ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to identify homogeneous rainfall zones in the winter and summer 1st and 2nd crops, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The zones were defined by clustering using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to transform seasonal rainfall series. Monthly average rainfall data collected from 157 weather stations for 20 years (1996 to 2015) were employed. The results show that the number of homogeneous zones varied among growing seasons. The summer crop presented two clusters, with rainfall averages of 1489 and 1925 mm; the second crop presented four clusters, with averages of 1849, 1004, 1454, and 1182 mm; and the winter crop had three clusters, with averages of 969, 1498, and 1171 mm. Clustering was a useful instrument to identify geographical regions with similar rainfall regimes during different growing seasons in the state of Paraná. Rainfall distribution was more homogeneous in the summer crop. In all crops analyzed, the clusters with the lowest rainfall rate were present in the northwestern, northern center, and northern pioneer of the state of Paraná, whereas the clusters with the highest rainfall rate were found in the coastal regions.

ABSTRACT Analyzing the physical-chemical and biological characteristics allows the evaluation of the water quality of a water body. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the water quality index of the Passaúna and Piraquara rivers, as well as to apply statistical quality control methodologies to evaluate the data resulting from the monitoring of water quality. Therefore, a database with physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of the Passaúna and Piraquara rivers, a watershed of the Iguaçu River, belonging to the cities of Araucária and Piraquara, respectively Paraná, Brazil, was used to carry out the research. The water quality index was determined with the time series and, subsequently, these data were submitted to the statistical control of the process, with the control charts of individual Shewhart, EWMA and CUSUM, in addition to the development of the process capacity index. The WQI detected that the rivers remained in average quality until the year 2000, however, from that year it was possible to see a decreasing trend in the water quality of the evaluated rivers. The control charts of Shewhart, EWMA, CUSUM and the process capability index were able to identify the decreasing trend in water quality, demonstrating that they are fast and efficient techniques for the evaluation of water quality control.

Abstract The uniformity of water application is an important factor in the evaluation of sprinkler irrigation systems. This uniformity depends on the type of sprinkler and its operating conditions, such as the arrangement and spacing between the sprinklers in the area; velocity and wind direction during the period of water application and the pressure variation of the irrigation system. The objective of this study was to model, analyze and compare the structure of spatial dependence, as well as the spatial variability of the water depths applied by a sprinkler irrigation system with compensating and non-compensating sprinklers, using geostatistical methods and measurements of accuracy or similarity between the applied water depth maps. The experiment was carried out in an agricultural area, in the city of Cascavel-Paraná-Brazil. A total area of 10 × 10 m was used, with 04 compensating and 04 non-compensating sprinklers installed at a height of 1.5 m. For each type of sprinkler, water levels were measured in 100 collectors spaced 1 × 1 m in the study area in 32 trials. On each test sprinkling was carried out for one hour. The conditions of wind, temperature and air humidity were evaluated at the beginning of each test and at 10-minute intervals with a climatological station. As the geostatistical analysis showed the existence of directional trends, the coordinates were incorporated as covariates to the linear spatial model in the study of the spatial dependence of the average depth of the irrigation water for the two types of sprinklers. The spatial dependence structure that best fits the data when using the compensating sprinklers was the Gaussian model and when the non-compensating sprinklers were used, it was the exponential model. The spatial variability maps of average irrigation water depth (mm) of the trials, obtained by universal kriging, revealed that for both sprinklers there was an increase in the mean level average values in the northwest-southeast direction (135° in the azimuth system) in the area under study, influenced by wind direction and velocity during the execution of the experiment.

ABSTRACT Aquatic sediments are widely used for the evaluation of anthropogenic contamination due to their ability to adsorb particles and contaminants, making them historical environmental archives. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the contamination of the Pelotas River sediments, at the border between the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, by organochlorine and organophosphorus compounds, determining the ecological risk. The evaluation was carried out with quarterly sediment collections in 8 points, totalizing four campaigns within one year, with the aid of the Peterson dredger. Among organochlorines, p'p'DDT stands out regarding environmental persistence, representing 53.23% of the contaminated samples, with values varying up to 0.158 ppb. As for the organophosphates, Methyl Parathion obtained larger representation with 48.4% of the contaminated samples, with concentrations ranging up to 2.42 ppb. The ecological risk of selected organochlorines demonstrated no problems associated with the biota. Regarding the organophosphates studied, Disulfoton presented a risk factor with significant potential for adverse effects on organisms. Therefore, the need for monitoring and sustainability in the use and application of pesticides is well known, aiming at environmental quality and the preservation of natural resources.

