Resumo: A questão da liberdade em Foucault torna-se problematizada, quando relacionada com os impedimentos, previstos pelo autor, para os sujeitos se situarem fora das redes de poder. Todavia, Foucault também destaca potencialidades de resistências e uma noção de liberdade envolvida pelas circunstâncias históricas, o que sugere questões normativas originais. De modo a analisar a tensão entre dominação e liberdade em sua obra, e o que se reflete normativamente, notam-se duas direções principais: a ideia de liberdade como algo inerente às relações de poder e como fundamento do exercício crítico do conhecimento. Busca-se argumentar que a valorização de dimensões de liberdade, elaborada por Foucault, gera implicações singulares de avaliação das condições sociais, embasadas em uma temperança normativa. Resumo tornase torna problematizada impedimentos autor Todavia históricas originais obra normativamente notamse notam principais conhecimento Buscase Busca sociais normativa

Abstract: The topic of liberty in Foucault becomes controversial when related to the objections, predicted by the author, for the subjects to be located outside the power networks. However, Foucault also points out potential for resistance and a notion of freedom involved by historical circumstances, which suggests original normative questions. In order to analyze the tension between domination and freedom in his work, and what is normatively reflected, two main directions are noted: the idea of freedom as something inherent in power relations and as the foundation of the critical exercise of knowledge. It is argued that Foucault`s estimation of dimensions of freedom generates singular implications of evaluation of social conditions based on a normative temperance. Abstract objections author networks However circumstances questions work reflected noted knowledge Foucaults s temperance

Resumo Com base na análise de obras, entrevistas e posicionamentos políticos de Edward Said sobre as relações Israel-Palestina, o artigo discute como inflexões no ativismo do autor se articulam com a evolução de suas reflexões teóricas. Argumenta-se que mudanças de posição de Said sobre os conflitos da questão palestina refletem movimentos contínuos de sua produção teórica, particularmente o desenvolvimento de teses críticas a formas e práticas de filiação identitária. Conquanto Said mude algumas opiniões ao longo dos anos, sustenta-se que a crítica teórica a lógicas identitárias, em especial o que denomina “modelo de partilha” do nacionalismo, assim como o elogio de uma postura universalista se apresentam desde sempre em sua obra.

Abstract Based on the analysis of Edward Said’s works, interviews and political views on Israeli-Palestinian relations, the article discusses how inflections in the author’s activism articulate with the evolution of his theoretical reflections. It is argued that Said’s changes of position on the conflicts of the Palestinian question reflect continuous movements of his theoretical production, particularly the development of critical theses about forms and practices of identity filiation. Although Said changes some opinions over the years, it is pointed out that his theoretical critique of identity logic, especially what he calls the “partition model” of nationalism, as well as the praise of a universalist position, have always been present in his work.

Resumo A partir do estudo de caso da recepção do filme Vazante no contexto nacional, o artigo indica hipóteses sobre novas direções da crítica cinematográfica, dentre as quais se destacam: a ênfase em dimensões de pertencimento identitário; a valorização de participação presencial e direta nos debates; e a indicação de conhecimento proveniente da crítica. Argumenta-se que tais direções expressam demandas relevantes por conferir visibilidade a reivindicações de justiça e ao sentido histórico de desigualdades, em particular a seus efeitos no campo cinematográfico. Notamos também possíveis impasses indicados pela crítica, sobretudo referentes a aspectos que fundamentaram parâmetros críticos convencionais.

Abstract Based on the analysis of the reception of the film Vazante in the Brazilian context, the article proposes hypotheses about new tendencies of film criticism, among which stand out: the emphasis on identity and belonging dimensions; the value of physical presence and direct participation in the debates; and the possibility of public awareness originating from the criticism field. It is argued that such directions express relevant demands for giving visibility to claims of justice and the historical inequalities, in particular to their effects on the field of cinematography. Possible dilemmas are also pointed out, especially related to aspects that based conventional criticism.

O artigo analisa reflexões multiculturalistas sobre direitos especiais de representação, que intentam garantir maior igualdade e participação política de minorias nas democracias contemporâneas. Busca-se mostrar que a temática da representação apresentada por autores multiculturalistas não é livre de tensões quando relacionada com suas suposições de diferença e de desigualdade. A fim de debater tais problemas, mostra-se, primeiramente, como teorias multiculturalistas dependem de modelos de “representação descritiva”, em que representante e representado compartilham perspectivas similares e uma mesma origem social. Argumenta-se, então, que há certos impasses da teoria que não parecem adequadamente respondidos, que versam, fundamentalmente, sobre a tensão entre a defesa de formas especiais de representação e a ideia de que tais direitos não devem implicar uma lógica de reforço de identidades e de essencialização de grupos.

This article analyzes multiculturalist reflections about the special needs of representation, which try to guarantee more equality and political engagement for minorities in contemporary democracies. This study seeks to demonstrate that the theme of representation as presented by multiculturalist authors is not free from tensions when in relation to suppositions of difference and inequality. In order to discuss these problems, it is exposed, at first, how multiculturalist theories depend on models of “descriptive representation” in which representative and represented share similar perspectives and same social origin. Therefore, it is discussed that there are certain theoretical standoffs that do not seem to have been appropriately answered. They deal fundamentally with the tension between the defense of special representation forms and the idea that such rights must not imply in a logic of identity reinforcement and groups’ essencialization.

