The study aimed to investigate opportunities and challenges in implementing an online self-knowledge journey for the Brazilian population. The journey offers free psychological self-assessments and psychoeducational materials to participants. Personalized feedbacks are also provided by filling in standardized scales from international literature (on personality, emotions, values, beliefs, spirituality and mental health). In order to assess the challenges of using the online self-knowledge journey interviews were conducted with a think-aloud protocol (N=16). The findings of the interviews fed into the process of developing a new version. This new version was evaluated through focus groups (N=9) and qualitative interviews (N=6) which helped to validate the adjustments implemented. The strengths found in using the journey were high conceptual acceptance, good therapeutic opportunities, clear language, reliability and personal identification with the personalized feedbacks. To improve the journey we identified the need for usability adjustments, shorter texts and simpler graphics. The adjustments were incorporated and validated in the new release version, which was well accepted and has promising prospects to be used in the Brazilian Unified Health System. Based on the evaluations carried out, good results are expected in the clinical area with the use of the journey, which can be a useful technological device to complement health promotion actions linked to mental health and to personal development services.

O estudo visou investigar oportunidades e desafios na implementação de uma jornada online de autoconhecimento voltada para a população brasileira. A jornada desenvolvida oferece autoavaliações psicológicas gratuitas e materiais psicoeducativos aos participantes. Foram produzidos também feedbacks personalizados que são gerados com o preenchimento de escalas padronizadas da literatura internacional (sobre personalidade, emoções, valores, crenças, espiritualidade e saúde mental). Para avaliar os desafios de implementação foram conduzidas entrevistas com protocolo think-aloud (N=16), cujos achados nutriram processos de desenvolvimento de uma nova versão. Essa nova versão foi avaliada por meio de grupos focais (N=9) e entrevistas qualitativas (N=6) que contribuíram para validar os ajustes implementados. Os pontos fortes encontrados com a jornada desenvolvida foram: alta aceitação conceitual, boas oportunidades terapêuticas, linguagem clara, confiabilidade e identificação pessoal com os feedbacks personalizados. Entre os desafios de implementação evidenciaram-se os ajustes de usabilidade e a necessidade de escalas menores, textos curtos e gráficos simples. Os ajustes foram incorporados e validados na nova versão de divulgação, a qual apresentou boa aceitação e perspectivas promissoras de uso junto a serviços do SUS. A ciência da implementação apresentou-se como recurso essencial para a obtenção de melhores encaixes digitais com a intervenção proposta. A solução apresenta boas oportunidades na área clínica, podendo ser um aparato tecnológico útil para complementar ações de promoção de saúde vinculadas aos serviços de saúde mental e de desenvolvimento pessoal.

Abstract The current study focuses on the investigation of AVPR2 (VTR2C) protein-coupled receptor variants specific to different primate taxa. AVPR2 is activated by the neurohormone AVP, which modulates physiological processes, including water homeostasis. Our findings reveal positive selection at three AVPR2 sites at positions 190, 250, and 346. Variation at position 250 is associated with human Congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (cNDI), a condition characterized by excessive water loss. Other 13 functional sites with potential adaptive relevance include positions 185, 202, 204, and 252 associated with cNDI. We identified SH3-binding motifs in AVPR2’s ICL3 and N-terminus domains, with some losses observed in clades of Cercopithecidae, Callitrichinae, and Atelidae. SH3-binding motifs are crucial in regulating cellular physiology, indicating that the differences may be adaptive. Co-evolution was found between AVPR2 residues and those in the AVP signal peptide/Neurophysin-2 and AQP2, other molecules in the same signaling cascade. No significant correlation was found between these Primates’ taxon-specific variants and the bioclimatic variables of the areas where they live. Distinct co-evolving amino acid sequences in functional sites were found in Platyrrhini and Catarrhini, which may have adaptive implications involving glucocorticoid hormones, suggesting varied selective pressures. Further studies are required to confirm these results.