ABSTRACT This study demonstrates using remote sensing, geographic information systems and multivariate statistics to study water quality in an agricultural watershed. The monitoring of water quality in the watershed of Lontras's river in the southwestern region of the State of Paraná had been done in 2012 and 2013 with a multi-parameter probe in ten sites that were defined upstream and downstream watershed, during four different seasons. Mosaicked images were used from Google Earth, Digital Elevation Model and soil types of maps, defined as the explanatory variables. The definition of the areas of influence and multivariate statistical techniques, particularly the Redundancy Analysis (RDA), were used for the correlation between variables. In a spring area, located upstream watershed, the contribution on water quality variation has gotten smaller, when compared with the other monitoring sites. There was interference in water quality in downstream sites that has become greater due to the effects of diffuse pollution. The RDA enabled synthesizes the data variability structure and the relationship of multidimensional variables. These statistical techniques added to products resulting from the GIS contributed to a better understanding of the variation of water quality in the watershed.

O presente estudo utilizou métodos estatísticos de controle de qualidade para avaliar o desempenho de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto doméstico. A estação de tratamento em questão localiza-se no município de Cascavel, no Estado do Paraná. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: potencial hidrogeniônico, sólidos sedimentáveis, sólidos suspensos totais, demanda química de oxigênio e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio de cinco dias. A análise estatística deu-se através das cartas individuais de Shewhart e índices de capacidade do processo. Conforme as cartas de Shewhart, apenas a variável DBO5,20 apresentou-se sob controle estatístico. Através dos índices de capacidade do processo, observou-se que, com exceção do pH, a estação de tratamento de esgoto doméstico não é capaz de produzir efluente com características que cumpram as especificações ou padrões de lançamentos exigidos pela legislação ambiental.

The current study used statistical methods of quality control to evaluate the performance of a sewage treatment station. The concerned station is located in Cascavel city, Paraná State. The evaluated parameters were hydrogenionic potential, settleable solids, total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand in five days. Statistical analysis was performed through Shewhart control charts and process capability ratio. According to Shewhart charts, only the BOD(5.20) variable was under statistical control. Through capability ratios, we observed that except for pH the sewage treatment station is not capable to produce effluents under characteristics that fulfill specifications or standard launching required by environmental legislation.

A determinação da umidade volumétrica de solos é fator importante no manejo da irrigação. Dentre os métodos indiretos para a estimativa, a técnica da reflectometria no domínio do tempo (TDR) vem recebendo significativo enfoque. Como toda técnica, apresenta vantagens e desvantagens, entre elas a maior desvantagem é a necessidade de calibração e alto custo de aquisição. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estabelecer um modelo de calibração para o equipamento de TDR, Trase System Modelo 6050X1 para a estimativa da umidade volumétrica em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico. A calibração foi realizada em condições de laboratório, utilizando amostras deformadas do solo em estudo, acondicionadas em colunas de PVC com volume de 0,0078 m³. As sondas de TDR, fabricadas artesanalmente com três hastes e 0,20 m de comprimento, foram instaladas verticalmente nas colunas de solo, em um total de cinco sondas por coluna, totalizando dezesseis colunas. Realizaram-se as pesagens com balança digital e leituras diárias da constante dielétrica com o equipamento TDR. O modelo linear θv =0,0103Ka + 0,1900 para estimativa da umidade volumétrica do solo em estudo apresentou excelente coeficiente de determinação (0,93), viabilizando o uso das sondas na estimativa indireta da umidade do solo.

The determination of volumetric water content of soils is an important factor in irrigation management. Among the indirect methods for estimating, the time-domain reflectometry (TDR) technique has received a significant attention. Like any other technique, it has advantages and disadvantages, but its greatest disadvantage is the need of calibration and high cost of acquisition. The main goal of this study was to establish a calibration model for the TDR equipment, Trase System Model 6050X1, to estimate the volumetric water content in a Distroferric Red Latosol. The calibration was carried out in a laboratory with disturbed soil samples under study, packed in PVC columns of a volume of 0.0078m³. The TDR probes were handcrafted with three rods and 0.20m long. They were vertically installed in soil columns, with a total of five probes per column and sixteen columns. The weightings were carried out in a digital scale, while daily readings of dielectric constant were obtained in TDR equipment. The linear model θν = 0.0103 Ka + 0.1900 to estimate the studied volumetric water content showed an excellent coefficient of determination (0.93), enabling the use of probes in indirect estimation of soil moisture.

