Abstract Paper aims This paper compares the economic valuation (Intrinsic Cost or IC) of carbon dioxide emissions (carbon price) of the externality taxes (Kyoto Protocol) of the Argentine Production Chain (APC). Originality The experimental IC index and this novel combination allow incorporating objective (incremental) and subjective (acceptance, hierarchy and uncertainty) evaluation of the APC. This method is extended in this paper (to other operators). Research method The ICs are applied to attribute graphs in two scenarios (APC and society), that are obtained from the combination of Fuzzy Decision Making (FMD), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and PSO with the Algebraic (AP), Generic Hamacher (GHP and PHP) and Einstein (EP) products. Main findings (i) The coherency of the new ICs is demonstrated by mathematical and graphical analysis; (ii) The most demanding operators are the EP and HP. Implications for theory and practice It contributes to establish mechanisms for regulation of the APC.

ABSTRACT This study is situated in the field of Clinical Phonetics and aimed at determining Voice Onset Time (VOT) measures in the voiced and voiceless occlusive sounds of Spanish native speakers with Parkinson’s disease and comparing them with those from a control group. To that end, data were taken from seventeen people with Parkinson’s disease (seven women, ten men) and seventeen control participants, with both groups matched for age and gender. The participants read words and pseudowords that contained the consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/ and /g/ in word-initial position, either preceded or not by the particle/article /un/ (preceding context variable) recommended by Roldán and Soto (1997). VOT measures in the voiced and voiceless occlusive consonants were calculated with the Praat computer software and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk tests, and median comparison tests of Wilcoxon for independent samples. The results indicate that VOT in the voiceless occlusive consonants for the group with Parkinson’s disease is longer than for the control group. Additionally, the results show a statistically significant effect for the VOT values with or without the use of the particle /un/. This study constitutes one of the first research papers analyzing the VOT of persons with Parkinson’s disease in Colombia, and it suggests future challenges in the acoustic analysis of the atypical speech of the Spanish-speaking population.

RESUMEN Este estudio se enmarcó en la fonética clínica y tuvo por objetivo determinar las medidas del Voice Onset Time -VOT- en los sonidos oclusivos sordos y sonoros de hablantes nativos del español que presentan la Enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) y compararlas con un grupo control (GC). Para ello, se tomaron datos a 17 personas con EP (7 mujeres, 10 hombres) y a 17 personas como GC, ambos grupos pareados por edad y género. Para lograr este objetivo, los participantes hicieron lectura de palabras y pseudopalabras que contenían las consonantes /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/ y /g/ en dos posiciones: posición inicial de palabra, con y sin la partícula /un/como señalan Roldán y Soto (1997). Todas las medidas del VOT, en las consonantes oclusivas sordas y sonoras, fueron calculadas con el programa Praat y posteriormente analizadas a través de estadística descriptiva, pruebas de Shapiro Wilk, y pruebas de comparación de medianas de Wilcoxon para muestras independientes. Los resultados mostraron que el VOT de las consonantes oclusivas sordas en el grupo con EP es más largo que el del GC. Así mismo, los resultados evidenciaron una incidencia estadísticamente significativa en los valores del VOT con el uso o no de la partícula /un/. Este estudio se configura en uno de los primeros en analizar el VOT de personas con EP en Colombia y plantea retos futuros en el análisis acústico del habla atípica de población hispanohablante.

