Abstract The objective of this study was to report the first record of Xylosandrus compactus in a Khaya senegalensis plantation in the Northeast region of Brazil. The study area comprised 10 hectares of African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) planted under different silvicultural systems and varying in age (4, 10 and 24 months). From May to July 2019, both larvae and adults of Xylosandrus compactus, attacked the petiole of adult trees in the field, promoting small holes followed by darkening from the hole to the leaf tip. Furthermore, the stem of the seedlings at the nursery had holes in its stem basis and internal galleries in young and adult individuals. It is estimated that 77% of the Khaya senegalensis population in the 24-month trees were attacked. Therefore, the growth of the trees may be compromised, and if there is no proper management, X. compactus can cause economic damage in the K. senegalensis plantation.

Resumo Utilizar ferramentas moleculares aliadas a técnicas tradicionais de identificação para determinar corretamente as espécies, a diversidade genética e o fluxo gênico de insetos-praga florestais é um dos maiores avanços dos últimos anos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi realizar o DNA barcoding da espécie Oncideres saga (Dalman, 1823), utilizando o primeiro fragmento do gene mitocondrial Citocromo Oxidase I (COI). Em Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, galhos de Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth., anelados por uma espécie de Cerambycidae, foram coletados e armazenados em laboratório sob condições controladas até a emergência dos insetos adultos. Um total de 13 insetos emergiram e, a partir das características morfológicas, foram identificados como Oncideres saga. Oito espécimes adultos foram utilizados para a caracterização molecular a partir do gene mitocondrial Citocromo Oxidase I (COI). Após a obtenção do DNA genômico e amplificação do gene COI via PCR, os produtos foram sequenciados gerando um fragmento com 639 pb. Este é o primeiro estudo molecular que caracteriza o DNA barcoding de Oncideres saga, que é uma espécie geneticamente distinta das demais do gênero Oncideres. Esta pesquisa traz informações básicas que poderão ser utilizadas para explorar novas populações desse inseto-praga em futuros estudos moleculares e aplicados.

Abstract Combining molecular tools with traditional identification techniques to correctly determine species, genetic diversity and gene flow of forest pest insects is one of the greatest advances in entomology in recent years. The aim of this work was to identify the species Oncideres saga (Dalman, 1823) using the first fragment of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, from the mitochondrial genome. In Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro state, branches of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. ringed by a species of Cerambycidae were collected and stored under laboratory conditions until the emergence of adult insects. Thirteen insects emerged and were identified as Oncideres saga, based on morphological traits. Eight adult specimens were used for molecular characterization of the COI gene. After obtaining the genomic DNA and amplifying the COI fragment via PCR, the products were sequenced, resulting in a fragment of 639 bp length. This is the first molecular study characterizing the DNA barcode of Oncideres. saga, which is a species genetically distinct from the others of the genus Oncideres. This research provides basic information that can be used to explore new populations of this pest insect in future molecular and applied studies.

RESUMO: Rica em compostos orgânicos, a madeira é suscetível ao ataque de diversos agentes deterioradores por ser reconhecida como suprimento necessário de energia. Entre esses agentes, destacam-se os fungos, cujo início de ataque pode se dar ainda na árvore, antes do abate e nas diversas fases posteriores. Os fungos são agentes biológicos que necessitam de compostos orgânicos como fontes de alimento e, por essa razão, degradam grande parte dos componentes químicos da madeira. As madeiras, quando atacadas por fungos, sofrem grandes perdas de valor, afetando suas propriedades mecânicas e estéticas. Os fungos são considerados um dos principais responsáveis pelos maiores prejuízos na indústria madeireira e são classificados como manchadores, emboloradores e apodrecedores. Praticamente, a madeira pode estar em uso em uma variedade de ambientes; sabendo-se que as condições ideais de desenvolvimento de um fungo são diferentes para cada espécie, a madeira ficará suscetível ao ataque por diferentes espécies de fungos. Ou seja, o fato de uma ou mais espécies de fungos serem encontradas deteriorando a madeira está diretamente relacionado às condições em que ela se encontra. Dessa forma, torna-se importante saber como avaliar os ataques feitos por fungos, os sintomas a serem considerados para identificar o tipo de organismo e o estágio do ataque, bem como as medidas de controle e prevenção desses organismos.

