Abstract The tongue participates in the oral phase of swallowing by pushing the food bolus toward the oropharynx. This relationship between tongue function and swallowing is little addressed addressed in individuals with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). Objective: To analyze the association of functional tongue conditions on swallowing in individuals with TMD. Methodology: After approval by the Institutional Review Board, the study was conducted on 30 individuals of both sexes, aged 18 to 28 years, with TMD, and not treated for the disorder. Tongue function was assessed as to the mobility, pressure, and oral motor control. Swallowing was analyzed by clinical assessment during ingestion of solid (wafer biscuit) and liquid (water). Data regarding mobility and swallowing were collected using the orofacial myofunctional evaluation protocol. Tongue pressure was measured by the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument, during elevation, protrusion, swallowing, and resistance test. The oral motor control was assessed by the oral diadochokinesis (DDK) test by rapid and repeated emissions of syllables “ta” and “ka”. Data were statistically analyzed by the Spearman correlation coefficient, at a significance level of 5%. Results: Relationships were found between tongue function and swallowing for the following aspects: mobility (r=0.741), pressure in protrusion (r=-0.366), swallowing of saliva (r=-0.499), mean DDK rate in emissions “ta” (r=-0.424) and “ka” (r=-0.446), and mean DDK period in emissions “ta” (r=0.424) and “ka” (r=0.446). Thus, the greater the change in tongue mobility, the lower the tongue pressure in protrusion and swallowing of saliva, the lower the emissions per second, the longer the mean time between vocalizations, and the worse the swallowing of individuals with TMD. Conclusion: The functional conditions of the tongue regarding mobility, pressure, and oral DDK were associated with swallowing in individuals with TMD.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo visou validar o Protocolo de Avaliação Miofuncional Orofacial MBGR para adultos com DTM. Método Participaram 30 adultos, sendo 15 com DTM (deslocamento de disco com redução segundo o Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders) e 15 Controles. O processo de validação envolveu a validade de conteúdo, de critério e de construto, além da concordância inter e intra-avaliador, sensibilidade e especificidade. Considerou-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Foram confirmadas as validades de conteúdo, visto que o Protocolo MBGR abarca todas as questões funcionais presentes em indivíduos com DTM; de critério, com correlações significantes entre o MBGR e AMIOFE; e de construto, diferenciando indivíduos com e sem DMO quanto à dor à palpação e mobilidade mandibular, com correlação significante entre a avaliação clínica do MBGR e o uso do algômetro digital, bem como confirmação do exame instrumental para a classificação do modo respiratório. A força de concordância variou de pobre a muito boa para a análise interavaliador e de razoável a muito boa para intra-avaliador. Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade foram elevados. Conclusão O Protocolo MBGR mostrou-se válido para aplicação em adultos com DTM com deslocamento de disco com redução e controles, contemplando todos os aspectos que possibilitam a análise das condições oromiofuncionais nesses indivíduos.

ABSTRACT Purpose This study aimed at validating the MBGR Orofacial Myofunctional Assessment Protocol (MBGR Protocol) for adults with Temporal Mandibular Disorders (TMD). Methods The study sample was composed of 30 adults: 15 with TMD (disc displacement with reduction according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders) and 15 control individuals. The validation process encompassed the content, criterion, and construct of the protocol, as well as its inter- and intra-rater agreement levels and sensitivity and specificity values, considering a 5% statistical significance level. Results The following validities were confirmed: of content, as the MBGR Protocol covers all functional issues present in patients with TMD; of criterion, with significant correlations between the MBGR and Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores (OMES) protocols; of construct, differentiating individuals with and without Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders (OMD) as for pain on palpation and mandible range of motion, with significant correlation between the MBGR clinical evaluation and that using a digital algometer, as well as confirmation of the instrumental assessment for the breathing mode classification. Agreement ranged from poor to very good and from reasonable to very good for the inter- and intra-rater power analyses, respectively. High sensitivity and specificity values were observed. Conclusion The MBGR Protocol proved to be valid for use in adults presented with TMD with disc displacement with reduction and controls, covering all aspects that enable the analysis of OMD in these individuals.