Resumen Introducción: FTO (Fat Mass and Obesity-related) se ha relacionado de manera consistente con la obesidad. Recientemente, Polimorfismos de Nucleótido Único (SNP) en este gen se han relacionado con el gen IRX3. Objetivo: Probar la hipótesis de que: i) SNPs en FTO e IRX3 están asociados con la obesidad y trastornos relacionados; ii) existe desequilibrio de ligamiento (LD) significativo entre ambos genes. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en la costa caribe colombiana. Se valoraron variables antropométricas y bioquímicas, la obesidad y trastornos metabólicos. Se genotipificaron 4 SNPs: 3 en FTO (rs17817449, rs8050136, rs9939609) y uno en IRX3 (rs3751723). Se estimó el LD entre estos SNPs. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión logística para estimar asociaciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron 792 sujetos. FTO e IRX3 no se encontraron en LD (D' ≤0.03; R2 ≤0.03). El genotipo TT (rs9939609) se encontró asociado con la circunferencia de la cintura (p= 0.04; adj-p= 0.01), y el SNP IRX3 con el Exceso de Peso (EP) (OR= 1.06, adj-p= 0.03). Se encontró un haplotipo FTO-IRX3 asociado con EP (G-A-A-T, rs17817449-rs8050136-rs9939609-rs3751723; OR= 0.67, p= 0.04). Esta asociación persistió después del ajuste para una población mixta (p= 0.03). Conclusiones: FTO se encontró asociado con la circunferencia de la cintura e IRX3 con EP en adultos latinoamericanos. Estas asociaciones persistieron tras el ajuste por sexo, edad y ascendencia genética. Aunque estos genes no estaban en LD, los hallazgos de un haplotipo entre FTO-IRX3 sugieren una interacción gen-gen asociada con un mayor riesgo de EP.

Abstract Background: Fat Mass and Obesity-related (FTO) has been one of the genes consistently related to common obesity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FTO have been linked with the IRX3 gene. Aim: This study was designed by testing the hypothesis that: i) common SNPs in FTO and IRX3 are associated with obesity and related disorders; ii) there is significant linkage disequilibrium between both genes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on the Colombian Caribbean Coast. Anthropometric and biochemical variables were measured, and obesity and metabolic disorders were diagnosed. Four SNPs were genotyped: 3 at FTO locus (rs17817449, rs8050136, rs9939609) and one at IRX3 locus (rs3751723). LD between these SNPs was estimated. A logistic regression model was applied to estimate associations. Results: A total of 792 subjects were included. FTO and IRX3 were not in LD (D’≤ 0.03; R2≤ 0.03). TT genotype (rs9939609) was found to be associated with waist circumference (p= 0.04; adj-p= 0.01), and IRX3 SNP with Body Weight Excess (BWE) (OR= 1.06, adj-p= 0.03). One FTO-IRX3 haplotype was associated with BWE (G-A-A-T, rs17817449-rs8050136-rs9939609-rs3751723; OR= 0.67, p= 0.04). The statistical significance of these relations continued after admixture adjustment for a three-hybrid population (p= 0.03). Conclusions: FTO was related to waist circumference, and IRX3 was associated with BWE in Latin American adults. This relation remained statistically significant after an adjustment for sex, age, and genetic ancestry was performed. Despite that these genes were not in LD, findings of a haplotype involving FTO-IRX3 suggest a gene-gene interaction associated with an increased risk of BWE.

Abstract Eccrine porocarcinoma (EPC) is a rare malignant skin tumor. The dermoscopy of invasive EPC reveals focal presence of whitish-pink, structureless areas surrounded by pinkish-white halos. In an eccrine poroma (EP), such areas present diffuse distribution in the "frog- eggs" pattern. We reported an EPC in situ that presents a transitional dermoscopy pattern between EP and invasive EPC. We found a diffuse distribution; whitish-pink, structureless areas surrounded by pinkish-white halos; a central exulceration and a polymorphic vascular pattern.

