RESUMEN Con el fin de estimar la temperatura base (Tb) de crecimiento a través de la aparición de hojas y calcular el filocrono para el pasto kikuyo, se establecieron tres parcelas en tres fincas de la provincia de Ubaté (Cundinamarca, Colombia) ubicadas a diferente altitud (2560, 2640, 3143 m. s. n. m.). Se realizaron cuatro ciclos de mediciones en un tiempo total de ocho meses. La Tb se estimó por el método de mínimo coeficiente de variación utilizando un modelo de regresión de segundo grado y el modelo obtenido se validó por el método de validación cruzada. La Tb para la primera, segunda, tercera y cuarta hoja fue 4,02, 3,68, 3,93 y 3,62 °C, respectivamente. El kikuyo requirió mayor tiempo térmico (TT) para la aparición de la primera hoja (97,5 grados día de crecimiento acumulados (GDCA)) que para la segunda (74,2 GDCA), tercera (73,8 GDCA) y cuarta hoja (76,0 GDCA) (p<0,05). No hubo diferencias en el TT entre fincas (p > 0,05). Hubo tendencia a un mayor número de días calendario requeridos para alcanzar cada estado de hoja en la finca ubicada a mayor altitud y con menor temperatura media. La validación mostró un adecuado ajuste (r2 = 0,94) y una concordancia sustancial (CCC= 0,97) entre los valores observados y los valores predichos para el TT estimado con los valores de Tb obtenidos para cada estado de hoja. Los resultados de Tb de crecimiento del pasto kikuyo obtenidos permiten realizar predicciones más precisas sobre el filocrono y generar modelos de crecimiento cercanos a la realidad.

ABSTRACT In order to estimate the base temperature (Bt) of growth through the appearance of leaves and calculate the phyllochron for kikuyu grass, three plots were established on three farms in the Provincia of Ubaté (Cundinamarca, Colombia) located at different altitudes (2560, 2640, 3143 m. a. s. l.). Measurements were made in four cycles in a period of eight months. The Bt was estimated by the least coefficient of variation method using a second order regression model and the model obtained was validated by the cross-validation method. The Bt values for the first, second, third and fourth leafwere 4.02, 3.68, 3.93, and 3.62 °C, respectively. For the appearance of the first leaf, the kikuyu required more thermal time (TT) (97.5 accumulated growing degree days (AGDD)) than for the second (74.2 AGDD), third (73.8 AGDD) and fourth leaf (76.0 AGDD) (p <0.05). There were no differences in TT among farms (p> 0.05). There was a tendency to a greater number of days required to reach each leaf stage in the farm located at higher altitude and with lower mean temperature. The validation showed an adequate adjustment (r2 = 0.94) and a substantial concordance (CCC = 0.97) between the observed values and the predicted values for the estimated TT with the Bt value obtained for each leaf stage. The results ofBt for kikuyu grass obtained, will allow to make more precise predictions about the phyllochron and generate growth models close to reality.

