ABSTRACT Introduction: Tibial hemimelia is a rare entity, reported in up to 1:1,000,000 live births. It has an autosomal recessive genetic association, and it presents with changes in the morphology of the lower limb with an absent or partially present tibia, as well as changes in the fibula, knee, and foot. Depending on its classification, it can be managed with surgical reconstruction of the limb or amputation. The possibility of an early prosthesis favors the functional result of the patient and his prosthetic adaptation. Objective: To report the case of a rare entity treated with knee disarticulation and prosthesis due to its degree of compromise. Case report: The case of a three-year-old female patient with compromise of the lower right limb is reported here. The first years she used a handmade prosthesis made by her family. She was assessed by the Medical Board of Rehabilitation and Orthopedics, which decided to undergo surgery for knee disarticulation. Early fittings were performed in search of healing benefits, edema control and post-surgical adaptation. Subsequent controls were carried out with adjustments to the prosthesis according to the needs of the patient's age. Conclusions: An adequate post-surgical evolution is shown, without pain or neuropathy, with early resumption of gait and adequate progress of their neurodevelopment and social integration, which provides recommendation for management in pediatric patients with this type of deformity.

RESUMEN Introducción: La hemimelia tibial es una entidad poco frecuente, presente hasta en 1:1.000.000 nacidos vivos. Tiene una asociación genética autosómica recesiva, y se presenta con cambios en la morfología del miembro inferior con una tibia ausente o presente parcialmente, además de cambios en peroné, rodilla y pie. Según su clasificación se puede manejar con reconstrucción quirúrgica de la extremidad o amputación. La posibilidad de una prótesis temprana favorece el resultado funcional del paciente y su adaptación protésica. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de una entidad poco común tratada con desarticulación a nivel de la rodilla y prótesis por su grado de compromiso. Presentación de caso: Paciente femenina de tres años con compromiso del miembro inferior derecho. Los primeros años usó una prótesis artesanal fabricada por su familia. Fue valorada por la Junta Médica de rehabilitación y ortopedia que decidió intervención quirúrgica para desarticulación de la rodilla. Se realizó protetización temprana en busca de beneficios de cicatrización, control del edema y adaptación postquirúrgica. Se realizan controles posteriores con ajustes a la prótesis de acuerdo con las necesidades propias de la edad de la paciente. Conclusiones: Se muestra una adecuada evolución postquirúrgica, sin dolor o neuropatía, con un reinicio temprano de la marcha y progreso adecuado de su neurodesarrollo e integración social, lo que da una pauta de manejo en paciente pediátrico con este tipo de deformidades.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Neuroarthropathy is a condition secondary to metabolic, infectious, or genetic diseases. Its usual localization is reported in the foot, but it can affect any joint, compromising its vascular status and modifying the bone condition generating fractures, contractures, and dislocations. Objectives: To report the clinical and imaging findings of a patient with Charcot neuroarthropathy due to diabetes mellitus in a rare joint location. Clinical Case: A 62-year-old woman from Colombian southwestern, with a history of diabetes mellitus, in addition to micro and macrovascular complications. She presented a clinical picture of joint pain in the right knee that evolved to an inability to walk. During her care, different imaging tests were performed, finding a fracture of the left femoral condyle and tibial plateau, these typical radiological characteristics plus the clinical changes of the joint, led to the diagnosis of Charcot’s knee. Pharmacological interventions were performed in pain in addition to joint immobilization, with adequate evolution in clinical follow-up. Conclusions: Neuroarthropathy is a condition that should be evaluated in all patients with diabetes mellitus and other conditions, expanding the joint revision panorama to less frequent locations such as the knee; early and multidisciplinary intervention can favor positive clinical outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción: La neuroartropatía es una afección secundaria a enfermedades metabólicas, infecciosas o genéticas. Su localización usual está reportada en el pie, pero puede afectar cualquier articulación, compromete su estado vascular y modifica la condición ósea, genera fracturas, contracturas y luxaciones. Objetivos: Reportar los hallazgos clínicos e imagenológicos de una paciente con neuroartropatía de Charcot por diabetes mellitus, en una localización articular, poco frecuente. Caso Clínico: Paciente femenina de 62 años, procedente del suroccidente colombiano, con antecedentes de diabetes mellitus y complicaciones micro y macrovasculares. Presentó un cuadro clínico de dolor articular en la rodilla derecha, que evolucionó a una imposibilidad para la marcha. En su atención se realizaron diferentes estudios de imagen; se encontró una fractura del cóndilo femoral izquierdo y de los platillos tibiales. Estas características radiológicas típicas, más los cambios clínicos de la articulación, llevaron al diagnóstico de rodilla de Charcot. Se realizaron intervenciones farmacológicas analgésicas, además de inmovilización articular, con adecuada evolución en el seguimiento clínico. Conclusiones: La neuroartropatía con rodilla de Charcot es una afección que debe ser evaluada en todos los pacientes con diabetes mellitus y otras enfermedades, ampliar el panorama de revisión articular a localizaciones menos frecuentes, como la rodilla. Una intervención temprana y multidisciplinaria puede favorecer los desenlaces clínicos positivos.