RESUMO Objetivando-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito de doses de potássio aplicadas pelo método convencional e por fertirrigação na abobrinha (Cucurbita pepo L.) em um experimento em Fortaleza, Ceará. O delineamento estatístico foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo quatro doses de K (0, 75, 150 e 300 kg K2O ha-1) e dois métodos de adubação (convencional e fertirrigado). Avaliaram-se massa do fruto (MF) número de frutos (NF), comprimento do fruto (CF) diâmetro do fruto (DF), espessura da polpa (EP), sólidos solúveis (SS), produtividade (PROD), eficiência de uso da água (EUA) e do potássio (EUK) e análise econômica, por meio do valor presente líquido (VPL), taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e período "payback". As doses de K influenciaram a MF, o DF, a EP e a PROD, que cresceram linearmente, com o maior valor estimado em 36.828 kg ha-1, relativo à maior dose de K (300 kg ha-1); esta dose também foi responsável pela maior EUA de 92 kg ha-1 mm-1. A EUK apresentou comportamento quadrático com a dose de 174 kg ha-1 de K2O proporcionando um valor máximo de (87,41 kg ha-1 (kg K2O ha-1)-1). Todos os tratamentos foram economicamente viáveis sobressaindo os meses de maio, abril, dezembro e novembro como os mais rentáveis.

ABSTRACT Aiming to evaluate the effect of potassium (K) doses applied by the conventional method and fertigation in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.), a field experiment was conducted in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. The statistical design was a randomized block, with four replicates, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, which corresponded to four doses of K (0, 75, 150 and 300 kg K2O ha-1) and two fertilization methods (conventional and fertigation). The analyzed variables were: fruit mass (FM), number of fruits (NF), fruit length (FL), fruit diameter (FD), pulp thickness (PT), soluble solids (SS), yield (Y), water use efficiency (WUE) and potassium use efficiency (KUE), besides an economic analysis using the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period (PP). K doses influenced FM, FD, PT and Y, which increased linearly, with the highest value estimated at 36,828 kg ha-1 for the highest K dose (300 kg K2O ha-1). This dose was also responsible for the largest WUE, 92 kg ha-1 mm-1. KUE showed quadratic behavior and the dose of 174 kg K2O ha-1 led to its maximum value (87.41 kg ha-1 (kg K2O ha-1)-1). All treatments were economically viable, and the most profitable months were May, April, December and November.