Os objetivos do trabalho consistiram no mapeamento do uso e ocupação do solo e na avaliação da qualidade da água utilizada para irrigação, no município de Salto do Lontra, Estado do Paraná. Foram utilizadas imagens do satélite SPOT-5 para a realização da classificação supervisionada pelo algoritmo de Máxima Verossimilhança - MAXVER, e para a averiguação da qualidade da água foram analisados os parâmetros pH, CE, HCO3-, Cl-, PO4(3-), NO3-, turbidez, temperatura e coliformes termotolerantes, em dois períodos anuais distintos de precipitação. Os dados de qualidade da água foram submetidos às análises estatísticas pelas técnicas de ACP e AF, para a identificação das variáveis mais relevantes na avaliação da qualidade da água de irrigação. A caracterização de uso e ocupação do solo pelo classificador MAXVER permitiu a identificação das classes: culturas agrícolas, solo exposto/resteva, mata e área urbana. A aplicação da técnica ACP dos dados de qualidade da água de irrigação explicou 53,27% da variação na qualidade da água entre os pontos amostrados. Verificou-se que os parâmetros nitrato, coliformes termotolerantes, temperatura, condutividade elétrica e bicarbonato foram os parâmetros que melhor explicaram a variação espacial da qualidade da água.

The objective of this study consisted on mapping the use and soil occupation and evaluation of the quality of irrigation water used in Salto do Lontra, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Images of the satellite SPOT-5 were used to perform the supervised classification of the Maximum Likelihood algorithm - MAXVER, and the water quality parameters analyzed were pH, EC, HCO3-, Cl-, PO4(3-), NO3-, turbidity, temperature and thermotolerant coliforms in two distinct rainfall periods. The water quality data were subjected to statistical analysis by the techniques of PCA and FA, to identify the most relevant variables in assessing the quality of irrigation water. The characterization of soil use and occupation by the classifier MAXVER allowed the identification of the following classes: crops, bare soil/stubble, forests and urban area. The PCA technique applied to irrigation water quality data explained 53.27% of the variation in water quality among the sampled points. Nitrate, thermotolerant coliforms, temperature, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate were the parameters that best explained the spatial variation of water quality.

A utilização de reatores anaeróbios com meio suporte no tratamento de efluentes líquidos, provenientes das fecularias de mandioca, tem-se apresentado como uma opção viável, uma vez que possibilita a aplicação de cargas orgânicas elevadas e uma redução considerável do TDH necessário para o tratamento. O objetivo do trabalho consistiu no estudo do processo de biodigestão, em dois reatores anaeróbios, com meio suporte de bambu, no tratamento de efluente de fecularia de mandioca, por meio da avaliação do desempenho dos mesmos. Foram utilizados dois reatores com relações diâmetro:comprimento 1:6 e 1:3. As cargas orgânicas aplicadas aos sistemas foram 0,519; 1,156; 1,471; 3,049; 4,347; 4,708 e 5,601 g.L-1d-1. Com relação à eficiência de remoção de DQO, ST e STV, não foram obtidas diferenças estatísticas entre os reatores. Os dois sistemas avaliados apresentaram comportamento estável em relação à AV/AT (acidez volátil/alcalinidade total) para todas as cargas submetidas. Os reatores apresentaram tendência à manutenção da produção de biogás em função da DQO consumida, para as três últimas cargas orgânicas aplicadas, indicando uma capacidade de suportar cargas orgânicas mais elevadas.