ABSTRACT: Wood is rich in organic compounds; thus, it is susceptible to attacks by several deteriorating agents because they acknowledge such attacks as a necessary energy supply. Fungi stand out among these agents since they can attack the wood in trees (before felling) and in several post-felling stages. Fungi are biological agents that use organic compounds as food sources, and that is the reason why they degrade most chemical components found in wood. Wood attacked by fungi suffers significant value loss, since these degrading agents affect their mechanical and aesthetic properties. Fungi — which are classified as staining, molding and rotting — are one of the main responsible for the biggest losses in the timber industry. Wood can be virtually used in a whole range of environments, a fact that makes it susceptible to attacks by different fungal species, since the ideal conditions for fungal development change from species to species. In other words, the fact that one or more fungal species are capable of deteriorating wood is directly related to conditions wood is subjected to. Thus, it is essential knowing how to evaluate fungal attacks, symptoms to be taken into consideration at the time to identify the type of attacking organism and the attack stage, as well as the control and prevention measures to be applied to these organisms.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the forest restoration of the basin of Guapiaçu river in Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro state, using the families of Termites as tools for environmental assessment. We analyzed the population fluctuation and feeding guilds of the families of Termites: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae. Six sampling points were arranged along Guapiaçu river, five points being inferred in reforestation carried out in the basin and a point in a regeneration control area. Quantitative and qualitative surveys followed standard protocols and the samples were obtained directly, without baits. Thirty species within 25 genera were identified and the family Termitidae was the most frequent. The termite fauna of the control point P06 was the richest. From the frequencies of occurrence of the species related to their trophic guild, an ecological evaluation table of the environments was proposed. The P05 area, rich in plant species, presented the greatest similarity to the natural regeneration area P06. The majority of the species was classified as xilophagous.

RESUMO: Bemisia tabaci é conhecida no Brasil desde 1923, relatada em cultivos de algodão, soja, tomate e feijoeiro, promovendo prejuízos econômicos por ser transmissora de viroses. São praticamente inexistentes os trabalhos que analisam sua ocorrência em ambiente florestal. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a ocorrência de B. tabaci em quatro fragmentos florestais de Mata Atlântica no estado do Rio de Janeiro, bem como registrar seus hospedeiros nesses ambientes. Em cada fragmento de Mata Atlântica foi demarcada uma área com cerca de um hectare, delimitada com o uso de imagens obtidas do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Ao longo das inspeções mensais nos fragmentos florestais, os vegetais que apresentavam moscas-brancas foram marcados e inspecionados a toda nova visita. Adotaram-se critérios de coleta para garantir padronização do esforço amostral em todos os fragmentos. A análise do número médio de moscas-brancas foi feita pelo teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis, com posterior aplicação do pós-teste de Dunn, ambos a 5% de significância. Foram realizadas 216 coletas e capturadas 1.126 ninfas de quarto instar de B. tabaci nos quatro fragmentos de Mata Atlântica ao longo dos 24 meses. Registraram-se, pela primeira vez, os hospedeiros: Caesalpinia pluviosa Benth, Tradescantia zebrina Linn., Impatiens walleriana Linn., Cupania sp. e Talisia esculenta Klotzsch & O. Berg. O período seco (inverno) promove estímulos para o aumento da população de B. tabaci em fragmentos florestais.