Este trabalho resume os dados de florística e fitossociologia de 11, das 14 parcelas de 1 ha, alocadas ao longo do gradiente altitudinal da Serra do Mar, São Paulo, Brasil. As parcelas começam na cota 10 m (Floresta de Restinga da Praia da Fazenda, município de Ubatuba) e estão distribuídas até a cota 1100 m (Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana da Trilha do rio Itamambuca, município de São Luis do Paraitinga) abrangendo os Núcleos Picinguaba e Santa Virgínia do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. Na Restinga o solo é Neossolo Quartzarênico francamente arenoso, enquanto que na encosta o solo é um Cambisolo Háplico Distrófico argilo-arenoso, sendo que todas as parcelas apresentaram solo ácido (pH 3 - 4) com alta diluição de nutrientes e alta saturação de alumínio. Na Restinga e no sopé da encosta o clima é Tropical/Subtropical Úmido (Af/Cfa), sem estação seca, com precipitação média anual superior a 2.200 mm e temperatura média anual de 22 ºC. Subindo a encosta mantêm-se a média de precipitação, mas há um gradativo resfriamento, de forma que a 1.100 m o clima é Subtropical Úmido (Cfa/Cfb), sem estação seca, com temperatura média anual de 17 ºC. Destaca-se ainda que, quase diariamente, a parte superior da encosta, geralmente acima de 400 m, é coberta por uma densa neblina. Nas 14 parcelas foram marcados, medidos e amostrados 21.733 indivíduos com DAP > 4,8 cm, incluindo árvores, palmeiras e fetos arborescentes. O número médio de indivíduos amostrados nas 14 parcelas foi de 1.264 ind.ha-1 (± 218 EP de 95%). Dentro dos parâmetros considerados predominaram as árvores (71% FOD Montana a 90% na Restinga), seguidas de palmeiras (10% na Restinga a 25% na FOD Montana) e fetos arborescentes (0% na Restinga a 4% na FOD Montana). Neste aspecto destaca-se a FOD Terras Baixas Exploradas com apenas 1,8% de palmeiras e surpreendentes 10% de fetos arborescentes. O dossel é irregular, com altura variando de 7 a 9 m, raramente as árvores emergentes chegam a 18 m, e a irregularidade do dossel permite a entrada de luz suficiente para o desenvolvimento de centenas de espécies epífitas. Com exceção da FOD Montana, onde o número de mortos foi superior a 5% dos indivíduos amostrados, nas demais fitofisionomias este valor ficou abaixo de 2,5%. Nas 11 parcelas onde foi realizado o estudo florístico foram encontradas 562 espécies distribuídas em 195 gêneros e 68 famílias. Apenas sete espécies - Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae), Calyptranthes lucida Mart. ex DC. e Marlierea tomentosa Cambess (ambas Myrtaceae), Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz (Nyctaginaceae), Cupania oblongifolia Mart. (Sapindaceae) e as Urticaceae Cecropia glaziovii Snethl. e Coussapoa microcarpa (Schott) Rizzini - ocorreram da Floresta de Restinga à FOD Montana, enquanto outras 12 espécies só não ocorreram na Floresta de Restinga. As famílias com o maior número de espécies são Myrtaceae (133 spp), Fabaceae (47 spp), Rubiaceae (49) e Lauraceae (49) ao longo de todo gradiente da FOD e Monimiaceae (21) especificamente nas parcelas da FOD Montana. Em termos de número de indivíduos as famílias mais importantes foram Arecaceae, Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae, Lauraceae e na FOD Montana, Monimiaceae. Somente na parcela F, onde ocorreu exploração de madeira entre 1960 e 1985, a abundância de palmeiras foi substituída pelas Cyatheaceae. O gradiente estudado apresenta um pico da diversidade e riqueza nas altitudes intermediárias (300 a 400 m) ao longo da encosta (índice de Shannon-Weiner - H' - variando de 3,96 a 4,48 nats.indivíduo -1). Diversas explicações para este resultado são apresentadas neste trabalho, incluindo o fato dessas altitudes estarem nos limites das expansões e retrações das diferentes fitofisionomias da FOD Atlântica durante as flutuações climáticas do Pleistoceno. Os dados aqui apresentados demonstram a extraordinária riqueza de espécies arbóreas da Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica dos Núcleos Picinguaba e Santa Virgínia do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, reforçando a importância de sua conservação ao longo de todo o gradiente altitudinal. A diversidade desta floresta justifica também o investimento de longo prazo, através de parcelas permanentes, para compreender sua dinâmica e funcionamento, bem como monitorar o impacto das mudanças climáticas nessa vegetação.