The use of anaerobic reactors with media support in the treatment of wastewater from the cassava starch industry has emerged as a viable option because it allows the application of high organic loads and a significant reduction of the HDT needed for the treatment. This research aimed at studying the process of biodigestion in two anaerobic reactors with bamboo support, in the treatment of effluent of cassava starch, by evaluating their performance. The two reactors used present the following diameter: length ratio, 1:6 and 1:3. The organic loads applied to the systems were 0.519, 1.156, 1.471, 3.049, 4.347, 4.708 and 5.601g.L-1.d-1. Regarding the efficiency of removal of COD, TS and TVS, no statistically significant differences were obtained between the reactors. The two systems evaluated showed a stable behavior with respect to the VA/TA (volatile acidity/total alkalinity) for all submitted loads. The reactors tended to the maintenance of biogas production as a function of consumed COD for the last three organic loads applied, indicating an ability to withstand higher organic loads.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de aplicação das cartas de controle do tipo CUSUM tabular no controle de qualidade de variáveis químicas em água superficial. Foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo com coleta de amostras de água, no período de 2003 até 2009, perfazendo 30 coletas, algumas mensais e outras semestrais, com o intuito de observar as variáveis que regulam a qualidade da água. Verificou-se que estas cartas podem ser aplicadas ao controle de qualidade de água de rio, mostrando ser eficazes na percepção de alterações durante o processo, principalmente para amostras pequenas (n=1), para as quais não há repetição, como é o caso desta pesquisa. Também se concluiu que o Rio Mandurim não apresenta poluição em níveis consideráveis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the application possibility of tabular CUSUM control charts in the quality control of chemical variables in surface water. It was performed bibliographic and field research to collect water samples from 2003 to 2009, totaling 30 samples, some monthly and others semi-annual in order to observe the variables that regulate water quality. It was found that these charts may be applied to control the quality of river water; showing to be effective in the perception of changes during the process, especially for small samples (n=1) which there is no repetition as in this research. It was also concluded that the Mandurim River does not presents significant levels of pollution.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição (CUD) e o coeficiente de variação (C.V.) de um conjunto de irrigação familiar, classificando-o pela norma ASAE (American Society of Agricultural Engineers), nos sistemas de irrigação e fertirrigação, sendo determinados por duas metodologias: a de KELLER & KARMELI, e a de DENÍCULI. Os dois experimentos foram submetidos a quatro pressões: 12; 14; 16 e 18 kPa, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado de vinte coletas de vazões, com três repetições. Para a fertirrigação, foram utilizados ureia, cloreto de potássio (KCl) e fosfato monoamônico (MAP). O sistema era composto por um reservatório de 200 L, que abastecia outro recipiente de 30 L, este sendo deslocado verticalmente para o controle da pressão. Os dados foram comparados estatisticamente entre os tratamentos para cada metodologia. Na fertirrigação, a melhor pressão foi de 16 kPa, e classificou-se como "excelente" para CUD (91,03%) e "marginal" para C.V. (7,47%). Para o tratamento com irrigação, a melhor pressão foi de 16 kPa classificado como "excelente" para CUD (91,2%) e "marginal" para C.V. (7,68%). A metodologia de DENÍCULI et al. (1980) mostrou-se mais confiável para a avaliação de sistemas de gotejamento. Observou-se que este conjunto tem ótima uniformidade de distribuição, mas com grande variabilidade nas vazões.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the uniformity of distribution coefficient (UDC) and coefficient of variation (CV) of a familiar set of irrigation, classifying it the ASAE standard. The irrigation and fertigation are determined by two methods the KELLER & KARMELI and DENÍCULI . The two experiments were subjected to varying pressures: 12, 14, 16 and 18 kPa, in a completely randomized design of twenty samples composed of flows with three replications. Urea, potassium chloride (KCl) and ammonium phosphate (MAP) were the elements used for fertigation. The system consisted of a 200 L tank, which supplied another container of 30 L, it was moved vertically to control the pressure. The data was statistically compared between treatments for each methodology. In fertigation the best pressure was 16 kPa and was classified as "excellent" for UDC (91.03%) and "marginal" for C.V. (7.47%). For the irrigation treatment, the best pressure was 16 kPa rated "excellent" for UDC (91.2%) and "marginal" for C.V. (7.68%). The DENÍCULI et al. (1980) methodology proved more reliable for the evaluation of drip systems. It was observed that this set has good uniformity of distribution, but with great variability in flows.

