Abstract A great variety of silica and alumina-rich materials have been investigated in the production of alkaline activated binders (or geopolymers) with low environment impact, e.g. low CO2 emissions. Geopolymer mortars and concretes may be more environmentally friendly if not only Portland cement but also natural aggregates (sand, gravel) are replaced with waste materials. This article presents results of geopolymers made with tailings from the iron mining industry. The geopolymer matrices are composed of metakaolin (MK) activated with a sodium silicate + sodium hydroxide solution. Two different iron ore tailings replaced a natural quartz aggregate in the geopolymers’ formulation. The hardened properties assessed were compressive strength, water absorption, apparent density and porosity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray micro computed tomography (µ-CT) were used to assess the changes in the microstructure when the tailings were incorporated into the geopolymers. Results show that the employment of iron ore tailings is not detrimental to the mechanical strength of geopolymers; however, geopolymers containing those alternative aggregates may present higher water absorption and porosity, and durability studies are required.

Os rejeitos gerados pela mineração de ferro no Brasil atingem volumes altos e têm aumentado em grande velocidade. Normalmente eles são dispostos em estruturas de pilhas ou em reservatórios formados por barragens de rejeitos, que demandam grandes áreas nos complexos minerários. A limitação dos recursos naturais, bem como a limitação de novas áreas para disposição de resíduos, tem levado a uma mudança de paradigma. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo a aplicação de uma técnica geofísica, conhecida como Radar de penetração (GPR), para definir a existência de padrões de sedimentação na subsuperfície do reservatório criado pela barragem de rejeito do Diogo, em Rio Piracicaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para auxiliar o reconhecimento dos padrões capturados pelo GPR, amostras do material da subsuperfície foram coletadas e analisadas por meio de testes de composição mineralógica, teor de umidade, condutividade elétrica, análise mineralógica e granulometria, fluorescência de Raios-X e difração de Raios-X. Os resultados indicaram que áreas com presença de rejeitos que possuem alta concentração de hematita (em torno de 60% na análise mineralógica) tiveram padrões de reflexão alterados. A presença da água gerou algumas reflexões múltiplas, que foram menos significativas em locais de menor profundidade e com maior presença de rejeito, e mais significativas em locais de maior profundidade e com menor presença de rejeitos. De uma forma geral, foi viável a aplicação do método GPR em ambientes aquáticos com subsuperfície com material depositado rico em hematita.

A large volume of waste is generated by iron mining in Brazil, and the amount has been rapidly increasing. The waste is usually stored in large piles or in reservoirs formed by tailings dams, which occupy large areas in the mining complex. The limitation of natural resources and of new areas for waste disposal has led to change in paradigms. This study therefore aimed to apply a geophysical technique, known as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), in order to define sedimentation patterns in the subsurface reservoir created by Diogo's tailings dam in Rio Piracicaba in Minas Gerais, Brazil. To assist the recognition of patterns captured by the GPR, subsurface material samples were collected and analyzed for mineralogical composition, moisture content, electrical conductivity, mineralogical analysis, particle size, X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence. The results indicated that areas with tailings that had high concentrations of hematite (around 60% in the mineralogical analysis) altered the reflection patterns. The presence of water generated some multiple reflections, which were less significant in shallower sites with more waste and more significant in deeper sites with less waste. In general, the application of the GPR was feasible in aquatic environments with rich subsurface hematite deposits.