This paper summarizes floristic and phytossociology data of 11, out of 14 plots of 1 ha, allocated along an altitudinal gradient in the Serra do Mar, São Paulo, Brazil. The study was conducted at Serra do Mar State Park and the plots start at the sea level (10 m - plot of Restinga Forest that occurs at Praia da Fazenda, Picinguaba, municipality of Ubatuba) up to 1100 m above sea level (the Montane Ombrophilous Dense occurs alongside the Itamambuca Trail, municipality of São Luis do Paraitinga). The Restinga Forest occurs in Pleistocenic Coastal Plain where the soil is classified as a sandy Quartzipsamment (Quartzenic Neosol), while along the slopes of the Serra do Mar, the Ombrophylus Dense Forest grows on the top of a pre-Cambrian crystalline basement with granitic rocks, where the soil is a sandy-loam Dystrophic Inceptisol (Cambisol/Latosol). In all 14 plots soils are acidic (pH 3 - 4), chemically poor, with high dilution of nutrients and high saturation of aluminum. In the Restinga and at the foot of the slope the climate is Tropical/Subtropical Humid (Af/Cfa), with no dry season, an average annual rainfall over 2,200 mm and an average annual temperature of 22 ºC. Towards the top of the Serra do Mar there is a gradual cooling along the slope, but there is no reduction in rainfall, so at 1,100 m above sea level the climate is classified as Humid Subtropical (Cfa/Cfb), with no dry season and an average annual temperature of 17 ºC. It is important to remark that, almost daily, from 400 m above sea level up to the top of slopes the mountains are covered by a dense fog. In the 14 plots 21,733 individuals with DBH > 4.8 cm, including trees, palms and ferns, were marked, measured and sampled. The average number of individuals sampled in each plot was 1264 ind.ha-1(± 218 SE 95%). Within the parameters considered trees prevailed (71% in the Montane ODF to 90% in the Restinga Forest), followed by palms (10% in the RF and 25% in the Montane Ombrophilous Dense Forest/ODF) and ferns (0% % in the RF and 4% in the Montane ODF). Regarding these proportions the Exploited Lowlands ODF differs from the others with only 1.8% of palm trees and striking 10% of ferns. The forest canopy is irregular with heights ranging from 7 to 9 m, rarely emergent trees reach 18 m, and due to this irregularity of the canopy the amount of light that gets through sets conditions for the development of hundreds of epiphytic species. Aside from Montana ODF, where the number of dead trees was more than 5% of individuals sampled, in the other phytophysiognomies this value was below 2.5%. In the 11 plots where the floristic study was conducted we found 562 species in 195 genera and 68 families. Only seven species - Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae), Calyptranthes lucida Mart. ex DC. and Marlierea tomentosa Cambess (both Myrtaceae), Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz (Nyctaginaceae), Cupania oblongifolia Mart. (Sapindaceae), Cecropia glaziovii Snethl. and Coussapoa microcarpa (Schott) Rizzini (both Urticaceae) - occurred from Restinga to Montane ODF, while 12 other species did not occur only in the Restinga Forest. Families with the greatest number of species are Myrtaceae (133 spp), Fabaceae (47 spp), Rubiaceae (49) and Lauraceae (49) throughout the gradient and Monimiaceae (21) specifically in portions Montane ODF. Only in the F plot, where logging has occurred between 1950 and 1985, the abundance of palm trees has been replaced by Cyatheaceae. The study shows a peak of diversity and richness, Shannon-Weiner index (H') ranging from 3.96 to 4.48 nats.ind-1, in the intermediate altitudes (300 to 400 m) along the slope. Several explanations for this result are raised here, including the fact that these elevations are within the limits expansions and retractions of the different phytophysiognomies of the Atlantic ODF due to climate fluctuations during the Pleistocene. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the extraordinary richness of tree species of the Atlantic Rainforest from the northeastern coast of the State of Sao Paulo, reinforcing the importance of its conservation throughout the altitudinal gradient. The richness of this forest justifies a long term commitment to study its dynamics and functioning through permanent plots, and monitor the impacts of climate change in this vegetation.

Almost all individuals (182) belonging to an Amazonian riverine population (Portuchuelo, RO, Brazil) were investigated for ascertaining data on epidemiological aspects of malaria. Thirteen genetic blood polymorphisms were investigated (ABO, MNSs, Rh, Kell, and Duffy systems, haptoglobins, hemoglobins, and the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyoxalase, phosphoglucomutase, carbonic anhydrase, red cell acid phosphatase, and esterase D). The results indicated that the Duffy system is associated with susceptibility to malaria, as observed in other endemic areas. Moreover, suggestions also arose indicating that the EsD and Rh loci may be significantly associated with resistance to malaria. If statistical type II errors and sample stratification could be ruled out, hypotheses on the existence of a causal mechanism or an unknown closely linked locus involved in susceptibility to malaria infection may explain the present findings.