RESUMO: O conhecimento sobre a energia líquida de lactação (NLE) contida na matéria seca das gramíneas é necessário para a tomada de decisões sobre forragem e o equilíbrio das dietas para pastagem. Sua determinação é feita em laboratórios usando métodos de química úmida ou seca, que são dispendiosos, atrasados e às vezes apresentam problemas de confiabilidade relacionados a amostras ou processos. Um algoritmo, que avalia as imagens vermelho-verde-azul (RGB) de gramíneas tiradas por drone, foi desenvolvido como uma alternativa tecnológica. Isso nos permitiu estimar o nível de NLE, reduzir custos e alterar o sistema de amostragem e o método de análise. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a produção de leite, calculada a partir do NLE e estimada usando o algoritmo para análise de imagens RGB de gramíneas (incluídas no software TaurusWebs®) versus a produção real de leite. O estudo foi realizado em 15 fazendas leiteiras pertencentes ao sistema de controle de laticínios da cooperativa de laticínios Colácteos, localizada na região tropical superior (Departamento de Nariño, Colômbia). As pradarias avaliadas foram compostas por misturas de Kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum), Raigrás (Lolium spp) e False Poa (Holcus lanatus). O resultado foi analisado usando um modelo de regressão linear (R² = 0,86; R = 0,93). No teste t de Student, as médias reais e estimadas de produção de leite foram iguais (P> 0,05). Em conclusão, o NLE calculado usando o algoritmo explica satisfatoriamente a produção animal estudada, e as informações geradas pelo algoritmo podem ser usadas para calcular o NLE das gramíneas.

ABSTRACT: Knowledge about the net lactation energy (NLE) contained in the dry matter of grasses is necessary to make decisions about forage and the balance of diets for grazing cattle. Its determination is made in laboratories using wet or dry chemistry methods, which are costly, delayed, and sometimes present sampling- or process-related reliability problems. An algorithm, which analyzes the red-green-blue (RGB) images of grasses taken by drone, has been developed as a technological alternative. This has allowed us estimating the NLE level, reducing costs, and changing the sampling system and analysis method. The objective of the present study was to compare the milk production, which was calculated from the NLE and estimated using the algorithm for analysis of RGB images of grasses (included in the TaurusWebs® software), vs the actual milk production. The study was conducted in 15 dairy farms belonging to the dairy control system of the Colácteos dairy cooperative, which are located in the upper tropical region (Department of Nariño, Colombia). The prairies evaluated were composed of mixtures of Kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum), Raigrás (Lolium spp), and False Poa (Holcus lanatus). The result was analyzed using a linear regression model (R²=0.86; R=0.93). In the Student´s t-test, the actual and estimated milk production averages were equal (P>0.05). In conclusion, the NLE calculated using the algorithm satisfactorily explains the study livestock production, and the information generated by the algorithm can be used to calculate the NLE of grasses.

