ABSTRACT The use of PSA in the screening, detection and prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa) has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder with an increase in detection rates and PCa organ-confined. Despite these benefits and ease of implementation, tracking PCa remains a matter of great controversy. We conducted a literature review and demographic and epidemiological data in Brazil feeling to assess the current state of screening and whether there is justification for population programs. the differences are valued between developed and underdeveloped countries as the incidence, mortality, screening and access to health. an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of screening is made as well as a critical analysis of existing studies on screening and some recommendations on a rational screening.

ABSTRACT Validate the EORTC risk tables in Brazilian patients with NMIBC. Methods: 205 patients were analyzed. The 6 parameters analyzed were: histologic grading, pathologic stage, size and number of tumors, previous recurrence rate and concomitant CIS. The time for first recurrence (TFR), risk score and probability of recurrence were calculated and compared to the probabilities obtained from EORTC risk tables. C-index was calculated and accuracy of EORTC tables was analyzed. Results: pTa was presented in 91 (44.4%) patients and pT1 in 114 (55.6%). Ninety-seven (47.3%) patients had solitary tumor, and 108 (52.7%) multiple tumors. One hundred and three (50.2%) patients had tumors smaller than 3 cm and 102 (40.8%) had bigger than 3 cm. Concomitant CIS was observed in 21 (10.2%) patients. Low grade was presented in 95 (46.3%) patients, and high grade in 110 (53.7%). Intravesical therapy was utilized in 105 (56.1%) patients. Recurrence was observed in 117 (57.1%) patients and the mean TFR was 14,2 ± 7,3 months. C-index was 0,72 for 1 year and 0,7 for 5 years. The recurrence risk was 28,8% in 1 year and 57,1% in 5 years, independently of the scoring risk. In our population, the EORTC risk tables overestimated the risk of recurrence in 1 year and underestimated in 5 years. Conclusion: The validation of the EORTC risk tables in Brazilian patients with NMIBC was satisfactory and should be stimulated to predict recurrence, although these may overestimated the risk of recurrence in 1 year and underestimated in 5 years.

Purpose We investigated the effect of antibiotics on PSA in asymptomatic patients with mild PSA elevation. Materials and Methods We prospectively evaluated, in a non-randomized design, 106 asymptomatic patients with PSA of 4-10ng/mL, with a negative digital rectal examination and with no urinary tract infection evidence for 2 years. Patients were divided into two groups: those treated with antibiotics for 3 weeks (G1) and those who were not treated (G2). PSA was taken six weeks after and prostate biopsy was performed in all patients. Results PCa was diagnosed in 25 of 106 patients (23.6%): 16 (25.0%) in G1 and 9 (21.4%) in G2 (p>0.05). PSA normalization was experienced in 24.5%. In G1, PSA returned to <4ng/mL in 15 (23.4%) patients compared to 11 (26%) patients in G2. In the patients with a positive biopsy, no significant variation was noted in PSA, fPSA, %fPSA and DPSA after antibiotic treatment. A significantly lower cancer detection rate was noted with decreased PSA, fPSA, and DPSA after antibiotic use. A PSA reduction rate of ≥10% occurred in 58.5%, and this was similar in both G1 and G2 groups. The sensibility, specificity and accuracy of PSA reduction of ≥10% were 31%, 23% and 25%, respectively. Conclusion Empirical antibiotic therapy in asymptomatic male patients is not related to PSA reduction. The greater than 10% PSA reduction after antibiotic in this population cannot postpone prostate biopsy.

