Resumo A irradiância solar total (TSI) é definida como a energia emitida pelo Sol por unidade de área e recebida pela Terra. Durante muitos anos essa energia foi considerada constante, no entanto, hoje se sabe que há variações em diferentes escalas de tempo. A medição do valor absoluto da TSI precisar ser realizada em ambiente extraterrestre devido à influência da atmosfera na irradiância solar que atinge a superfície da Terra. Sendo a TSI uma variável imprescindível para quantificar a influência solar nas mudanças climáticas da Terra, a obtenção de medidas com a precisão e estabilidade necessária têm se demonstrado um grande desafio tecnológico. Nesse artigo é descrito o princípio de funcionamento e as particularidades dos radiômetros de substituição elétrica utilizados para medir a TSI no espaço.

Abstract Total solar irradiance (TSI) is the solar energy per unit area received by the Earth. For many years, this energy was considered constant. However, it is known there are variations in different time scales. The TSI absolute value needs to be performed in an extraterrestrial environment due the Earth's atmosphere influence these measurements. The TSI is an important variable to quantify the solar influence on Earth's climate. For this purpose, high precision and stability measurements are necessary. These kind of measurements has proven to be a major technological challenge. This paper describes the operation mode and some characteristics of the electrical substitution radiometer (ESR) used to measure TSI in the space.

One of the main objectives of the research program at ETE is devoted to the study of confinement properties in a low aspect ratio tokamak plasma configuration, and to attain this purpose the determination of plasma parameters of the edge region plays an essential role. A Fast Neutral Lithium Beam (FNLB) diagnostics was developed to perform the measurement of the density profile and its fluctuations at the edge of the plasma in ETE. The first light signals were collected after the filling of ETE chamber with He gas (10-4 Torr), where the optimization of this diagnostics was done, to adjust the better point for focalization of the beam and for the optical detection system setup. An extensive study of the variation of the intensity of the light signal with the variation of the gas pressure was carried out. This calibration will be used during shots in ETE to measure the rapidly varying pressure of the pulsed discharge by FNLB technique, a requirement imposed by the use of puff valves for injection of the gas. This paper will also describe the several phases of the development of this diagnostics, discuss the problems occurred and the adopted solutions and show the first measurements of the probing of the edge plasma of ETE with FNLB.