Resumen Apanteles gelechiidivoris parasitoide de larvas de tercer estadio de Tuta absoluta, puede generar hasta 80 % de mortalidad de larvas en campo. Para producir masivamente el parasitoide es necesario tener almacenamiento en frío de pupas, para conservarlas en cantidades sin perder características biológicas. Se evaluaron diferentes temperaturas y tiempos de conservación en frío sobre parámetros biológicos en los estados de pupa y adulto. Las pupas se sometieron a 4, 8 y 12 °C por 7, 14, 21 y 28 días de almacenamiento. A 4 y 8 °C se retrasó el tiempo de emergencia después del almacenamiento frío, siendo más corto a siete días en cada temperatura. La emergencia de adultos fue más baja a 4 °C al disminuir significativamente conforme aumentaron los días de almacenamiento. En 8 y 12 °C se presentaron porcentajes de emergencia de 90 y 100, respectivamente, a los siete días de almacenamiento. No hubo efecto entre las temperaturas y días de almacenamiento, o su interacción, en la cantidad de hembras producidas (P > 0,05). La longevidad de adultos disminuyó al aumentar el tiempo de conservación. En 8 °C se presentó la mayor longevidad de adultos (9 días) a 7 y 14 días de almacenamiento. A 4 °C se afectó el parasitismo de las hembras que emergieron de pupas en los días de almacenamiento evaluados; en 8 °C, se obtuvo el porcentaje de parasitismo más alto (80 %) a siete días de almacenamiento. Los resultados sugieren que las pupas pueden ser almacenadas hasta 14 días a 8 °C, sin afectar efectividad del parasitoide.

Abstract Apanteles gelechiidivoris, a parasitoid of the third stage of Tuta absoluta larvae, can generate up to 80 % larval mortality in the field. In order to mass-produce this parasitoid, it is necessary to have cold storage of pupae in order to conserve significant quantities without losing biological characteristics. Different temperatures and cold storage times were evaluated using biological parameters in pupal and adult stages. The pupae were exposed to 4, 8 and 12 °C for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. At 4 and 8 °C, the emergence time was delayed after cold storage, being shorter by seven days at each temperature. Adult emergence was lower, at 4 °C, and decreased significantly as storage days increased. At 8 and 12 °C, emergence percentages of 90 and 100 percent were reported, respectively, after seven days of storage. Temperature and days of storage had no effect on the number of females produced (P > 0.05). Adult lifespan decreased with increasing days of cold storage. At 8 °C, the longest adult lifespan (9 days) was observed at 7 and 14 days of storage. At 4 °C, the parasitism of females that emerged from pupae on the storage days evaluated was affected; at 8 °C, the highest parasitism percentage (80 %) was obtained at seven days of storage. The results suggest that pupae can be stored up to 14 days at 8 °C, without affecting the effectiveness of the parasitoid.

To use a natural enemy to control an insect pest, it is important to determine the biological parameters of the native populations of the predator. The goal of this study was determinate the biological parameters of O. insidiosus fed on Sitotroga cerealella eggs. A batch of 225 O. insidiosus eggs were laid into bean pods. The bean pods were kept in glass jars, and the eggs and first instar nymphs were counted daily. All nymphs were extracted and individualized in Petri dishes. The presence/absence of exuvie was observed daily as a way to assess the emergence of adults from the nymphal stage. Seventeen adult couples were placed into Petri dishes with a segment of bean pod. The bean pod segments were extracted and replaced daily, counting the number of eggs present on the pods. The life cycle, survival percentage, sex ratio, male/female longevity, pre ovoposition, ovoposition and post ovoposition periods were determined. Finally, fertility life table parameters were estimated. The nymphal development time was 12.0 ± 0.22 days, with 80.47% ± 3.23 survival, while the total development time was 15.0 ± 0.23 days, with 66.67% ± 1.90 survival. Of the total adults that emerged, 30.95% ± 2.38 were females. The female sex ratio was 0.75, and the oviposition period was 0.86 ± 9.21 days with a total fertility of 60.29 ± 7.39 eggs. The data estimated from the fertility life table were: Ro: 28.26, rm: 0.14, T: 24.26, ?: 1.13 and DT: 5.01.