Abstract Objectives: The esthetic and functional results of orthognathic surgery of severe dentofacial deformities are predictable, however there are differences regarding the effects on stomatognathic system. The aim was to investigate the effects of orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) on the masticatory function in individuals with dentofacial deformity submitted to orthognathic surgery (OGS). Material and Methods: Forty-eight individuals (18-40 years) were evaluated, 14 undergoing OMT (treated group-TG), 10 without this treatment (untreated group-UTG) and 24 in a control group with normal occlusion; for clinical aspects the data of an individual was missed (n=46). Chewing was performed using the Expanded protocol of orofacial myofunctional evaluation with scores (OMES-E). Muscle tone and mobility were also analyzed before (P0), three (P1) and six months (P2) after OGS. Surface electromyography of the masseter and temporalis muscles was performed, considering the parameters amplitude and duration of act and cycle, and the number of masticatory cycles. The OMT consisted of ten therapeutic sessions along the postoperative period. The results were compared using parametric and non-parametric tests. Results: TG showed higher scores in P1 and P2 than P0; for the masticatory type the scores in P2 were significantly higher than P0. In addition, the proportion of individuals with adequate tone of lower lip and adequate tongue mobility for TG increased significantly from P1 and P2 in relation to P0. The EMG results showed a decrease in act and cycle duration in P2 in relation to P0 and P1 for the TG; furthermore the values were close to controls. An increase in the number of cycles from P0 to P2 was also observed, indicating faster chewing, which may be attributed to an improvement of balanced occlusion associated with OMT. Conclusion: There were positive effects of OMT on the clinical and electromyography aspects of chewing in individual submitted to orthognathic surgery.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar se o tipo de bico, ortodôntico ou convencional, de chupeta e mamadeira, tem alguma influência sobre as alterações encontradas no sistema estomatognático causadas pela manutenção do hábito de sucção. Estratégia de pesquisa: Por meio de uma revisão de literatura sistemática com metanálise, realizada a partir das bases de dados Lilacs, Medline e Embase e com a ferramenta de busca Google Acadêmico™, com os seguintes descritores em português e inglês: “Má oclusão” + “Chupetas”; “Má oclusão” + “Alimentação Artificial”; “Má oclusão” + “Mamadeira”, além das palavras “Bico Ortodôntico” + “Bico Convencional”. Critérios de seleção: Foram incluídos estudos que apresentassem em seus métodos a comparação de grupos que utilizaram chupeta e/ou mamadeira com bico convencional com grupos que utilizaram o bico ortodôntico, sem delimitação temporal. Análise dos dados: A análise do artigo na íntegra foi realizada de modo sistemático, com as seguintes categorias tabelando os resultados pertinentes: objetivo, método - casuística e avaliação, resultados e conclusão. Resultados: Foram encontrados 1.041 trabalhos, período de 1969 a 2013, desses foram excluídos 848 trabalhos, devido aos critérios de exclusão, e outros 174 que eram repetições. Foram lidos na íntegra 19 trabalhos, dos quais quatro artigos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão propostos, e três trabalhos foram incluídos na metanálise. Tais resultados expressaram que não há diferenças significantes entre os bicos ortodôntico e convencional quanto às implicações no sistema estomatognático. Conclusão: Não há possibilidade de concluir a existência de diferenças quanto às consequências no sistema estomatognático ocasionadas por bicos convencionais e ortodônticos de chupetas/mamadeiras.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Check if the type of nozzle, orthodontic or conventional, of pacifier and bottle have any influence on the changes found in the stomatognathic system caused by the maintenance of the sucking habit. Research Strategies: Through a systematic literature review with meta-analysis, performed from the databases Lilacs, Medline and Embase and Scholar Google, with the following key words in Portuguese and English: “malocclusion” + “Pacifiers “; “Malocclusion” + “Bottle Feeding”; “Malocclusion” + “Bottle feeding” beyond words “Orthodontic Beak” + “Conventional Beak”. Selection Criteria: We included studies that presented in their methods to compare groups who used pacifiers and/or bottle with conventional nozzle with groups using orthodontic nipple without temporal delimitation. Data Analysis: The analysis of the article in its entirety was performed systematically, ordering the relevant results in the following categories: objective, method—case studies and evaluation, results, and conclusion. Results: Found 1,041 jobs, from the period 1969 to 2013, 848 jobs were excluded based on the exclusion criteria and another 174 that were repetitions. A total of 19 articles were read in full of which 4 articles met the proposed inclusion criteria, and three studies were included in the meta-analysis. These results show that there are no significant differences between the orthodontic and conventional nozzles on the implications of the stomatognathic system. Conclusion: There is no way to conclude that there are differences as to the consequences to the stomatognathic system caused by conventional nozzles and orthodontic pacifier/bottle.

