,2 a 51,5 ± 0,1 mg g-1 β-caroteno). Conclusiones: La presencia y los niveles de estos compuestos sugieren que las algas marinas diana pueden tener un alto potencial antioxidante. También la actividad antioxidante podría estar asociada con el área de ocurrencia de las especies en lugar de la orden o grupo taxonómico a la que pertenecen.