To use a natural enemy to control an insect pest, it is important to determine the biological parameters of the native populations of the predator. The goal of this study was determinate the biological parameters of O. insidiosus fed on Sitotroga cerealella eggs. A batch of 225 O. insidiosus eggs were laid into bean pods. The bean pods were kept in glass jars, and the eggs and first instar nymphs were counted daily. All nymphs were extracted and individualized in Petri dishes. The presence/absence of exuvie was observed daily as a way to assess the emergence of adults from the nymphal stage. Seventeen adult couples were placed into Petri dishes with a segment of bean pod. The bean pod segments were extracted and replaced daily, counting the number of eggs present on the pods. The life cycle, survival percentage, sex ratio, male/female longevity, pre ovoposition, ovoposition and post ovoposition periods were determined. Finally, fertility life table parameters were estimated. The nymphal development time was 12.0 ± 0.22 days, with 80.47% ± 3.23 survival, while the total development time was 15.0 ± 0.23 days, with 66.67% ± 1.90 survival. Of the total adults that emerged, 30.95% ± 2.38 were females. The female sex ratio was 0.75, and the oviposition period was 0.86 ± 9.21 days with a total fertility of 60.29 ± 7.39 eggs. The data estimated from the fertility life table were: Ro: 28.26, rm: 0.14, T: 24.26, ?: 1.13 and DT: 5.01.

This paper proposes a training program for the ethical use of managerial power for engineering students. The methodology used is of qualitative-type and included five stages: conceptual, relational, analytical, creative and empirical. In the two first stages the theoretical framework was build, in the third the pedagogical approach was selected, in the fourth the program was designed and in the fifth the program was tested. The program follows a social constructivist pedagogy approach and mixes theoretical sessions and readings with experiential and ludic activities. It is concluded that the proposed pedagogical approach is the most suitable for the training needs, because it allows the introjection of theoretical foundations through activities related with case studies, tragic issues, literature analysis, and personal experiences. Furthermore, the program contributes to develop competencies for the ethical use of power associated to engineering practice, and can be transferred to other engineering schools.

El artículo propone un programa de formación en uso ético del poder gerencial para estudiantes de ingeniería. La metodología utilizada es cualitativa y siguió cinco etapas: conceptual, relacional, analítica, creativa y empírica. En las dos primeras etapas se construyó el marco teórico, en la tercera se seleccionó el enfoque pedagógico, en la cuarta se diseñó el programa y en la quinta se evaluó su implementación. La propuesta se enmarca en la pedagogía constructivista social, y el programa combina sesiones teóricas y lecturas con actividades experienciales y lúdicas. Se concluye que la pedagogía escogida es la más adecuada para las necesidades de formación, ya que permite la introyección de la fundamentación teórica a través de actividades relacionadas con casos de estudio, asuntos trágicos, análisis de la literatura y vivencias personales. Asimismo, el programa contribuye a desarrollar competencias para el uso ético del poder asociado a la práctica ingenieril, y puede ser transferido a otras facultades de ingeniería.

La biología y ecología de la mosca blanca de los invernaderos, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyroridae), se encuentra ampliamente documentada. Sin embargo, hasta el momento no hay reportes acerca de la tasa de consumo de alimento por este fitófago, un parámetro necesario para modelos de simulación. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de esta investigación fue la medición indirecta del consumo de alimento por el adulto e instares inmaduros de T. vaporariorum basado en metodologías encontradas en la literatura científica. La estimación de la tasa de consumo de alimento por adultos se realizó bajo condiciones de laboratorio, utilizando como unidad experimental una planta de fríjol de dos semanas de edad. El experimento consistió de dos tratamientos: (T1) plantas libres de cualquier fitófago y (T2) plantas sometidas a infestaciones con T. vaporariorum, cada tratamiento con 20 repeticiones y una réplica en el tiempo de todo el experimento. Se registró el peso fresco diariamente en ambos tratamientos. Para el caso de los inmaduros, la unidad experimental consistió en una hoja cotiledónea de fríjol, infestada con una población determinada de inmaduros de cada instar de mosca blanca teniendo así cinco tratamientos (Instar I, II, III, IV y Control) cada uno con 17 repeticiones. Se registró diariamente el peso fresco de las hojas. Se obtuvo un consumo promedio de alimento por el adulto de 0,277 ± 0,0042 mg.dia-1. Para los dos primeros instares ninfales se estimó una tasa de consumo de 0,052 mg.dia-1, en el tercer instar de 0,14 mg.dia-1, y para el cuarto instar de 0,19 mg.dia-1. Un adulto de mosca blanca puede consumir en un día seis veces su peso y un inmaduro ocho veces, gracias a su rápido metabolismo y la constante excreción de mielecilla.