Um reator em bateladas sequenciais com biomassa em suspensão e volume útil de 5L, aplicado para remoção de nutrientes e matéria orgânica, foi operado em escala de bancada, nas condições ótimas obtidas a partir de um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR), tempo de ciclo (TC) de 16 h (10h15 fase aeróbia e 4h35 fase anóxica) e relação carbono:nitrogênio (DQO/N-NO2-+N-NO3-) de 6. Avaliaram-se 20 ciclos completos, nitrificação seguida de desnitrificação, com o objetivo de efetuar o estudo do comportamento cinético de degradação da matéria orgânica (DQO) e nitrogenada (N-NH4+, N-NO2- e N-NO3-) presentes no efluente proveniente do abate e industrialização de aves, bem como avaliar a estabilidade do reator através de gráficos de controle Shewhart para medidas individuais. Os resultados apontaram valores médios de remoção de nitrogênio inorgânico total (N-NH4++N-NO2-+N-NO 3-) de 84,32±1,59% (C.V.=1,89%) e de matéria orgânica (DQO) de 53,65±8,48% (CV= 15,81%), no processo completo (nitrificação-desnitrificação), estando o processo sob controle estatístico. A atividade nitrificante estimada, durante a fase aeróbia, pela determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos, apresentou valores médios para K1 e K2, de 0,00381±0,00043 min-1 e 0,00249±0,00056 min-1, respectivamente. A avaliação do comportamento cinético de conversão do nitrogênio indicou possível redução no TC da fase anóxica, uma vez que foram alcançadas remoções de N-NO2- e N-NO3-, superiores a 90%, em apenas uma hora de desnitrificação.

A sequential batch reactor with suspended biomass and useful volume of 5 L was used in the removal of nutrients and organic matter in workbench scale under optimal conditions obtained by central composite rotational design (CCRD), with cycle time (CT) of 16 h (10.15 h, aerobic phase, and 4.35 h, anoxic phase) and carbon: nitrogen ratio (COD/NO2--N+NO3--N) equal to 6. Complete cycles (20), nitrification followed by denitrification, were evaluated to investigate the kinetic behavior of degradation of organic (COD) and nitrogenated (NH4+-N, NO2--N and NO3--N) matter present in the effluent from a bird slaughterhouse and industrial processing facility, as well as to evaluate the stability of the reactor using Shewhart control charts of individual measures. The results indicate means total inorganic nitrogen (NH4+-N+NO2- -N+NO3--N) removal of 84.32±1.59% and organic matter (COD) of 53.65±8.48% in the complete process (nitrification-denitrification) with the process under statistical control. The nitrifying activity during the aerobic phase estimated from the determination of the kinetic parameters had mean K1 and K2 values of 0.00381±0.00043 min-1 and 0.00381±0.00043 min-1, respectively. The evaluation of the kinetic behavior of the conversion of nitrogen indicated a possible reduction of CT in the anoxic phase, since removals of NO2--N and NO3--N higher than 90% were obtained with only 1 h of denitrification.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho da macrófita aquática Eichhornia crassipes, aplicada in situ em sistema de tratamento de abatedouro e frigorífico, localizado no Oeste do Paraná, com relação à remoção de nutrientes e matéria orgânica, bem como obter dados da produção, de práticas de manejo e de compostagem da biomassa gerada no sistema. Durante 11 meses de desenvolvimento das macrófitas na lagoa, realizou-se o monitoramento de parâmetros físico-químicos e controlou-se a densidade das plantas, retirando-se periodicamente a biomassa em excesso por meio do acompanhamento semanal da densidade de plantas, expressa em kg de aguapé por m² de área líquida coberta. Avaliou-se, em escala-piloto, a degradação das macrófitas retiradas do sistema de tratamento, montando-se oito leiras de compostagem com aproximadamente 0,60 m³, com quatro tratamentos distintos e duas repetições, sendo: T1- aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes); T2 - aguapé e dejeto suíno; T3 - aguapé, dejeto suíno e terra, e T4 - aguapé, dejeto suíno e tripa celulósica, por período de 90 dias. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram as eficiências máximas de remoções: DQO de 77,2%; DBO de 77,8%; nitrogênio total de 87,9%; nitrogênio amoniacal de 47,5% e fósforo total de 38,9%, para o tempo de detenção de cinco dias. Quanto à estabilização da biomassa via processo de compostagem, considerando a relação C:N como indicador da maturidade do composto, observou-se que o tratamento T4 obteve o menor período de estabilização: 60 dias. Não houve diferença significativa a 5%, pelo teste F, para a taxa de bioestabilização.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of the aquatic macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes applied in situ in a slaughter house treatment system, located in the west of the Paraná state, Brazil, regarding the nutrients removal and organic matter. Moreover, it aimed to obtain data from the production, management and composting practices of the biomass generated in the system. During 11 months of macrophytes development, physic and chemical parameters were monitored and plant density was controlled by periodical removal of excess biomass, which was weekly monitored and it is expressed in kg of aquatic plant per m² covered area. The degradation of the macrophytes removed from the treatment system was evaluated at the pilot scale in eight composting piles of 0.60 m³ that underwent four different treatments and two repetitions: T1 - water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes); T2 - water hyacinth and swine excrement (7:1), T3 - water hyacinth, swine excrement and earth (7:1:0,67), and T4 - water hyacinth, swine excrement and cellulosic gut (7:1:0,67), for a period of 90 days. The results indicated maximum removal efficiencies of 77.2% for COD; 77.8% for BOD, 87.9% for total nitrogen, 47.5% for ammonia nitrogen and 38.9% for total phosphorus for a five-day retention time. For biomass stabilization by composting, considering the C:N ratio as an indicator of compost maturity, it was observed that treatment T4 resulted in the shortest stabilization period (60 days). No difference was verified in the biostabilization rates at 5% level by the F test.