ABSTRACT Background: The use of dynamic intra-operative cholangiography (dIOC) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Lap Chole) remains a topic under discussion. Objectives: This study aims to describe and evaluate the learning curve and findings in the dIOC during laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by Residents of General Surgery, including it as a tool for a safe cholecystectomy, as well as training for the development of skills and abilities. Material and methods: Patients with indication of scheduled or emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included. In the surgeries, traction was performed according to Hunter, critical safety vision and systematic dIOC, by a senior Resident and the dIOC by a less trained resident, tutored by a staff surgeon. Learning curve, operative times, dIOC time relationship with Lap Chole duration time (IOC/LC), repeated cystic dissection, cystic lithiasis and choledocholithiasis were evaluated. Results: 456 patients were operated for one year (2017-2018). It was observed that regardless of who performs the dIOC, they were able to improve their learning curve, objectifying shorter times for Lap Chole, dIOC and the IOC/LC relationship. The learning coefficients were better in complex surgeries in relation to the semester. 5.26 % had choledocholithiasis (n = 24), of these, 66.7% had cystic lithiasis (n = 16) and 25% associated cholecystitis (n = 6). All were resolved trancystically. There were no conversions and dIOC was performed in 100% of cases. Conclusion: The dIOC is an ideal procedure to be practiced systematically during residency. Because it gives the necessary training for the management of the transcystic pathway, allows avoiding an upper bile duct injury and the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: el uso de la colangiografía intraoperatoria dinámica (CIOd) durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica (Colelap) sigue siendo un tema en discusión. Objetivos: Este trabajo tiene como objetivo describir y evaluar la curva de aprendizaje y los hallazgos en la CIOd durante las colecistectomías laparoscópicas realizadas por residentes de Cirugía General, incluyéndola como herramienta para una colecistectomía segura, así como entrenamiento para el de sarrollo de habilidades y destrezas. Material y métodos: se incluyeron pacientes con indicación de colecistectomía laparoscópica pro gramada o de urgencia. En las cirugías se realizó tracción según Hunter, visión crítica de seguridad y CIOd sistemática, por un residente mayor y la CIOd por un residente inferior, tutorizado por cirujano de planta. Se evaluaron curva de aprendizaje, tiempos operatorios, relación del tiempo de CIOd con el tiempo de duración de la Colelap (CIO/CX), redisección del cístico y litiasis cística y coledociana. Resultados: se operaron 456 pacientes durante un año (2017-2018). Se observó que, independiente mente de quien realice la CIOd, los residentes pudieron mejorar su curva de aprendizaje, objetiván dose tiempos más cortos para la Colelap, CIOd y la relación CIO/CX. Los coeficientes de aprendizaje fueron mejores en cirugías más complejas en relación con el semestre. El 5,26% presentó litiasis cole dociana (n = 24); de estas, 66,7% tenían litiasis cística (n = 16) y 25% colecistitis (n = 6) asociadas. Todas se resolvieron por vía transcística. No hubo conversiones y se realizó CIOd en el 100%. Conclusión: la CIOd es un procedimiento ideal para ser practicado de manera sistemática durante la Residencia, porque da el entrenamiento necesario para el manejo de la vía transcística, permite evitar una lesión quirúrgica de vía biliar mayor y el diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis.

RESUMO A pimenta-de-cheiro, Capsicum chinense é uma cultura importante na Bacia Amazônica, cultivada principalmente por pequenos produtores. Plantas de C. chinense em um campo experimental localizado no norte do estado brasileiro do Amazonas, foram encontradas apresentando sintomas característicos de infecção viral. Extratos de amostras de folhas sintomáticas examinados ao microscópio eletrônico de transmissão revelaram a presença de partículas alongadas e flexuosas e de partículas isométricas. Análises moleculares permitiram identificar a presença do pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) e do cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Pulgões, identificados como Aphis gossypii foram encontrados colonizando pimenteiras-de-cheiro neste campo experimental e podem representar o provável vetor de PepYMV e CMV. Este trabalho relata a primeira ocorrência desses vírus infectando C. chinense no estado do Amazonas.

ABSTRACT The habanero chilli pepper, Capsicum chinense is an important crop in the Amazon Basin, mainly grown by small-scale producers. Capsicum chinense plants in an experimental field in the northern Brazilian state of Amazonas were found exhibiting characteristic symptoms of viral infection. Leaf sap from symptomatic plants examined under a transmission electron microscope revealed the presence of elongated flexuous particles and isometric particles. Using molecular assays, the viruses were identified as pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Aphids, identified as Aphis gossypii, were found colonizing the C. chinense plants in the field and may be the vector for both PepYMV and CMV. We report the first occurrence of these viruses infecting C. chinense in the state of Amazonas.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from ten endophytic fungal species belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family were extracted by headspace-solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-four VOCs were identified. Most of the compounds are sesquiterpenes (14 non-oxygenated and 10 oxygenated), and two linear ketones and eight alcohols were also identified. Multivariate data analysis (PCA and HCA) allowed the differentiation of all investigated species, and proved to be efficient for the differentiation of Neofusicocum parvum and N. ribis, which are considered very similar species. α-Bisabolol, α-selinene, α-cedrene epoxide and guaiol acetate were suggested as biomarkers.

Azotobacter chroococcum is one of the microorganism with greater plant growth development in cotton crops. Nevertheless, the influence of polymers on its viability in presence of fungicides is unknown. In the present study, the effect of carrageenan polymer on the compatibility of an A. chroococcum based inoculant with Vitavax® pelleted fungicides in cotton seeds was evaluated. The experiment consisted of six treatments completely randomized with three replications in triplicate. The addition of fungicide and polymer were varied. Estimation of cell viability, response variable, was performed at three times of drying: 0, 24 and 48 hours. Data were expressed as log CFU mL-1. Results evidenced that despite of nature of Vitavax®, this affect viability of A. chroococcum in absence of polymer. Moreover, it was observed a significant effect of carrageenan on cell biomass in presence of Vitavax® up to 24 hours of drying (p <0.05). This polymer proved to be able to exert an adherent and protective effect on bacteria by mitigating the harmful action of fungicide. These results indicate that the use of polymers as carrageenan represents a promising alternative to reduce the harmful effects of fungicides as Vitavax ® on soil microflora.