The biology and ecology of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyroridae), is widely documented. However, so far there are not reports about the rate of consumption of this phytophagous. Therefore, the objective of this research was to measure the food consumption by the adult and immature instars of T. vaporariorum based on indirect methodologies found in the literature. The estimate of the food consumption rate by adults was conducted under laboratory conditions, using as experimental units plant beans two weeks old. The experiment consisted of two treatments: (T1) plants free from any phytophagous and (T2) plants subjected to infestation with T. vaporariorum, with 20 repetitions each treatment and replicated over time. In the case of the immature individuals, the experimental unit consisted of a bean cotyledon leaf infested with a population of immature individuals of each instar of whitefly, having five treatments (Instar I, II, III, IV and Control) each with 17 repetitions. Fresh weight of leaves was recorded daily. An average food consumption of 0.277 ± 0.0042 mg.day-1 was obtained for the adult. For the first two nymphal instars food consumption rate of 0.052 mg.day-1 was estimated, for the third instar 0.14 mg.day-1, and for the fourth instar 0.19 mg.day-1. An whitefly adult can consume in a day six times its weight and an immature eight times, this thanks to the rapid metabolism and a constant excretion of honeydew of the species.

El cogollero del tomate, Tuta absoluta, es considerado plaga principal del cultivo de tomate. Su control se realiza con químicos, aunque existen otros tipos de control como el biológico y etológico. En Colombia no existe ningún precedente que involucre la acción combinada de estrategias de control etológico incluyendo feromona sexual y biológico con Apanteles gelechiidivoris para el control de la plaga en cultivos de tomate. En este trabajo, se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos bajo condiciones de invernadero que incluyen control biológico con A. gelechiidivoris, etológico con trampas de feromona sexual, acción combinada de ambos controles y convencional (químico), con el objetivo de desarrollar una estrategia de control de T. absoluta a través de la acción combinada de control etológico con feromona sexual y biológico. Se realizó un muestreo sistemático, tomando una planta cada 2 m. En cada planta se tomó una hoja por estrato, semanalmente se registró el número de larvas totales, de tercer instar y parasitadas, y número de adultos capturados por trampa. El máximo parasitismo en la población de larvas susceptibles fue del 86,38 % y de la población de larvas totales 68,75 %. Se encontró que la acción combinada presenta una mayor efectividad y permanencia a través del tiempo para el control de larvas de T. absoluta

The tomato budworm, Tuta absoluta, is considered main pest of tomato crops. Control of this pest is performed with hemicals, although, there are other strategies such as biological and ethological control. In Colombia there is not precedent that combines both strategies: ethological control with sexual pheromone and biological control with Apanteles gelechiidivoris, for the control of this pest in tomato crops. In this work four different treatments under greenhouse conditions were evaluated including biological control with A. gelechiidivoris, ethological control with sexual pheromone traps, combined action of both controls and traditional control (Chemicals). The experiments aimed to developing a control strategy to reduce populations of T. absoluta. This was done sampling a plant every to 2 meters. From each plant a sample composed by one leaf by stratum was taken and the variables number of total larvae of third instar and parasited and number of captured adults for trap. The maximum parasitism in the population of susceptible larvae was 86.38 % and for total population of larvae was 68.75 %. The combined action of pheromone traps and A. gelechiidivoris presented a greater efficiency and permanence on the control of larvae of T. absoluta.

A través del "Macroproyecto de Interés Social Nacional para el Centro Occidente de Colombia, Comuna San José, Manizales", desde 2009 se produce una profunda intervención de la Comuna, concebida como renovación urbana. Los problemas en la planeación del proyecto han conducido a la demolición relativamente lenta de un importante patrimonio de la ciudad, tanto de las edificaciones gubernamentales, como de vestigios de una ciudad más importante en términos industriales y de la historia producida colectivamente en los barrios durante más de un siglo. Hasta ahora se aprecian casi mil metros pavimentados del par vial llamado Avenida Colón y los inicios del primer edificio para habitación multifamiliar. Es a través de la fotografía que exponemos el modo en el cual las redes sociales necesariamente se ven afectadas debido a los cambios en las lógicas en el uso del espacio público, así como en la modificación de la vida cotidiana propia de los vecindarios urbanos populares de las comunidades pobres, de manera intempestiva desplazados y con la probabilidad de ocupar apartamentos de 45,15 m². Estamos ante la afectación de la calidad de vida de las familias y personas de la Comuna. Sin embargo, este cambio no es mirado de la misma forma por los dirigentes políticos de la ciudad. Contamos parte de la historia de la Comuna, finalizando con un retrato de la misma en la imagen de Victorino, uno de sus personajes más conspicuos.

