Resumen Las enfermedades metabólicas, incluyendo la obesidad y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, representan un grave problema de salud y mortalidad, en México. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y otras asociaciones como la Federación internacional de la Diabetes (IDF) y el Programa Nacional de Educación para el Colesterol-Panel de Tratamiento para el Adulto III (NCEP-ATP III) definen el Síndrome Metabólico (SM), como la agrupación de alteraciones metabólicas que conllevan al desarrollo de obesidad, hipertensión y diabetes mellitus. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un modelo de SM en roedores CD1 utilizando una dieta hipercalórica y determinar las ventajas y/o desventajas comparado con otros modelos murinos. Se utilizaron ratones CD1 hembras y machos se dividieron en 2 grupos por género, un grupo control y otro grupo con dieta hipercalórica durante 10 semanas. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la dieta hipercalórica es eficiente para desarrollar las alteraciones metabólicas presentes en el SM, se observaron mejores resultados en los ratones macho, por lo que se sugiere la utilización en este género para evitar los cambios hormonales presentes en las hembras adultas.

Abstract Metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, represent a serious health and death problem in Mexico. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other associations such as the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) define the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), as the set of metabolic alterations that lead to the development of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to develop a model of MetS in CD1 rodents using a hypercaloric diet and to determine the advantages and / or disadvantages compared to other murine models. Female and male CD1 mice were divided into 2 groups by gender, a control group, and another group with a hypercaloric diet for 10 weeks. The results obtained showed that the hypercaloric diet is efficient to develop the metabolic alterations present in MetS, better results were observed in male mice, which is why the use in this genus is suggested to avoid the hormonal changes present in adult females.

Abstract:Macrocystis pyrifera is a giant brown seaweed with high nutritional content, used as a dietary supplement in some farm animals. It contains fucoidan which has a pharmacological effect on lipids and glucose metabolism. Some brown seaweeds can bioaccumulate toxic elements in their cell wall, representing a problem if toxicity tests that guarantee the safety of their consumption are not done. M. pyrifera, does not present toxicological studies that guarantee its safety. This work aimed to perform the acute and subchronic toxicological evaluation of M. pyrifera in rodents as well as to determine its possible therapeutic effect. Fronds of M. pyrifera were collected in Baja California Sur, Mexico, for drying and obtaining algae flour. The acute toxicity test LD50 was performed in C57BL / 6 male mice (25 ± 3 g) for 7 days, finding an LD50 greater than 10 g kg-1. Subchronic toxicity was determined for 121 days in adult male Sprague Dawley rats (98 ± 2 g), during which the experimental animals showed no signs of toxicity, or changes in the hematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters of the organs. The reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation or glutathione ratio were not different from the control group. A therapeutic effect on the regulation of body weight and a hypolipidemic effect (triacylglycerides: 82.27 ± 5.55 mg dL-1, cholesterol: 98.61 ± 6.48 mg dL-1) were found. It is concluded that, under the conditions in which this study was developed, the consumption of M. pyrifera as a functional ingredient is safe.

Resumen:Macrocystis pyrifera es un alga parda gigante con alto contenido nutricional, utilizada como suplemento dietético en algunos animales de granja. Contiene fucoidan, el cual posee efecto farmacológico sobre el metabolismo de lípidos y glucosa. Algunas algas pardas pueden bioacumular tóxicos en su pared celular, representando un problema si no se realizan los ensayos de toxicidad que garanticen la seguridad de su consumo. M. pyrifera, no presenta estudios toxicológicos que garanticen su inocuidad. El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar la evaluación toxicológica aguda y subcrónica de M. pyrifera en roedores, así como, determinar su posible efecto terapéutico. Frondas de M. pyrifera fueron recolectadas en Baja California Sur, México, para su secado y obtención de la harina del alga. El ensayo de toxicidad aguda LD50 se realizó en ratones macho C57BL/6 (25 ± 3 g) durante 7 días, encontrando una LD50 superior a 10 g kg-1. La toxicidad subcrónica se determinó durante 121 días en ratas Sprague Dawley macho adulta con peso (98 ± 2 g), en este periodo los animales de experimentación no mostraron signos de toxicidad, ni cambios en los parámetros hematológicos, bioquímicos ni histopatológicos de sus órganos. En el balance óxido-reducción, las especies reactivas de oxígeno, la peroxidación lipídica y la proporción de glutatión no fueron diferentes al grupo testigo. Se encontró un efecto terapéutico sobre la regulación del peso corporal y un efecto hipolipidémico (triglicéridos: 82,27 ± 5,55 mg dL-1, colesterol: 98,61 ± 6,48 mg dL-1). Se concluye que, bajo las condiciones en que se desarrolló este estudio, el consumo de M. pyrifera como ingrediente funcional es seguro.