Azotobacter chroococcum es una de los microorganismos que mayor promoción de crecimiento vegetal genera a cultivos de algodón. Sin embargo la influencia de polímeros sobre su viabilidad en presencia de fungicidas es desconocida. En el presente estudio, se evaluó el efecto del polímero carragenina sobre la compatibilidad de un inoculante a base de A. chroococcum con el fungicida Vitavax® peletizado en semillas de algodón. El experimento consistió de seis tratamientos completamente al azar con tres repeticiones por triplicado. Se varió la adición de fungicida y polímero. La estimación de viabilidad celular, como variable de respuesta, fue realizado a tres tiempos de secado: 0, 24 y 48 horas. Los datos fueron expresados como log UFC mL-1. A pesar de la naturaleza del Vitavax®, se evidenció que éste afecta la viabilidad de A. chroococcum en ausencia de polímero. Por otro lado, se observó un efecto significativo de la carragenina sobre la biomasa celular en presencia de Vitavax® hasta las 24 horas de secado (p<0.05). Este polímero demostró ser capaz de ejercer un efecto adherente y protector de las bacterias mitigando la acción perjudicial del fungicida. Estos resultados indican que el uso de polímeros como la carragenina representa una alternativa promisoria para reducir los efectos perjudiciales de fungicidas como Vitavax® sobre la microflora de los suelos.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de sintomas relacionados à asma, à rinite e ao eczema atópico em adolescentes (13-14 anos, AD) residentes em sete cidades brasileiras com o questionário escrito (QE) padronizado do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (Isaac) e verificar a tendência temporal passados nove anos da última avaliação do Isaac fase 3 (ISF3). MÉTODOS: O QE Isaac foi respondido por 20.099 AD (13-14 anos) moradores em centros das regiões Norte, Nordeste, Sudeste e Sul. Os índices obtidos foram comparados aos do ISF3 com o teste não paramétrico (qui-quadrado ou Fisher) e foi estabelecida a taxa de incremento/decremento anual para cada um dos centros segundo o sintoma avaliado. RESULTADOS: Em relação ao ISF3, considerando-se os dados nacionais, houve queda da prevalência média de asma ativa (18,5% vs. 17,5%) com elevação da frequência de asma grave (4,5% vs. 4,7%) e de asma diagnosticada por médico (14,3% vs. 17,6%). Aumento da prevalência de rinite e rinoconjuntivite e de eczema flexural também ocorreram. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de asma, rinite e eczema atópico no Brasil foi variável. Valores mais altos, sobretudo de asma e eczema, foram observados nos centros localizados mais próximos ao Equador.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema in adolescents (AD; 13-14 years) living in seven Brazilian cities, by applying the standardized written questionnaire (WQ) of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), and to evaluate the time trend nine years after the last assessment of ISAAC phase 3 (ISP3). METHODS: The ISAAC-WQ was answered by 20,099 AD from the Northern, Northeastern, Southeastern, and Southern Brazilian regions. Values obtained were compared to those observed in ISP3 using nonparametric (chi-squared or Fisher) tests, and the ratio of annual increment/decrement was established for each of the centers, according to the symptom assessed. RESULTS: Considering the national data and comparing to values of ISP3, there was a decrease in the mean prevalence of active asthma (18.5% vs. 17.5%) and an increase in the frequency of severe asthma (4.5% vs. 4.7%) and physician-diagnosed asthma (14.3% vs. 17.6%). An increase in prevalence of rhinitis, rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema in Brazil was variable; higher prevalence values, especially of asthma and eczema, were observed in regions located closer to the Equator.

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive disease associated with high levels of branched-chain amino acids. Children with MSUD can present severe neurological damage, but liver transplantation (LT) allows the patient to resume a normal diet and avoid further neurological damage. The use of living related donors has been controversial because parents are obligatory heterozygotes. We report a case of a 2-year-old child with MSUD who underwent a living donor LT. The donor was the patient's mother, and his liver was then used as a domino graft. The postoperative course was uneventful in all three subjects. DNA analysis performed after the transplantation (sequencing of the coding regions of BCKDHA, BCKDHB, andDBT genes) showed that the MSUD patient was heterozygous for a pathogenic mutation in the BCKDHB gene. This mutation was not found in his mother, who is an obligatory carrier for MSUD according to the family history and, as expected, presented both normal clinical phenotype and levels of branched-chain amino acids. In conclusion, our data suggest that the use of a related donor in LT for MSUD was effective, and the liver of the MSUD patient was successfully used in domino transplantation. Routine donor genotyping may not be feasible, because the test is not widely available, and, most importantly, the disease is associated with both the presence of allelic and locus heterogeneity. Further studies with this population of patients are required to expand the use of related donors in MSUD.