Through the "National Social Interest Macro Project for the Central-Western area in Colombia, San José Commune, Manizales", since 2009 a deep intervention in that Commune has been taking place, conceived as urban renovation. The problems in the project planning have led to the relatively slow demolition of an important patrimony for the city in both, governmental buildings and remains of a city more important in industrial terms and of the collectively produced history in the neighborhoods during more than a century. So far, more than one thousand paved meters can be seen from the parkway called Avenida Colón and the beginnings of the first apartment block. It is through photography that we expose how social networks are affected necessarily because of the changes in the logics of the use of public space as well as the modification in daily life routines proper from popular urban neighborhoods in poor communes, who are untimely displaced and with the possibility to move to 45.15 square meters apartments. This is the affectation of quality of life of families and people in the Commune. However, this change is not seen the same way by the city political leaders. We tall part of the Commune history, finishing with its portrait in the image of Victorino, one of its most notable characters.

La mosca blanca de los invernaderos, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, es una de las principales plagas de cultivos de tomate bajo invernadero y es controlada principalmente con insecticidas químicos. Sin embargo, existen estrategias alternativas de control como hongos entomopatógenos (Beauveria bassiana) y enemigos naturales como parasitoides (Encarsia formosa). En el presente estudio se evaluó la compatibilidad de productos comerciales con adultos y pupas de E. formosa bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Se evaluaron ocho tratamientos para pupas y adultos del parasitoide, incluyendo dos concentraciones del hongo entomopatógeno Beauveria bassiana (5 x 10(7) y 5 x 10(9) conidios/ml), dosis comerciales de cuatro productos comúnmente usados para el control de plagas en cultivos de tomate y dos controles. Estos tratamientos fueron aplicados directamente sobre los parasitoides y se registraron a diario mortalidades de pupas y adultos. No se presentaron diferencias significativas entre el control relativo con el producto con ingrediente activo Bacillus thuringiensis (p > 0,05), indicando que este es compatible con pupas del parasitoide bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Finalmente, se encontró que los productos con ingredientes activos de Tiocyclam hidrogenoxalato y B. thuringiensis son incompatibles con adultos de E. formosa bajo condiciones de laboratorio.

The greenhouse white fly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum one of the major pests of tomatoes under greenhouse conditions, but, It s mainly controlled with chemical insecticides. However, there are alternative control strategies as entomopathogens fungi and parasitoids (Encarsia formosa). In this study we evaluated the compatibility of commercial product with adults and pupae of E. formosa under laboratory conditions. Eight treatments were evaluated for adults and pupae of the parasitoid, including two concentrations of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (5 x 10(7) and 5 x 10(9) conidia/ml), commercial doses of four chemical products commonly used to control pests on tomato crops and two controls. These treatments were applied directly on parasitoids, and their mortality rate on adults and pupae were recorded daily. There was no difference in E. formosa pupae among relative with the Bacillus thuringiensis products (p > 0.05), indicating that it s compatible with the parasitoid pupae under laboratory conditions. Finally, it was found that products with active ingredients of Tiocyclam hidrogenoxalato and B. thuringiensis are incompatibles with E. formosa adults under laboratory conditions.

Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) es una de las principales plagas de cultivos ornamentales, entre las especies más utilizadas para su control se encuentran Neoseiulus californicus y Phytoseiulus persimilis (Parasitiformes: Phytoseiidae). En el presente trabajo se propone el manejo de la plaga mediante el empleo de liberaciones simultáneas de los dos fitoseidos. Se evaluaron varias situaciones, por un lado se estudiaron las interacciones cuando un depredador se encuentra en una densidad baja mientras que el otro depredador se presenta en alta densidad (esta situación se analizó tanto en presencia como en ausencia de la presa). Por otro lado, se evaluaron las interacciones cuando los P. persimilis y N. californicus dos están presentes en igual densidad y en presencia de T. urticae. Cuando uno de los depredadores está en mayor densidad y hay presencia de la presa, se observa que al incrementar la edad del depredador que tiene menor densidad, aumenta también la interferencia en el consumo de presas por parte de los depredadores que están en mayor densidad. Además cuando disminuye el consumo de T. urticae se incrementa el consumo intraguilda. Phytoseiulus persimilis en ausencia de T. urticae y en presencia de N. californicus adopta un comportamiento de depredación intraguilda sobre todos los estados de desarrollo de su conespecifico, mientras que N. californicus únicamente consume larvas de conespecíficos en ausencia del fitófago y en presencia de P. persimilis. Cuando se encontraban los dos depredadores en el mismo montaje y la misma densidad de población, no se observó un mayor consumo de T. urticae que cuando cada depredador es empleado por separado.

Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an important pest of ornamental crops. A species of predatory mite used for its control is Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). This research proposes the use of joint releases of the two cited predators for the control of the pest. Several situations leading to interaction were evaluated: High density of one predator and low density of the other one, being the prey present or absent. The scenario with predators in equal densities and in presence of the prey was also evaluated. When a predator is in higher density and the prey present, the predator with the lower density increases the interference with the comsumption of preys by the predator with higher density. On the other hand, when the comsumption of T. urticae reduces, intraguild predation increases. P. persimilis shows intraguild predation behaviour when T. urticae is absent and N. californicus is present, consuming all developmental stages of its conspecific. Instead, N. californicus only feed on conspecific larvae, when the fitofagous was absent and P. persimilis was present. When the two predators were present in the same assemblage and with the same population density, the quantity of T. urticae consumed by both of them was not higher than the consumed one when each predator was present in separate way.

Hábitats artificiais têm se tornado comum em áreas costeiras no mundo todo, podendo influenciar a estrutura e funcionamento de ecossistemas bênticos. Nós analisamos a influência de trapiches nos grupos morfofuncionais bênticos de algas associadas a substrato consolidado e de macrofauna em substrato inconsolidado, no canal da Lagoa da Conceição (sul do Brasil). O principal impacto da presença de trapiches é a redução da irradiação disponível para atividade fotossintética, o que está diretamente relacionado com o decréscimo na biomassa microfitobentônica no sedimento e de macroalga de formas de vida mais complexas. Contrário ao esperado os morfotipos com alto potencial de produtividade de biomassa, como macroalgas calcárias articuladas, corticadas e coriáceas, em geral foram menos abundantes, sendo que macroalgas foliáceas e filamentosas de menor biomassa foram encontradas exclusivamente em áreas controle. Os efeitos do trapiche nos grupos funcionais de epifauna e infauna foram específicos ao ponto de coleta e provavelmente relacionados com redução generalizada de produtores primários e com o novo hábitat criado. A infauna discretamente móvel foi o único grupo funcional capaz de prosperar embaixo dos trapiches, devido à sua mobilidade reduzida e frágil estrutura morfológica, beneficiando-se do abrigo oferecido pelos hábitats artificiais. Nossos resultados mostraram que os trapiches podem ter um efeito negativo sobre os organismos da base da cadeia trófica, responsáveis pelo controle bottom-up.

Artificial habitats have become common in coastal areas worldwide and may influence the structure and functioning of benthic ecosystems. We analyze the influence of piers on the benthic morphofunctional groups of rocky seaweeds and of soft bottom macrofauna in the channel of Conceição Lagoon (southern Brazil). The main impact is a reduction in the luminosity available for photosynthetic activity which is directly related to a decrease in the biomasses of sediment microphytobenthos and of more highly structured macroalgae life-forms. Contrary to expectations, the morphotypes of potentially high biomass productivity, such as articulated coralline, corticated and leathery macroalgae, were in general less abundant and the low biomass foliose and filamentous macroalgae occurred in reference areas but not under the piers. The piers' effects on motile epifauna and infauna functional groups were site-specific and probably related to the general reduction in primary producer organisms in the new habitats. The discretely motile infauna was the only functional group able to thrive under the piers due to their reduced motility and fragile morphological structures, being benefited by the shelter provided by the artificial habitats. Our results showed that the piers might have a negative effect on the base-trophic level organisms responsible for bottom-up controls.

