Abstract In this paper we describe the global phase portrait of the Hamiltonian system associated to a Pinchuk map in the Poincaré disc. In particular, we prove that this phase portrait has 15 separatrices, five of them singular points, and 7 canonical regions, six of them of type strip and one annular.

Seja F = (f, g) : R2 → R2 uma aplicação polinomial tal que det DF(x) é diferente de zero para todos x ∈ R2. Assumimos que os graus de f e g são iguais. Denotamos por e as partes homogêneas de maior grau de f e g, respectivamente. Nesta nota, damos uma demonstração baseada na teoria qualitativa de equações diferenciais do seguinte resultado: Se não têm fatores lineares em comum, então F é injetora.

Let F= (f, g) : R2 → R2be a polynomial map such that det DF(x) is different from zero for all x∈ R2. We assume that the degrees of fand gare equal. We denote by the homogeneous part of higher degree of f and g, respectively. In this note we provide a proof relied on qualitative theory of differential equations of the following result: If do not have real linear factors in common, then F is injective.

Este trabalho analisa os três volumes da obra Problemas Práticos de Physica Elementar, de Heitor Lyra da Silva, editada entre 1916 e 1929, destinada a alunos dos então cursos regulares (primário e secundário) e profissional. Rompendo com os padrões de ensino da época, sua didática pretendia ser a mais simples e objetiva possível. O instrumental proposto foi concebido para que fosse acessível a todas as regiões do país. A metodologia de ensino é de aprendizado direto, por repetição e análise crítica dos resultados experimentais. A estrutura e a finalidade da obra se inseriam no contexto do chamado Movimento Renovador, consolidado na década de 1920, que visava uma educação individualizada que respeitasse as diferenças no desenvolvimento de cada estudante. No entanto, as ideias inovadoras da educação sob princípios liberais não conseguiram se impor às correntes conservadoras que dominavam o cenário educacional brasileiro, sendo a nova proposta didática relegada ao esquecimento.

This work analyses the book Practical Problems of Elemental Physics, written by Heitor Lyra da Silva and published between 1916 and 1929. It was written to students of the elementary and high schools, and technical courses. Unlike the current teaching methods, didactics intended to be as simple and objective as possible. The proposed instruments are of a basic conception and can be easily assembled by teachers and students anywhere in the country. The teaching method is direct learning, based on repetition of the experiments and a critical analysis of experimental data. The structure and the objective of the book show characteristics of the so called Renovation Movement, consolidated in the 1920s, whose objective was to establish an individual education, respecting the differences of the development of each student. However, the new educational ideas under liberal principles have failed to overcome the conservative currents that dominated the Brazilian educational scenario. This new didactic proposal was later abandoned.

The use of cuttings to implement tomato crops has fundamental importance for farmers, mainly due to high cost of seeds. This study aimed at evaluating the viability of the tomato seedling production by cuttings rooted in different substrates. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse at the Centro de Ciencias Agrarias- UFES, Alegre- ES. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized design using a 3 x 3 factorial scheme (substrate and cutting height) with three replicates. The following seedling characteristics were evaluated: rooting percentage, increase in height of aerial part, total length of root system, mean diameter of root system, dry matter of aerial part, and dry matter of root system. The total length of root system was not affected by the height of cuttings obtained from seedlings, whereas the commercial substrate for the establishment of seedlings provided plants with longer root system. The vegetative propagation of tomato plants via lateral shoots showed to be an alternative for the commercial cropping, becoming viable particularly for small farmers, mainly due the high cost of seeds.

Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade da produção de mudas de tomateiro por estaquia em diferentes substratos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da UFES, em Alegre-ES. Para a produção de mudas do tomateiro comparou se os substratos: mistura de solo + areia lavada + esterco bovino, Plantmax® e areia lavada. Os substratos foram acondicionados em recipientes plásticos ( 8 cm de altura e 7 cm de diâmetro), com capacidade para 200 mL. Brotações foram retiradas de diferentes posiçoes de plantas matrizes. Assim, as estacas foram padronizadas em tres alturas: 5, 8 e 11 cm . O experimento foi instalado em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 (substratos x estacas) com tres repetições e 30 mudas por parcela, totalizando 810 mudas. Foram detectados efeitos significativos para a interação entre os tipos de substratos e alturas de estacas nas seguintes características: comprimento do sistema radicular, diámetro médio das raízes, relaçáo entre a massa seca da parte aérea e massa seca do sistema radicular, massa seca total e massa seca do sistema radicular. Estacas de 5 cm apresentaram menor relação PA/SR independente do tipo de substrato e maior proporção de massa seca alocada no sistema radicular (53,8%). A propagado vegetativa do tomateiro é viável, contudo maiores estudos sobre substratos alternativos, condições de enraizamento e padrão do material vegetal utilizado devem ser realizados.