Este trabalho discute a implementação de Rádios Escolares em escolas públicas da região do entorno da Universidade de Caxias do Sul como ferramentas de interação sociodiscursiva, visando estimular o protagonismo social das comunidades escolares envolvidas, bem como oferecer novos caminhos para a promoção do desenvolvimento e aprendizagem de crianças, jovens e adultos.

In this work we present the experience of implementing radio stations in state schools in the city of Caxias do Sul - Brazil, as a tool for teaching and learning. The main goal of radios is to create the space for sociodiscursive interaction in order to stimulate the social protagonism in scholar communities involved in the project. The radio also showed as a different tool to enhance children, teenagers and adults learning.

Atribui-se ao uso de práticas culturais inadequadas uma das causas da redução drástica dos níveis de produtividade e produção da cultura do caju no nordeste brasileiro. A eliminação periódica da cobertura vegetal e o tráfego de máquinas e implementos condicionam temperaturas e densidade de solo que podem comprometer o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, o que é mais preocupante ainda, considerando a textura arenosa dos solos cultivados e as condições climáticas da região. A partir destas constatações, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho, com vistas em fornecer indicativos capazes de permitir uma avaliação dos efeitos das condições de solo e clima, objetivando identificar o comportamento de plantas de cajueiro anão precoce, submetidas a diferentes níveis de compactação e temperatura de solo, como meio de testar a hipótese de que níveis crescentes destes fatores podem reduzir seu crescimento. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em condições controladas, utilizando colunas de solo em tubos de PVC, nas quais se adicionou o Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico típico. Submeteram-se estas colunas a dois níveis de temperatura do solo, um com as colunas de solo isoladas com folhas de isopor pintadas na cor alumínio (tratamento isolado-TI), e o outro, com colunas não isoladas, mas com os tubos de PVC pintados na cor preta, para maior absorção de luz (tratamento não isolado-TNI). Os níveis de densidade a que foram ajustadas as camadas compactadas da coluna de solo foram 1,2; 1,3; 1,4; 1,5; 1,6 e 1,7 Mg m-3, sendo o restante da coluna a 1,3 Mg m-3. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 6 x 2 (seis níveis de compactação e dois níveis de temperatura), com três repetições. Após o período de 12 meses de cultivo das plantas, a parte aérea foi colhida, determinando-se matéria seca da parte aérea, altura da planta, diâmetro do caule e número de ramificações da parte aérea. Os anéis da coluna de solo foram separados e as raízes foram coletadas, determinando-se, por meio do número de pixels, a área radicular, o comprimento de raízes e a densidade radicular. O aumento da temperatura e da densidade do solo reduziu o crescimento, afetando tanto a parte aérea quanto o sistema radicular das plantas de cajueiro.

Inadequate crop practices are among the main causes for reduced productivity of cashew crops in the Northeast of Brazil. Periodical elimination of vegetation and the use of heavy machines and implements influence soil temperatures and density, possibly affecting plant growthand development. This is an aggravating fact, considering the sandy soils and climate conditions of the region. This study had the objective to investigate the development of cashew nut plants (early-dwarf cultivar) at different levels of soil temperature and density, to corroborate the hypothesis: the higher the level of these factors, the lower the expected plant growth and biomass production. PVC tubes were filled with samples of eutrophic Red-Yellow Typic Podzolic soil under controlled conditions and these soil columns exposed to two temperatures. In one of the treatments, PVC columns were insulated with polystyrene sheets and painted in aluminium color (Insulation treatment-IT), and in the other treatment, PVC columns without sheets were painted black to absorb more sunlight (treatment without insulation-TWI). Density levels used in the compressed soil layers were 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, and 1.7 Mg m-3, and 1.3 Mg m-3 in the rest of the column. The experimental design was completely randomized in three replications, for six density and two temperature level treatments. After twelve months, plant shoots were collected to determine biomass, height, stem diameter and number of branches. Soil rings and roots were separated to determine the root area, root length, and root density by pixel number. Results indicated that higher soil temperatures and densities reduced growth, affecting both above-ground biomass and roots of the cashew nut plants.