Abstract Sapajus libidinosus members of the Pedra Furada group, living in the Serra da Capivara National Park, use stone tools in a wider variety of behaviors than any other living animal, except humans. To rescue the evolutionary history of the Caatinga S. libidinosus and identify factors that may have contributed to the emergence and maintenance of their tool-use culture, we conducted fieldwork seasons to obtain biological samples of these capuchin monkeys. UsingCYTBsequences, we show a discrete but constant population growth from the beginning of the Holocene to the present, overlapping the emergence of the Caatinga biome. Our habitat suitability reconstruction reports the presence of plants whose hard fruits, seeds, or roots are processed by capuchins using tools. TheS. libidinosusindividuals in the Caatingawere capable of dynamically developing and maintaining their autochthonous culture thanks to: a) cognitive capacity to generate and execute innovation under selective pressure; b) tolerance favoring learning and cultural inheritance; c) an unknown genetic repertoire that underpins the adaptive traits; d) a high degree of terrestriality; e) presence and abundance of natural resources, which makes some places “hot spots” for innovation, and cultural diversification within a relatively short time. group Park animal humans S tooluse tool monkeys UsingCYTBsequences present biome fruits seeds TheS pressure b inheritance c traits d terrestriality e resources hot spots time

RESUMO. Efeito de von Restorff (efeito de isolamento) refere-se ao estímulo que é mais facilmente lembrado em relação a outros em tarefas de memória. Tal efeito foi demonstrado em diferentes faixas etárias com diferentes metodologias. Objetivo: Investigar: a) presença do efeito de isolamento numa população idosa avaliada com a nova versão brasileira do Teste de Aprendizagem Auditivo-Verbal de Rey (RAVLT), em que uma palavra com potencial carga emocional (‘mãe’) foi introduzida; b) se o efeito de isolamento persiste em distúrbios de memória de diferentes gravidades (Comprometimento Cognitivo Leve [MCI]; Demência de Alzheimer [AD]). Métodos: RAVLT foi aplicado em 287 voluntários. Indivíduos participaram de avaliações médica e neuropsicológica e foram posteriormente agrupados em controles normais (n=114), MCI (n=87) e DA (n=86). Análises de variância e testes de Chi-quadrado foram realizados. Análises post-hoc foram conduzidas para avaliar diferenças de características entre os grupos. Resultados: Observaram-se efeitos significativos de grupo na curva de aprendizagem. Todos os grupos apresentaram curva de posição serial em formato W - invés do clássico formato em U. Conclusão: A nova versão brasileira do RAVLT evidenciou um efeito de von Restorff. Tal fenômeno foi visto não apenas em idosos, mas também em pacientes com MCI e AD, fornecendo medidas psicométricas adicionais para análises de diferenças intergrupais.

ABSTRACT. The Von Restorff (isolation) effect refers to a stimulus that is more likely to be remembered amongst other stimuli in memory tasks. It has been demonstrated with different age ranges and methodologies. Objective: To investigate: a) the presence of the isolation effect in elders tested with the new Brazilian Portuguese version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task (RAVLT) in which a word with potential emotional weight (mother) was introduced; b) whether isolation effects persist in memory disorders of different degrees of severity (Mild Cognitive Impairment [MCI]; Alzheimer’s Dementia [AD]). Methods: The RAVLT was administered to 287 consecutive volunteers. Individuals underwent medical and neuropsychological evaluation and were further sub-grouped into normal controls (n=114), MCI (n=87) and AD (n=86) patients. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-squared tests were performed. Post-hoc Tukey analysis was conducted to assess significance of group differences. Results: There were significant group effects on the learning curve. A W-shape - instead of the classical U-shape - was found for the serial position curve in all groups. Conclusion: The new Brazilian version of the RAVLT exhibited the Von Restorff effect, where this phenomenon was evident not only in older adults but also patients with MCI and AD, providing further psychometric measures for inter-group analyses.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate whether their combination was more effective than either alone in decreasing renal damage due to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods: Thirty-two Wistar rats were assigned to four groups. Following right nephrectomy, their left kidneys were subjected to warm ischemia (IR), cold ischemia (TH+IR), intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg melatonin (MEL+IR), or injection of 10 mg/kg melatonin followed by cold ischemia (MEL+TH+IR). Eight randomly assigned right kidneys constituted the control group. After 240 min of reperfusion, left nephrectomy was performed for histopathological evaluation, lipid peroxidation, and measurement of antioxidant enzyme activity. Serum was collected to measure urea and creatinine concentrations. Results: Histopathological damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion was more attenuated in the MEL+TH+IR group than in the MEL+IR and TH+IR groups (p<0.037). Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher (p<0.029) and creatinine (p<0.001) and urea (p<0.001) concentrations were significantly lower in the MEL+TH+IR group than in the MEL+IR and TH+IR groups. Conclusion: The combination of melatonin (MEL) and topical hypothermia (TH) better protects against renal I/R injury than does MEL or TH alone.