ABSTRACT: Bemisia tabaci has been known in Brazil since 1923, in cotton, soybean, tomato and bean crops, and it leads to economic losses due to the transmission of different viruses. Studies focused on analyzing the incidence of this pest in forest environments remain scarce in the literature. Thus, the aims of the current study were to investigate the incidence of B. tabaci in four Atlantic forest fragments in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, as well as to record its hosts in these environments. An area of approximately one hectare was delimited for each Atlantic forest fragment based on images provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Plants presenting whiteflies were tagged throughout monthly inspections conducted in each forest fragment in order to be checked during the following visits. Collection criteria were adopted to assure sampling standardization in each fragment. The mean number of whiteflies was analyzed through the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test, which was followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test, both at 5% significance level. The total of 216 collections were conducted and 1,126 B. tabaci fourth-instar nymphs were collected in four Atlantic forest fragments over 24 months. The following hosts were recorded for the first time: Caesalpinia pluviosa Benth, Tradescantia zebrina Linn., Impatiens walleriana Linn., Cupania sp. and Talisia esculenta Klotzsch & O. Berg. The dry period (winter) enabled the increase of B. tabaci populations in the herein investigated forest fragments.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterize the leaf-litter entomofauna in degraded areas under restoration process with different restoration techniques, using the native forest as a reference and ecological indexes as parameters to select bioindicator groups. The study was conducted at “Serra do Itajaí” National Park (PNSI). The survey was conducted from winter/2014 to autumn/2016. The characterization of sampled communities was performed using identification, order, families and faunal indexes such as frequency, constancy and dominance. Overall, 11,241 insects from 57 taxonomic groups were collected in pitfall traps. The native forest showed the greatest richness observed. Groups classified as frequent, constant and dominant in all environments were the Formicidae family and Diptera Order. Significant differences were observed in the frequencies of Ptiliidae, Staphylinidae and Cicadellidae families and also Diptera Order. Coleoptera Ptiliidae, Staphylinidae families and Scolytinae subfamily showed potential as bioindicators of environmental quality at PNSI.

RESUMO: São praticamente inexistentes os trabalhos que analisam a ocorrência de moscas-brancas em ambientes florestais, o que não é justificável, em vista da importância ecológica e agronômica desse grupo de insetos. Objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de Aleyrodidae em três fragmentos de Mata Atlântica no estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período entre maio/2013 e maio/2014. Propõe-se chave taxonômica para cinco gêneros. Coletaram-se 1.212 pupários e identificaram-se cinco gêneros e sete espécies de moscas-brancas ocorrendo em nove hospedeiros. Aleuropleurocelus cecropiae foi o único aleirodídeo registrado simultaneamente, ocorrendo em Cecropia hololeuca, nos três ambientes avaliados, com registros inferiores nos dois fragmentos considerados menos antropizados. Ainda, registrou-se pela primeira vez Aleurothrixus floccosus em Handroanthus ochraceus e em Mangifera indica. Também se procedeu ao primeiro registro de Bemisia tabaci em Commelina benghalensis e Caesalpinia pluviosa. Minutaleyrodes minuta sobre Syzygium cumini é, igualmente, o registro de uma nova ocorrência.

ABSTRACT: Studies that analyze the occurrence of whiteflies in forest environments are virtually non-existent, which is not justifiable given the ecological and agronomic importance of this insect group. The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of Aleyrodidae collected from May/2013 to May/2014 in three Atlantic forest fragments in state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Of all, 1,212 puparia were collected, and five genera and seven species of whiteflies occurring in nine hosts were identified. Aleuropleurocelus cecropiae was the only aleyrodid registered simultaneously occurring in Cecropia hololeuca in the three environments, with lower records in the two fragments considered as less anthropized. For the first time, Aleurothrixus floccosus was registered on Handroanthus ochraceus and Mangifera indica. In addition, it was observed the first register of Bemisia tabaci on Commelina benghalensis and Caesalpinia pluviosa. Minutaleyrodes minuta on Syzygium cumini was also the register of a new occurrence.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the forest restoration of Guapiaçu river basin in Macacu, RJ, using the families of coleobrocas as tools for environmental assessment. We analyzed the fluctuation of the families of Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, Lyctidae, Anobiidae, Bostrichidae and Curculionidae. Six sampling points were arranged along the river, five points being inferred in reforestation carried out in the basin and a point in the control area of natural regeneration the amount of Guapiaçu river. The collection period started in January 2013, and ended in December 2015. Through quali-quantitative data, there is a greater population density of sub-family Scolytinae in periods of high temperature and humidity and areas more populated by pioneer species used in forest restoration. After the end of the monitoring period, we proposed a model of environmental assessment through the frequency of occurrence of families of coleobrocas collected in forest fragments.