RESUMO Objetivo: Apresentar valores para a pressão da língua em adultos jovens brasileiros, considerando provas específicas e possíveis diferenças quanto ao gênero e tipo de prova. Método: Foram avaliados 51 voluntários de 18 a 28 anos, ambos os gêneros, com boa relação dento-oclusal e sem alterações de fala. Utilizou-se o Iowa Oral Performance Instrument na avaliação da pressão da língua (Kilopascal) durante as provas de elevação, protrusão, deglutição e lateralização, além do teste de resistência (segundos). Na análise dos resultados foi utilizado o ANOVA, seguido do teste de comparações múltiplas Tukey, adotando o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os valores obtidos, respectivamente para homens e mulheres, na prova de elevação foram 63,94±12,92 e 50,27±15,29, na protrusão 60,22±13,62 e 44,30±12,95, na deglutição 33,94±12,06 e 34,27±13,25, na lateralização à direita 44,15±10,47 e 31,85±8,46, na lateralização à esquerda 43,15±10,22 e 29,55±8,91, e no teste de resistência 24,85±10,95 e 17,35±6,71. Os homens apresentaram valor maior nas provas de protrusão e de lateralização; os valores das provas de protrusão e elevação não diferiram entre si para o gênero masculino, mas foram maiores que a lateralização e a deglutição em ambos os gêneros; não houve diferença na prova de lateralização em relação ao lado em ambos os gêneros. Conclusão: Valores de pressão da língua em adultos jovens brasileiros foram determinados para provas específicas; o gênero influenciou nos valores das provas de protrusão e lateralização; os valores obtidos nas provas de elevação e protrusão foram maiores que na lateralização e deglutição.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To present the measures for tongue pressure in Brazilian young adults, considering specific tasks, and to verify the differences regarding gender and according to the tasks. Methods: Fifty-one volunteers aged 18 to 28 years, of both genders with normal occlusion and without speech disorders were evaluated. We used the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument in the evaluation of tongue pressure (kilopascal) during specific tests of elevation, protrusion, swallowing, and lateralization, in addition to the endurance test (seconds). The analysis was conducted using analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey's multiple comparison test, adopting a 5% significance level. Results: The values obtained for men and women in the tests were as follows: elevation, 63.94±12.92 and 50.27±15.29; protrusion, 60.22±13.62 and 44.30±12.95; swallowing, 33.94±12.06 and 34.27±13.25; lateralization on the right, 44.15±10.47 and 31.85±8.46; lateralization on the left, 43.15±10.22 and 29.55±8.91; and endurance test: 24.85±10.95 and 17.35±6.71, respectively. The values were higher in men compared with women for the protrusion and lateralization tasks. The measures of the protrusion and elevation tasks did not differ for men but were higher in both genders than those of the lateralization and the swallowing tests. There was no difference in lateralization according to side in both the genders. Conclusion: The measures for the tongue pressure in Brazilian young adults were determined by specific tasks. Gender influenced the pressure of the tongue values for the protrusion and lateralization tasks. Elevation and protrusion tasks measures were higher than those of the lateralization and swallowing tasks.