OBJETIVO: Verificar o impacto do tratamento por estimulação elétrica do nervo tibial posterior (PTNS) na qualidade de vida (QV) de mulheres com bexiga hiperativa (BH). MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico não controlado com 11 mulheres com presença de contrações não inibidas do detrusor (CNI) no exame urodinâmico, todas anteriormente submetidas ao tratamento com anticolinérgicos, sem resposta. O tratamento fisioterápico constituiu-se de 12 sessões de 30 minutos da PTNS com o eletroestimulador Dualpex 961®, duas vezes na semana. Para avaliar a QV, foram utilizados os questionários King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) e o "Internacional Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short-Form" (ICIQ-SF), e os seus escores pré e pós-tratamento foram comparados pelo teste de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas, com nível de significância de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Observou-se melhora significativa na QV em todos os domínios do KHQ, exceto na percepção geral da saúde (51,36±30,75 versus 37,73±25,63; p=0,068): impacto da incontinência (74,55±27,75 versus 38,18±13,82; p=0,008), limitações das atividades diárias (66,45±25,89 versus 26,91±11,22; p=0,008), limitações físicas (73,91±29,46 versus 30,91±12,79; p=0,008), limitações sociais (39,18±35,60 versus 17,45±12,26; p=0,028), relações pessoais (25,64±29,16 versus 10,45±15,23; p=0,043), emoções (65,82±38,56 versus 26,00±20,45; p=0,005), sono/disposição (39,18±37,51 versus 16,45±18,17; p=0,012) e nas medidas de gravidade (62,00±17,70 versus 33,00±16,59; p=0,003). Os escores do ICIQ-SF demonstraram também melhora na QV (10,09±6,50 versus 3,73±3,00; p=0,008). CONCLUSÕES: A terapia com PTNS foi capaz de melhorar a QV de mulheres com queixa de BH e refratárias ao tratamento medicamentoso. A PTNS mostra-se, portanto, uma boa alternativa terapêutica, além de ser segura e com baixo custo operacional.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) in the quality of life (QoL) of women with overactive bladder (OAB). METHODS: uncontrolled clinical trial with 11 women that presented overactivity of the detrusor muscle in urodynamic tests. All of the subjects were previously treated with anticholinergic medication, without response. The treatment consisted of 12 PTNS sessions of 30 minutes each, two times a week. The electrical stimulator Dualpex 961® (Quark medical) was used. The instruments chosen to evaluate QoL were the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) and the "International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short-Form" (ICIQ-SF). The questionnaires were applied before and after the treatment. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in the following domain scores of the KHQ: incontinence impact (74.55±27.75 versus 38.18±13.82; p=0.008), role limitations (66.45±25.89 versus 26.91±11.22; p=0.008), physical limitations (73.91±29.46 versus 30.91±12.79; p=0.008), social limitations (39.18±35.60 versus 17.45±12.26; p=0.028), personal relationships (25.64±29.16 versus 10.45±15.23; p=0.043), emotions (65.82±38.56 versus 26.00±20.45; p=0.005), sleep/energy (39.18±37.51 versus 16.45±18.17; p=0.012) and severity measures (62.00±17.70 versus 33.00±16.59; p= 0.003), except for general health perception (51.36±30.75 versus 37.73±25.63; p=0.068). In the ICIQ-SF scores it was also possible to observe a significant improvement (10.09±6.50 versus 3.73±3.00; p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The PTNS treatment improved the QoL of women with overactive bladder and refractory to anticholinergic medication. Therefore, PTNS can be considered a good alternative for OAB treatment as it is safe and inexpensive compared to other therapeutic approaches.

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar, através de medidas de consumo e utilização de alimento natural, a existência de raças de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) nas culturas do milho e do arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas quatro populações: uma em Santa Rosa, região tradicionalmente produtora de milho; uma em Uruguaiana, região tradicionalmente produtora de arroz; e duas em Pelotas, região que produz milho e arroz lado a lado (uma em milho e outra em arroz). Individualizaram-se 20 lagartas de cada população (segunda geração) em placas de Petri, mantidas em BOD à temperatura de 25ºC, UR 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 14h. As lagartas foram alimentadas com folhas de seus respectivos hospedeiros, o híbrido de milho BRS 8330 e a cultivar de arroz irrigado Embrapa 6-Chuí. As folhas de ambos hospedeiros foram submetidas a análise bromatológica. Foram determinados o peso seco da lagarta no máximo desenvolvimento, do alimento consumido, e das fezes eliminadas, e calculados os índices nutricionais: taxa de consumo relativo (RCR), taxa metabólica relativa (RMR), taxa de crescimento relativo (RGR), digestibilidade aproximada (AD), eficiência de conversão do alimento ingerido (ECI), eficiência de conversão do alimento digerido (ECD) e custo metabólico (100 - ECD). O arroz apresentou-se mais adequado para a alimentação dos insetos, pois foi ingerido em menor quantidade, apresentando menor 100 - ECD, e maior ECI e ECD. Evidencia-se forte possibilidade de existirem duas raças de S. frugiperda no Rio Grande do Sul, a "raça do milho" e a "raça do arroz", morfologicamente iguais e fisiologicamente diferentes.

The goal of this work was to determine by means of consumption and utilization of natural food, the existence of strains of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)in different areas of corn and irrigated rice in Rio Grande do Sul. Four populations were collected: one in Santa Rosa, traditional area of corn cropping; one in Uruguaiana, traditional area of rice; and two in Pelotas, where corn and rice are planted side by side. In the laboratory, 20 larvae were individualized (second generation) and kept in petri dishes, in BOD, at 25ºC temperature, 70 ± 10% RH and 14h photophase. The larvae were fed on leaves of their respective hosts, hybrid of corn BRS 8330 and the cultivar of irrigated rice Embrapa 6-Chuí. The leaves of both hosts were submitted to bromatological analysis. The dry weight of the larva at maximum development, food consumed and feces eliminated were determined and the nutritional ratios were calculated: relative consumption ratio (RCR), relative metabolic ratio (RMR), relative growth ratio (RGR), approximate digestibilidade (AD), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and the metabolic cost (100 - ECD). Rice was more suitable as food for S. frugiperda; it was ingested in smaller amount, presented smaller 100 - ECD and larger ECI and ECD. A strong possibility of existence of two strains of S. frugiperda is evidenced in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, the corn and rice strains, which are morphologically similar but physiologically different.