RESUMO O monitoramento de insetos é atividade relevante no processo de avaliação da sanidade de povoamentos florestais, bem como em estudos ecológicos. Dessa forma, geralmente, os levantamentos são realizados utilizando-se armadilhas de captura. Em especial para os grupos Scolytinae e Platypodinae, são empregadas armadilhas de impacto, iscadas com álcool 96 ºGL. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem o objetivo de descrever um novo modelo desse tipo de equipamento, denominado SEMIFUNIL. O projeto propõe o uso de materiais alternativos na fabricação da armadilha: garrafa PET de 2000 mL, mangueira plástica, prato plástico e arame, buscando com isso redução de custos.

ABSTRACT The insect monitoring is a relevant activity in the process of assessing forest stands health, as well as in ecological studies. Thus, in general, surveys are conducted using capture traps; for the Scolytinae and Platypodinae especially, groups impact traps are used, baited with alcohol 96 ºGL. This paper aims to describe a new trap model, denominated SEMI-FUNNEL. The project suggests the use of alternative materials in the trap manufacturing: 2000 mL PET bottle, plastic hose, plastic plate and wire, thereby seeking the reduction of costs.

The objective was to evaluate the elasticity dynamic modulus reduction (MOEd) and deterioration of E. grandis thermorectificated wood by exposure to environmental weathering. Six trees were used to obtain 14 logs of 2,4m, with seven from external (sapwood) and the others from internal (heartwood) part of the trunk. A total of 84 wood samples of 2,5x 5x 50cm were made, with half from the inner and the other from the external trunk portion. 14 treatments were evaluated with six replicates composed of thermorectificated wood submitted two differents times (2 and 4 hours) and three temperatures (200, 215 and 230˚C). An ultrasound Stress Wave Timer device was used to evaluate MOEd and the mass measured by weighing. Samples remained in the decay test field for ten months, and monthly inspected and recorded to xylophogous organism’s occurrence. At the end of this period MOEd and mass were revaluated. The central portion of wood samples were more deteriorated, with mass losses and stiffness losses ranging from (8-56%) and (18-91%), respectively. Lower values were observed in the wood coming from the external portion, with mass losses and stiffness ranging from (3-10%) and (8-20%), respectively. The thermorectificated wood samples were more damaged by action the termites and less by the action of fungi, compared to controls.

Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a resistência de dez madeiras ao térmita, Cryptotermes brevis, em condições de laboratório. As espécies estudadas foram amoreira (Chlorophora tinctoria), angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum), angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera columbrinavar. cebil), angico-verdadeiro (Anadenanthera peregrina), jacarandá-da-bahia (Dalbergia nigra), parajú (Manilkara longifolia), roxinho (Peltogine nitens), pau-brasil (Caesalpiniaechinata), Eucalyptus cloeziana e Eucalyptus torelliana. As madeiras estudadas foram susceptíveis ao ataque de C. brevis, à exceção das madeiras de A. columbrina e M. Longifolia; H. petraeum, D. nigra e C. echinata apresentaram mortalidade inferior à média das demais espécies. As madeiras de D. nigra, H. petraeum, C. echinata e E. Cloeziana foram as mais consumidas pelos cupins. C. tinctoria, P. nitens e E. torelliana apresentaramdesgastes superficiais. Nas madeiras de maior densidade e maiores teores de extrativos e de cinzas, observaram-se maiores valores de mortalidade dos cupins. Não existe, porém, uma característica única, que permita ser empregada visando a relacionar o ataque provocado pelos cupins nas madeiras estudadas.