OBJECTIVE: The presence of Candida albicans on the surfaces of denture-base acrylic resins is strongly related to the development of oral stomatitis. This study evaluated the antifungal action of different agents over microwave-cured acrylic resin without polishing specimens previously contaminated with Candida albicans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty specimens were immersed in BHI broth previously inoculated with the yeast and stored for 3 h at 37ºC. They were divided into 5 experimental groups (n=10): G1: 2% chlorhexidine solution (10 min); G2: 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (10 min); G3: modified sodium hypochlorite (10 min); G4: effervescent agent (5 min); G5: hydrogen peroxide 10v (30 min). The specimens of the control group 1 (C1) were not disinfected. Ten additional specimens of the control group 2 (C2) were not infected with the yeast, aiming to check the asepsis during the experiment. The disinfection agents were neutralized and the acrylic resin specimens were immersed in BHI Broth for 24 h. Culture media turbidity was evaluated spectrophotometrically according to the transmittance degree, i.e. the higher the transmittance the stronger the antimicrobial action. Statistical analysis was performed (Kruskal-Wallis Test, p<0.05). RESULTS: The results, represented by the medians, were: G1 = 40; G2 = 100; G3 = 100; G4 = 90; G5 = 100; C1 = 40; C2 = 100. CONCLUSIONS: This in vitro study suggested that sodium hypochlorite-based substances and hydrogen peroxide are more efficient disinfectants against C. albicans than 2% chlorhexidine solution and the effervescent agent.

Background: Dissections that involve the ascending aorta are classified as type A, regardless of the site of the primary intimal tear, and all other dissections as type B. Type B dissections can have fatal ischemic and hemorrhagic complications. In the chronic state, dilatation and rupture can be mortal. Endovascular surgery is a therapeutic alternative, considering the high rate of complications of conventional surgery Aim: To report the results of endovascular treatment of type B aortic dissection. Material and methods: Report of 36 treated patients (30 males) aged 43 to 87 years, with a type B aortic dissection. Seventy eight percent were hypertensive and 39% smoked. The diagnosis was conñrmed by CAT sean. Acute patients were treated for complications and chronic patients, for dilatation. In the operating room, an endoprothesis was placed through the femoral artery, to cover the tear. The tear was located and the lumens were differentiated using angiography and transesophageal echocardiography. Results: All procedures were successful. In 16 acute dissections the indications were malperfusion syndrome or unmanageable hypertension in seven patients and imminent rupture or persistent pain in nine. Twenty chronic patients were operated due to dilatation (mean 6 cm). One patient died due to cardiac failure. One patient had a transient paraparesia and two had pulmonary embolism. No patient died in a follow up períod ranging from 2.5 to 74 months. Four patients required a new aortic endovascular procedure due to progressive dilatation or endoleak. Conclusión: Endovascular treatment of type B aortic dissection has good immediate andlong term results.

This work describes the evolution of temperature measurement in the last four centuries using thermometers based on the thermal expansion of liquids such as ethyl alcohol and mercury. The concept of temperature was strongly dependent on the researcher and there was no systematic temperature scale for universal use. The precursor of the common thermometer was the thermoscope, probably invented at the end of the XVIth century. In the XVIIIth century the instrument was greatly improved and several thermometric scales were proposed some of which have been in use until now. These scales were based on arbitrary points. Mercury and ethyl alcohol were the most employed thermometric fluids. In the XIXth century, the concept of absolute zero was a great advance in this field. The most important contribution during the XXth century was the establishment of international temperature scales. The design of the thermometer has been essentially the same along the last 300 years, but many models were proposed for industrial and research purposes. Its association with the densimeter was of great importance for control of industrial chemical processes and also for teaching purposes in the past. Nowadays, there is a clear tendency to replace mercury-based thermometers by electronic digital models. Thermochemistry is the natural relationship between temperature and chemistry.