Some demographic and epidemiological patterns of the rural population of Monte Negro, locality situated in the State of Rondônia (Brazil), Western Amazonia, are described based on a sample of 924 randomly selected individuals, approximately 10% of the whole population. The main features of this sample are (1) the illiteracy rates in the parental generation were 23% for fathers and 20% for mothers. Among children, this figure dropped to 6%; (2) housing in Monte Negro is characterized by being constructed with wood (92%), and also a floor (75%). Nevertheless, only 32% of these houses had electric energy; (3) the mean ages for the parental generation were 41.9 for males and 36.3 for females. These values for the offspring generation were 12.2 and 10.5, respectively; (4) the sex-ratio of the offspring generation was 1.32;(5) the bioassay of kinship was estimated as .033 for this long range migrant population; (6) the prevalence of some macrophage dependent infectious disease was conspicuously high; (7) the reported number of malarial episodes among males and females was statistically different, suggesting that malaria may be, in part, a "professional" disease; (8) the prevalence of serum-positive reactions against B-hepatitis is distressing. It has a strong age dependence and reaches 74% among adult males. Conversely, signs of active infection (AgHbs) rises to 16% among children.

Em baterias de evapotranspirômetros, do tipo "Thornthwaite-modificado" (Mather, 1951), estimou-se a evapotranspiração potencial em base mensal, para as localidades de Pindamonhangaba, Ribeirão Prêto e Campinas, tôdas situadas no planalto paulista. Foram empregadas nos evapotranspirômetros, como vasos ou lisímetros, caixas retangulares de cimento-amianto de 0,65 m², vegetadas com grama batatais (Paspalum notatum Flügge). Os tanques ou lisímetros, permitem estimar a evapotranspiração potencial pela diferença entre a quantidade de água adicionada cada dois dias ao tanque, como irrigação, mais eventuais precipitações e quantidade de água que sai do tanque por percolação. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a evapotranspiração potencial apresenta, no planalto paulista, valores aproximadamente duas vêzes mais elevados no verão em relação aos do inverno. Em média ultrapassa 130 mm em janeiro e não alcança 60 mm em julho. Tais resultados diferem bastante dos que se obtêm com os evapotímetros comuns, de Piche, montados à sombra em abrigos meteorológicos, os quais estimam elemento muito distinto, ou seja, a capacidade evaporativa do ar. Enquanto a evapotranspiração potencial tem seus valores mais elevados nos meses mais quentes do ano, de dezembro a fevereiro, a capacidade evaporativa do ar os têm no período mais sêco, ou seja, de agôsto a setembro, quando ultrapassa os 200 mm mensais. Os valores medidos nos evapotranspirômetros, considerados reais, foram correlacionados com os calculados pelas equações de Thornthwaite (23), de Penman, simplificada por Bavel (1), de Blaney & Criddle (2) e por uma forma modificada desta última, para adaptação às condições locais. As correlações, entre valores medidos e calculados, mostraram-se de modo geral bastante elevadas. Apenas no caso da comparação com os resultados do método de Penmon-Bavel verificou-se correlação um pouco inferior. Nas determinações de Campinas os coeficientes de correlação (r), com os valores medidos, obtidos para os quatro métodos de cálculo da evapotranspiração potencial, foram os seguintes: Thornthwaite e Blaney & Criddle modificado = 0,95, Blaney & Criddle original - 0,93, Penman-Bovel = 0,89. Maior exatidão, ou concordância com os resultados da evapots pelos métodos de Thornthwaite e de Blaney & Criddle modificado. O método de Blaney & Criddle original, resultou as maiores discrepâncias com os valoresranspiração potencial medida, também foi obtida com os volores estimado medidos, superestimando acentuadamente os valores durante o inverno e subestimando-os no verão. Por sua vez, o método de Penman-Bavel também apresentou discrepâncias, embora menos acentuadas, subestimando os resultados na estação estival. Em Campinas, os resultados calculados, pelos quatro métodos, foram em geral mais elevados do que os medidos. O contrário, todavia, ocorreu nas outras duas localidades estudadas. Os totais anuais da evapotranspiração potencial (EP) medidos e calculados, segundo Thornthwaite, foram os seguintes para as três localidades: Localidade EP medida mm EP calculada mm Campinas............ 962 1.043 Pindamonhangaba ............ 1.105 1.003 Ribeirão Prêto.......... 1.198 1.106 A razão da obtenção em Campinas de valores mais altos da evapotranspiração potencial calculada, parece ser devida ao fato de a temperatura média utilizada no cálculo ter sido anormalmente elevada, por estar o abrigo meteorológico, que forneceu os dados, situado em área urbanizada, distante vários quilômetros da bateria de evapotranspirômetros. Por sua vez, em Pindamonhangaba e em Ribeirão Prêto são os valores medidos que parecem estar sobrestimados, possivelmente pelo fato de os gramados internos dos tanques terem se apresentado, em parte do tempo, com porte mais elevado do que a do gramado do terreno circundante. Nomogramas e tabelas especiais, preparados para o hemisfério sul e empregando unidades do sistema métrico decimal, foram apresentados para facilitar a determinação da evapotranspiração potencial pelos vários métodos de cálculo empregados.