Hacia el año 2003 el número de hectáreas sembradas con tomate en Colombia era de 16.000. Con el aumento del área sembrada también aumentó el efecto de plagas como la mosca blanca de los invernaderos Trialeurodes vaporariorum, capaz de causar pérdidas en el rendimiento hasta de 50%. Los métodos más usados para el control de esta plaga son el uso de insecticidas, prácticas culturales como el deshoje, trampas de pegante amarillas y el uso de enemigos naturales como Encarsia formosa. Aunque se ha demostrado la eficiencia de este parasitoide, no se ha determinado la distancia máxima en la que el parasitismo alcanza niveles efectivos. Con este propósito se efectuó un ensayo de liberación de E. formosa con base en la respuesta funcional, distribución y densidad de la plaga en cada uno de los puntos de muestreo del cultivo. En zonas donde se encontraron focos con densidades mayores de mosca blanca se liberaron más parasitoides y en consecuencia los porcentajes de parasitismo fueron superiores al resto del área. El radio de acción de este parasitoide es de 8 a 10 m con un parasitismo máximo de 47,27%.

In 2003 the number of hectares with tomato crops in Colombia, was over 16.000. With the increase of the cultivated area, the number of plagues such as the white fly of the greenhouses, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, also increased. The most common methods for the control of the white fly are the use of insecticides, cultural practices like defoliation, yellow sticky traps and, the use of natural enemies like Encarsia formosa. Although the efficiency of this parasitoid has been demonstrated, the determination of the maximum distance in which the parasitism reaches effective levels, was needed. In order to reach this objective, E. formosa was released based on its functional response, and according to the distribution and density of the plague in each sampling point. In those areas were higher densities of white fly were found, more parasitoids were released. As a result the percentage of parasitism was higher compared with the rest of the area. A radio of action between 8 to 10 m was found for this parasitoid, with a maximum parasitism of 47.27%.

Con el fin de determinar el efecto de infestaciones con Tuta absoluta sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo del tomate bajo invernadero, se construyó una curva de daño a partir de la evaluación de seis densidades de la plaga (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 y 10 hembras/planta) empleando un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones. Se estimó el porcentaje de área foliar y número de frutos afectados y a partir de esta variable se generó la curva de daño. Las plantas sometidas a niveles de infestación entre 6 y 10 hembras presentaron mayores porcentajes de área foliar consumida (entre 27 y 43%), daño en fruta (entre 45 y 100%) y pérdida de hojas apicales en comparación con los tratamientos con dos y cuatro hembras/planta. La altura, número de entrenudos, número de hojas, número de foliolos, área foliar, biomasa total y biomasa de fruta fueron afectados diferencialmente por las densidades de infestación de T. absoluta (P≤0,05). Por el contrario, las biomasas de tallos y hojas no fueron afectadas. En la curva de daño se observó que a partir de 2 hembras/planta se da un efecto negativo importante en el número de frutos totales y fruto sano, pudiendo generarse pérdidas importantes de producción con densidades por encima de esta cantidad de hembras.

In order to determine the effect of infestations with Tuta absoluta on the growth and development of tomato plants under greenhouse conditions, six densities of the pest were evaluated (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 females/plant). A completely random design with three replicates per treatment was employed. The percentage of leaf area and number of fruits damaged were estimated and those variables were used to construct a damage curve. The plants exposed at infestation levels between 6 and 10 females presented the highest percentages of leaf area consumed (between 27 and 43%), damage on fruits (between 45 and 100%), and loss of apical leaves in comparison with the treatments with two and four females/plants. The height, number of internodes, number of leaves and leaflets, number and biomass of fruits were differentially affected by the densities of T. absoluta infestation (P≤0.05). The leaf area and the biomass of stems and leaves did not vary with the infestation levels evaluated. On the damage curve, we observed that with more than two females per plant, the variables biomass, quality and number of fruits, result affected in an important way.