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento, a produção e a qualidade sanitária da cultura da alface irrigada com águas residuárias originadas da suinocultura e da piscicultura. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: T1 - alface irrigada com água de origem subterrânea e adubação suplementar; T2 - alface irrigada com água residuária de viveiro de peixes alimentados com ração; T3 - alface irrigada com água residuária originária de lagoa de estabilização de dejetos de suínos, e T4 - água de lagoa de cultivo de algas, alimentada com resíduo de biodigestor de dejeto de suíno. Os tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças significativas para altura da alface, diâmetro da cabeça, comprimento da raiz, massa da raiz, massa total da planta, massa fresca e massa seca; os tratamentos T4 e T2 apresentaram os maiores valores para comprimento da maior folha e número de folhas, respectivamente; em geral, as análises foliares e a extração de macro e micronutrientes pela cultura não apresentaram diferenças significativas; ocorreu contaminação de coliformes fecais e totais em todos os tratamentos; não ocorreu contaminação de Escherichia coli em todos os tratamentos; todos os Coeficientes de Uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) encontrados foram acima de 85%, exceto para o tratamento T3 que foi de 74,05%; ocorreram alterações químicas no solo proporcionais às características das águas utilizadas nos respectivos tratamentos.

The objective of this work was to evaluate development, production and sanitary quality of the irrigated lettuce with wastewater from fish and swine activities. The evaluated treatments was: T1 - lettuce irrigated with water from underground origin and supplemental fertilization; T2 - lettuce irrigated with wastewater from fish activities and fish fed with ration; T3 - lettuce irrigated with wastewater from swine treated in stabilization lagoon; and T4 - lettuce irrigated with effluent from seaweed lagoon, fed with wastewater from swine activities treated with anaerobic reactor. The treatments did not present significant differences for next culture characteristics: height, diameter head, length root, mass root, total mass plant, green mass and dry mass; the treatments T4 and T2 presented the biggest values for length and number leaf, respectively; in general, leaf analyses and extraction of macro and micronutrients by culture did not present significant differences; contamination by fecal coliforms in all treatments occurred; no contamination by Escherichia coli was observed in all treatments; all the Coefficients of Uniformity of Christiansen (CUC) observed were above 85%, except for treatment T3 where was 74%; chemical alterations in the soil occurred proportional to characteristics of waters used in the treatments.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a perda de carga em tubulações comerciais de aço zincado, ferro galvanizado e PVC, com diferentes diâmetros, com o intuito de determinar fatores de correção para a equação de Hazen-Williams em função da concentração de sólidos totais, em águas residuárias oriundas da suinocultura. Os resultados mostraram que a perda de carga possui comportamento linear em função da concentração de sólidos totais da água residuária proveniente da suinocultura; as perdas de carga determinadas a partir dos fatores de correção parcial e global, apresentaram superestimativa e subestimativa média de 0,7 e 13%, respectivamente.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the head losses in commercial tubes of zinc, galvanized iron and PVC, with different diameters, aiming to determinate correction factors for Hazen-Willams equation as a function of total solids in swine wastewater. The results showed that the head loss has a linear relation with the total solids of swine wastewater; the head losses estimated by partial and global correction factors showed mean overestimate and underestimate of 0.7 and 13%, respectively.