Este trabalho descreve alguns aspectos da evolução da medida da temperatura. No século XIX a concepção do zero absoluto rompeu com a arbitrariedade das escalas termométricas então em uso, que eram baseadas na dilatação volumétrica de líquidos como mercúrio e etanol. Novos métodos de medição de temperatura foram desenvolvidos, sendo a base do funcionamento de termopares e pirômetros. A construção e o uso do termômetro foram reconhecidos como etapas fundamentais no ensino da física experimental em escolas e universidades. A associação do termômetro com o densímetro foi de grande importância no controle de processos industriais e como ferramenta de ensino. Novos formatos foram propostos para novas aplicações na ciência e na indústria. A contribuição mais importante ao longo do século XX foi o estabelecimento das escalas internacionais de temperatura. O formato do termômetro clássico baseado na expansão térmica de um líquido se manteve essencialmente o mesmo nos últimos 300 anos. Contudo, existe uma clara tendência à substituição dos termômetros de mercúrio por modelos digitais.

This work describes some aspects on the evolution of the temperature measurement. In the XIXth century, the concept of absolute zero was a great advance since no arbitrary points were needed, in contrast to the current thermometric scales based on the volumetric expansion of liquids such as mercury and ethanol. Other temperature measurement methods were developed, being the principle of thermocouples and the pyrometers. The construction and use of a thermometer were early recognized as fundamental steps in teaching experimental physics in secondary schools and universities. The association between the thermometer and the densimeter was of great value for control of industrial processes and teaching purposes. The instrument found new designs in order to cover its new applications in science and industry. The most important contribution in the XXth century was the establishment of international temperature scales. The design of the classical thermometer based on the thermal expansion of a liquid has been essentially the same along the last 300 years. However, there is a clear tendency to replace such models by digitals versions.

Current surgical treatment of severe genital prolapse is consequence of a better knowledge and understanding of the pelvic floor. An extensive review of the anatomic and physiopathological foundations that determine the apparition of prolapse is presented

El tratamiento quirúrgico actual del prolapso genital severo es el resultado de un mejor conocimiento y comprensión del piso pelviano. Se revisan los fundamentos anatómicos y fisiopatológicos implicados en el desarrollo del prolapso genital severo y de la cirugía reconstructiva del piso pélvico

Background: Infective endocarditis is a severe condition, with a mortality that fluctuates between 16 and 25% in the Metropolitan area of Chile. Aim: To perform a prospective assessment of clinical and microbiological features of patients with infective endocarditis in Chile. Material and methods: Collaborative study of regional hospitals in the whole country and teaching hospitals in Santiago. Patients with a possible or definitive infective endocarditis, according to Duke's criteria, were included in the protocol and a structured data entry form was completed. Results: Three hundred twenty one patients (65% male, mean age 49±16.5 years) were studied. According Duke's criteria, 89% had a definitive and 11% a possible endocarditis. The subacute form occurred in 64% of patients. The most frequent predisposing cardiopathies were rheumatic in 25%, prosthetic valves in 15% and congenital in 13%. There was no evidence of cardiopathy in 20%. Twenty percent of patients were on hemodialysis, 11% were diabetic and only one patient abused intravenous drugs. The most frequent complication was cardiac failure in 59% of cases, followed by renal failure in 32% and embolism in 28%. The most frequent causing organism was coagulase positive Staphylococcus in 35%. Blood cultures were negative in 28% of cases from the metropolitan region, in 56% of cases from the north and 38% of cases from the south. Echocardiographic diagnosis was done in 92% of cases. Aortic valve was involved in 42% and mitral valve in 29%. Successful antimicrobial treatment was achieved in 59% of patients. Thirty five percent of patients were subjected to surgical procedures with a 78% survival. Overall mortality was 29%. Univariate analysis identified sepsis, an age over 60 years and the presence of cardiac or renal failure as prognostic indicators of mortality. On multivariate analysis, the identified prognostic indicators were the presence of sepsis, renal failure, mitroaortic involvement associated to combined surgery and failure of antimicrobial treatment not associated to surgery. Conclusions: Subacute form is the most common presentation of infective endocarditis and rheumatic valve disease is the most common underlying cardiac lesion. Intravenous drugs users infective endocarditis is exceptional in Chile. The most frequent causing agent is coagulase positive Staphylococcus and the most frequent complication is cardiac failure. Surgical and overall mortality were 22 and 29% respectively. Sepsis, renal failure, combined surgical procedures, failure of medical treatment were identified as prognostic indicators of mortality (Rev Méd Chile 2003; 131: 237-50).