In this research, weaimed to evaluate the natural resistance of ten forest wood species used in joinery to the attack of dry-wood termite Cryptotermes brevis in laboratory test. The wood species studied were amoreira (Chlorophora tinctoria), angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum), Anadenanthera columbrina var. cebil (angico-vermelho), Anadenanthera peregrina (angico-verdadeiro), Dalbergia nigra (jacaranda-da-bahia), Manilkara longifolia (paraju), Peltogine nitens (roxinho), Caesalpinia echinata (pau-brasil), Eucalyptus cloeziana and Eucalyptus torelliana. The woods studied were susceptible to C. brevisattack, except for A. columbrina and M. longifolia woods. H. petraeum, D. nigra and C. echinata woods showed lowermortality compared to other species.The highest levels of wood waste were observed in D. nigra, H. petraeum, C. echinata and E. cloeziana woods. C. tinctoria, P. nitens and E. torelliana woods presented superficial waste. Higher values oftermite mortality were observed in woods of greater density, and higher levels of extractives and ash. However, there is not one sole characteristic that could beused to relate the attackof termites to the woods studied.

Cerambicídeos que promovem a queda de galhos ou fustes podem causar danos a diversas espécies florestais, sejam em plantios econômicos ou mesmo em árvores utilizadas em arborização. O cerambicídeo Coccoderus novempunctatus é um destes agentes. O dano realizado pela larva propicia a queda de ramos de muitas espécies florestais e, no caso ora avaliado, em fustes de Cassia siamea ou parte destes. Esta é uma espécie florestal utilizada em arborização e recuperação de áreas perturbadas ecologicamente. O trabalho teve o objetivo de diagnosticar os danos de C. novempunctatus em C. siamea, através da diagnose das lesões e da quantificação do volume de madeira dos fustes por ele seccionados. Cinco parcelas foram demarcadas em mata secundária, onde a atuação do inseto havia sido registrada. Os fustes de C. siamea, cortados pelo inseto, tiveram seu diâmetro no ponto da secção mensurado bem como o comprimento total. Os volumes de madeira foram calculados utilizando-se o método de Smalian. O diâmetro médio no ponto da secção e o comprimento médio de fustes de C. siamea, cortados por C. novempunctatus foi 9,07 cm e 6,31 m, respectivamente. O volume médio de madeira, destes fustes, com casca e sem casca foi 0,0261 e 0,0218 m³, respectivamente.

Cerambycids that promote breaking of branches or stems may cause damage to several forest species, in economical plantings or even in trees used in urban afforestation. Coccoderus novempunctatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of these cases. The damage accomplished by the larvae propitiates the fall branches of many forest species, and in the case evaluated in this study, can cause fall of Cassia siamea stems or part of these. Cassia siamea is a forest specie used in afforestation and in recovery of ecologically disturbed areas. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the damages caused by C. novempunctatus on C. siamea through lesions diagnoses and volume quantification of wood of stems sectioned by it. Five plots were demarcated in a secondary forest where the insect action had been registered. C. siamea stems cut by insect had their diameter in the cut point measured as well as total length. Wood volumes were calculated by using the Smalian method. Average diameter in the cut point, and the average length of C. siamea stems cut by C. novempunctatus was 9.07 cm and 6.31 m, respectively. Average wood volume of these stems with and without bark was 0.0261 and 0.0218 m³, respectively.