Five-year results from three batteries of evapotranspirometers located at three different places of State of São Paulo plateau were used to verify the Thornthwaite, Fenman-Bavel and Blaney & Criddle formulas for computing the potential evapotranspiration in their latitude and climatic conditions. The tanks used in the evapotranspirometers were commercial, square-shaped asbestos-cement boxes with 0.54 m² surface area. Bahiagrass (Paspalum nota turn Flügge) was planted inside and outside the tanks so that their surface plant cover represented a sample of the entire vegetated area. The tanks, or lisimeters, allow estimating the potential evapotranspiration by difference between the ammount of water added to them every two days as irrigation plus eventual rainfall, and the water leaving the tanks by percolation. Under the conditions of the State of São Paulo plateau the potential evapotranspiration data in the summer months are about twice those of the winter months. Normally the monthly value amounts to 120 mm in January but does not reach 60 mm in July. The monthly potential evapotranspiration data were correlated to those computed with Thornthwaite and Blaney & Criddle equations, the Penman-Bavel nomogram and a form of the Blaney & Criddle equation adopted to the State of São Paulo envirommental conditions. Very high correlations between measured and computed results were found. The poorest correlations were found with the Penman-Bavel method data. The: correlation coefficient (r) between computed and measured monthly results at Campinas were the following: Thornthwaite, r=0,95; Blaney & Criddte original equation, r=0,93; Penman according to Bavel nomogram, r=0,89. High accuracy or agreement between the calculated and the measured values was obtained with the Thornthwaite, the modified Blaney & Criddle and the Penman-Bavel methods. The original Blaney & Criddle equation gave very discrepant results with measured ones particularly during the winter months, whose values were highly overestimated. The Penman-Bavel method underestimated moderately the summer values, particularly at the Pindamonhangaba and Ribeirão Prêto conditions. On the other hand, the computed potential evapotranspirotion data obtained by the Thornthwaite and the modified Blaney & Criddle methods were slightly understimated at the Pindamonhangaba and Ribeirão Prêto areas but overestimated at Campinas. Both methods, the Thornthwaite and the modified Blaney & Criddle, gave practically similar results, very close to those measured, for the three localities of the State of São Paulo plateau. As computing work with both methods may be easily and quickly made, they are useful for estimating potential evapotranspiration, when numerous determinations are needed. The Thornthwaite formula has the advantage of its universal application, being indicated in the climatologic works. The modified Blaney & Criddle equation, due to its high simplicity may be useful particularly for local studies where tests approved it, like at state of São Paulo plateau. Special tables containing data for the south hemisphere conditions, and adapted nomograms using millimeter and centigrade scales were prepared and presented in this paper to facilitate computing potential evapotranspiration with the four methods studied.