ABSTRACT Objective Determine the milk quality effect during lactation on the metabolic and thyroid programming of hypothyroid offspring. Materials and methods Ten-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: euthyroid and thyroidectomy-caused hypothyroidism. The rats were matted and, one day after birth, the pups were divided into three groups: euthyroid offspring (EO), hypothyroid offspring (HO) and hypothyroid with a euthyroid replacement wet nurse (HRO). During lactation, the milk quality and offspring body length were evaluated. The body weight and energy intake were determined on a weekly basis, as well as the metabolic profile at the prepubertal (P35-36) and postpubertal (P55-56) ages. At P56, the animals were sacrificed, the adipose tissues were weighed and the thyroid glands were dissected for histological processing. Results The milk of the hypothyroid wet nurse decreases proteins (16-26%), lipids (22-29%) and lactate (22-37%) with respect to euthyroid. The HO has a lower body weight gain (23-33%), length (11-13%) and energy intake (15-21%). In addition, HO presents impaired fasting glucose and dyslipidemia, as well as a reduction in seric thyroid hormone (18-34%), adipose reserves (26-68%) and thyroid gland weight (25-34%). The HO present thyroid gland cytoarchitecture alteration. The HRO develop the same metabolic alterations as the HO. However, the thyroid gland dysfunction was partially prevented because the HRO improved under about 10% of the serum thyroid hormone concentration, the thyroid gland weight although histological glandular changes presented. Conclusions The replacement of hypothyroid offspring with a euthyroid wet nurse during lactation can improve the thyroid programming without modifying metabolic programming.

Abstract: Currently, there has been increasing the interest in compounds contains in fungi, because they have health benefits. Therefore, it was determined whether ethanol, extract, and their fractions (ethyl acetate and hexane), obtains from mycelium of Trametes versicolor prevents oxidative stress and tissue damage-caused by CCl4 intoxication. The ethanol extract and sub-fractions were administered to NIH male mice. Subsequently, the liver was obtained for quantifying oxidative stress, redox environment, and histological damage. We found that extracts decreased oxidative stress, and they prevent cellular damage-caused by CCl4. It is concluded that ethanol extract and its fractions (ethyl acetate and hexane) protect against acute liver damage.

Resumen: Actualmente, ha aumentado el interés en los compuestos presentes en los hongos, debido a que tienen beneficios para la salud. Por este motivo, se determinó si el extracto etanólico y las fracciones (acetato de etilo y hexánica), obtenidas del micelio de Trametes versicolor, previenen el estrés oxidativo y el daño tisular, generados por la intoxicación con CCl4. El extracto etanólico y las sub-fracciones se administraron a ratones machos de la cepa NIH. Posteriormente, se obtuvo el hígado para cuantificar el estrés oxidativo, el ambiente redox y el daño histológico. Se encontró que los extractos disminuyen el estrés oxidativo y evitan el daño celular provocado por el CCl4. Se concluye que el extracto etanólico y las fracciones (acetato de etilo y hexánica) protegen contra el daño hepático agudo.

The seeds of Swietenia humilis Zucc, traditionally consumed in many communities in the state of Sinaloa and other parts of the interior of Mexico for its healing properties in the treatment of different diseases like parasitosis, diarrhea, hyperglycemia and some conditions as overweight. Therefore the objective of this study was performed a pharmacological study of the ethanolic extract of the Swietenia humilis Zucc seeds. This study consisted in the determination of antinociceptive, and anticonvulsant activities of lethal dose 50 (LD50), in adults mice NIH. The in vitro spasmolytic effect and the antioxidant capacity were evaluated too. It was found that the LD50 was higher than 100 mg/Kg so their use is secure. With respect to the antinociceptive activity, all the administered doses reduce the number of contortions induced by acetic acid administration. The extract had not anticonvulsant activity and they did not show antioxidant activity, however it had spasmolytic activity. There were not else where reports about its spasmolytic and antinociceptive effects, therefore it is suggested to continue the evaluation of this extract to elucidate the structures responsible for these effects.

Las semillas de Swietenia humilis Zucc, se consumen de forma tradicional, en muchas comunidades del estado de Sinaloa y en otras partes del interior de la República Mexicana, por sus propiedades curativas en el tratamiento de diferentes enfermedades como la parasitosis, la diarrea, la hiperglucemia y en algunas condiciones como el sobrepeso. Por tal motivo, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar el estudio farmacológico del extracto etanólico de las semillas de Swietenia humilis Zucc. Dicho estudio consistió en la determinación de la dosis letal 50 (DL50) y las actividades antinociceptiva y anticonvulsiva, en ratones adultos de la cepa NIH (National Institute of Health). También, se evaluaron sus efectos espasmolítico in vitro y su capacidad antioxidante. Los resultados demuestran que la DL50 resultó mayor a 100 mg/Kg, por lo que su uso es seguro. Con respecto a la actividad antinociceptiva, todas las dosis del extracto que fueron probadas disminuyeron el número de contorsiones inducidas por la administración de ácido acético. El extracto no presentó actividad anticonvulsiva ni antioxidante, pero si la actividad espasmolítica. Los efectos antinociceptivo y espasmolítico encontrados en el presente trabajo no se han reportado, por lo que se sugiere continuar con la evaluación del extracto para elucidar las estructuras responsables de dichos efectos.