Four flavonoids, 3,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone (garbanzol), 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone, 7,4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone (geraldone) and 3,4,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavane (Rel-2R,3S,4S-leucoguibourtinidine, guibourtacacidine) were isolated from the wood of Schizolobium parahyba (Leg., Caesalpinoideae) together with lignan balonofonine, sitosterol, and stigmasterol. The structures were established by IR, NMR and mass spectral data analysis and comparison with literature values.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar algumas propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake "Eucalipto" (Myrtaceae), Melia azedarach L. "Cinamomo" (Meliaceae), Lophantera lactescens Ducke, "lanterneira" (Malpighiaceae), Pinus elliottii Engelm. "Pinus" (Pinaceae) e Inga marginata Wild "Inga" (Mimosaceae), submetidas ao processo de degradação em razão da exposição à intempérie no período de 12 meses, as madeiras foram colocadas em dois ambientes com características edafoclimáticas diferenciadas, isto é, foram montados dois campos de apodrecimento, sendo um dentro de uma mata secundária e outro a céu aberto, em um pasto formado por gramíneas rasteiras. Na avaliação, adotou-se um índice de deterioração médio, para expressar a degradação causada pelos fatores bióticos, nos corpos-de-prova oriundos de toras expostas nos respectivos ambientes. As determinações da densidade aparente, bem como da resistência à flexão (módulo de elasticidade (MOE) e ruptura (MOR)) e compressão paralela às fibras da madeira, foram realizadas antes e depois da exposição à intempérie. Os resultados indicaram que ocorreram reduções diferenciadas nas propriedades avaliadas. As diminuições significativas da densidade ocorreram somente nos corpos-de-prova oriundos das madeiras expostas dentro da mata, bem como as reduções nos módulos de elasticidade e ruptura foram mais acentuadas nas madeiras procedentes desse ambiente. A resistência à compressão da madeira apresentou-se com reduções maiores, também nesse ambiente.

The objective of this work was to evaluate some physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake - Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), Melia azedarach L. - Chinaberry (Meliaceae), Lophantera lactescens Ducke - "Lanterneira" (Malpighiaceae), Pinus elliottii Engelm. - Slash Pine (Pinaceae), Inga marginata Wild - Inga (Mimosaceae), subjected to the degradation process caused by the exposition to atmospheric conditions over a period of 12 months, in two environments with different edafoclimatic characteristics, i.e., two decaying fields were set up, one within a secondary forest and the other in an open field, a pasture composed by low grass. For the evaluation, we adapted an average decay index, to express the degradation caused by biotic factors in specimens from wood exposed to both environments. The determination of apparent density, as well as the resistance to beding in the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and rupture (MOR) and parallel compression to wood fiber, was carried out before and after the exposure to atmospheric conditions. The results showed the occurrence of different reductions in the evaluated properties. Significant reductions in density occurred only in the wood originated from inside the forest, as well as reductions in the Modulus of elasticity and rupture were more accentuated in wood originate from this environment. Resistance to compression has also shown major reductions in the same environment.

Abstract The arboreal essences Clitoria fairchildiana, Piptadenia gonoacantha and Schizolobium parahyba were analyzed by chemical prospection besides NMR (1H and or 13C) spectral analysis of the fractions from methanolic extracts of the healthy wood and after exposure on natural woodborer beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae e Platypodidae) habitat. The NMR spectral analysis did not show chemical difference of the woods extracts on the both experimental conditions. C. fairchildiana had more woodborer beetles incidence. Only the high concentration of tannins and phenols on both other species was used to make a relationship among chemical differences on natural classes of compounds and the woodborer beetles incidence.

Resumo As essências arbóreas Clitoria fairchildiana, Piptadenia gonoacantha e Schizolobium parahyba foram analisadas através de prospecção química do extrato metanólico das madeiras com auxílio da análise com RMN de frações do extrato das madeiras sadias e expostas às condições naturais de ataque por insetos xilófagos (Coleoptera: Scolytidae e Platypodidae). A comparação dos espectros de RMN (1H por 13C) não revelou diferença na composição química da madeira nas duas condições experimentais. A menor concentração de taninos e fenóis em C. fairchildiana e alta ocorrência nas outras espécies, foi o único parâmetro químico que justifica a maior incidência de insetos degradadores nesta espécie.