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess patient satisfaction and quality of life after urethroplasty using two different self-reported outcome measures and to compare it with objective clinical data. Materials and Methods We prospectively collected data from 35 consecutive patients who underwent urethroplasty from January 2013 to September 2014. Patient demographics, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life score, urethral stricture surgery patient-reported outcome measure (USS-PROM), maximum flow rate (Qmax) and post-void residual urine were collected before, two and eight months after surgery. Failure occurred when any postoperative instrumentation was performed. General estimation equation was used to compare the results and linear regression analysis to correlate both questionnaires with objective data. Results Mean age was 61 years. Urethroplasties were equally divided between anastomotic and buccal mucosa grafts and 19 patients (59.3%) had a previous urethral procedure. Overall success rate was 87.5%. IPSS improved from a mean 19 at baseline to 5.32 at 8 months (p <0.001). The mean USS-PROM score also improved from 13.21 preoperatively to 3.36 after surgery (p <0.001) and 84.3% of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with surgical results. Mean Qmax increased from 4.64mL/s to 11mL/s (p <0.001). Strong negative correlation was found respectively between flow rate and USS-PROM (r=-0.531, p <0.001) and with IPSS (r=-0.512, p <0.001). Conclusions Significant improvements in urinary symptoms and in quality of life are expected after urethroplasty and they are correlated with objective measures.

O comportamento religioso por muito tempo foi objeto de estudo apenas das ciências humanas, havendo poucas tentativas sistemáticas de uma interpretação Darwiniana de seu surgimento e/ou manutenção nas populações humanas. No entanto, as ciências naturais, juntamente com pesquisadores das mais diversas áreas, estão se voltando para o estudo sistemático do comportamento religioso através de uma perspectiva evolucionista. Em função desse novo e crescente campo de pesquisa, iremos apresentar algumas das principais hipóteses evolucionistas para a manutenção do comportamento religioso nas populações humanas e analisar os principais resultados empíricos encontrados até o momento. Apesar da enorme riqueza de crenças e reconhecida relevância dada à religião no nosso país, pouquíssimos pesquisadores brasileiros trabalham com esse tema. Acreditamos que essa revisão poderá ser importante para a divulgação e incentivo ao estudo do comportamento religioso pela perspectiva evolucionista no nosso país por pesquisadores das mais diversas áreas.

Religious behavior has long been the object of study by the humanities, with only few attempts to analyze its emergence and maintenance in human population from a Darwinian perspective. However, the natural sciences, together with researchers from various fields, are turning to the systematic study of religious behavior through an evolutionary perspective. Due to this new and growing field of research, we will review some of the major evolutionary hypotheses for the maintenance of religious behavior in human populations and analyze the main empirical results obtained until now. Despite the diversity of beliefs and recognized importance given to religion in our country, very few Brazilian researchers are working on this theme. We believe that this review may be important to raise awareness and encourage the study of religious behavior by evolutionary perspective on our country by scholars from different fields.

El comportamiento religioso ha sido durante mucho tiempo objeto de estudio sólo de las humanidades, y considerado el resultado de las influencias culturales y sin influencia biológica. Sin embargo, las ciencias naturales, junto con investigadores de diversos campos, están recurriendo al estudio sistemático de la conducta religiosa a través de una perspectiva evolutiva. Debido a este nuevo y creciente campo de la investigación, vamos a presentar algunas de las principales hipótesis evolutivas para el mantenimiento de la conducta religiosa en las poblaciones humanas y analizar los principales resultados empíricos obtenidos hasta ahora. A pesar de la gran cantidad de creencias y reconocida importancia dada a la religión en nuestro país, muy pocos investigadores brasileños trabajan en este tema. Creemos que este examen puede ser importante para difundir y fomentar el estudio de la conducta religiosa por la perspectiva evolutiva en nuestro país por investigadores de diversos campos.