L’article fait l’analyse de réflexions multiculturalistes sur les droits spéciaux de représentation qui cherchent à garantir une plus grande égalité et participation des minorités dans les démocraties contemporaines. On essaie de montrer que la question de la représentation avancée par des auteurs multiculturalistes n’est pas dépourvue de tensions lorsqu’elle est mise en relation avec ses supposées différences et inégalités. Afin de pouvoir débattre de tels problèmes, nous montrons tout d’abord comment les théories multiculturalistes dépendent de modèles de “représentation descriptive” où le représentant et le représenté partagent des perspectives similaires ainsi qu’une même origine sociale. On démontre alors que certaines impasses de la théorie ne semblent pas avoir obtenu de réponse adéquate qui porte, essentiellement, sur la tension existante entre la défense de formes particulières de représentation et l’idée que de tels droits ne devraient pas impliquer une logique de renforcement des identités et d’essentialisation de groupes.

The article seeks to discuss strengths and problems of the assumptions of difference and of the ideals of sociopolitical integration in multiculturalist perspectives. The analysis is divided into three parts. In the first I look to show that the incorporation of two themes central to communitarianism – its questioning of the procedural demarcation of the boundaries between private and public spaces, and its critique of the theory of the subject that sustains liberal theses – has been essential to how the public is conceptualized in multicultural approaches, although, as I shall show, the two theoretical lineages diverge in important aspects. In the second part, I analyze different conceptions of the public developed by multiculturalist authors, seeking to demonstrate that their perspectives present tensions, generally linked to an uncertain articulation between the premises of difference and the possibilities for social and political integration. Finally, though emphasizing the originality of their critique of fixed political conceptions of public and private, I argue that some important limiting factors exist in multiculturalist theories.

Resumo O trabalho analisa o "humanismo secular" de Edward Said, que busca ir além do provincianismo e de contraposições hierarquizadas que caracterizariam o humanismo tradicional. Refletindo aspectos da abordagem pós-colonialista, questionam-se identidades fixas e excludentes, destacando as minorias e a fluidez de identidades opostas a representações hegemônicas. Tendo em conta virtudes cognitivas de um novo humanismo, Said faz referências à condição de exílio, exemplares em manifestar a capacidade fecunda de se criar novos tipos de conexões e percepções sociais. O artigo busca mostrar virtudes e limites do conhecimento cosmopolita proposto por Said, destacando alguns impasses de sua teoria em relação a aspectos da tradição humanista.

Abstract The paper analyzes the "secular humanism" of Edward Said, who tries to go beyond provincialism and hierarchical oppositions that characterize the traditional humanism. Reflecting aspects of post-colonialists approaches, Said questions notions of fixed or exclusionary identities and emphasizes the minorities and the fluidity of identities opposed to hegemonic representations. Taking into account cognitive vantages of a new humanism, Said makes references to the condition of exile that would be exemplary to express the ability to create new types of social connections and insights. The article points out virtues and limits of the cosmopolitan knowledge proposed by Said and it highlights some impasses of his theory in relation to aspects of the humanist tradition.

O artigo analisa as proposições teóricas do individualismo metodológico de Raymond Boudon, que procura desvincular-se de perspectivas que ressaltam a concepção de racionalidade instrumental, como o entendimento da escolha racional. As diferenças entre a conduta instrumental e a idéia de racionalidade cognitiva propostas pelo sociólogo envolvem temas centrais da reflexão social atual, principalmente possíveis vínculos problemáticos entre a tradição sociológica e certa ontologia econômica. Para mostrar a particularidade do individualismo metodológico de Boudon e sua noção de racionalidade cognitiva, exponho, primeiramente, as suas principais críticas ao paradigma instrumental. Posteriormente, debato as alternativas sugeridas por Boudon, principalmente a idéia de que os agentes incorporam crenças ou teorias simplesmente porque têm "boas razões" e a sua noção de uma "racionalização difusa". Finalmente, procuro analisar de que forma a teoria do autor francês aponta falhas da visão economicista de racionalidade, embora apresente algumas proposições imprecisas. Assim, ao mesmo tempo em que assinala importante falta de conexão entre a agência individual e o contexto social na teoria da escolha racional, Boudon elabora uma concepção universalista de racionalidade que parece não observar fundamentos circunstanciais e delimitados da realidade social.

This article analyzes the theoretical propositions of Raymond Boudon's methodological individualism, which seeks to disassociate itself from perspectives that emphasize the notion of instrumental rationality such as understandings of rational choice. Differences between instrumental conduct and the idea of cognitive rationality proposed by this sociologist hark back to central themes of contemporary social reflection, most specifically the possibly problematic ties between the sociological tradition and a certain economic ontology. To reveal the particularities of Boudon's methodological individualism as well as his notion of cognitive rationality, I first expound on his major critiques of the instrumental paradigm. I then go on to debate the alternatives he suggests, particularly the notion that agents incorporate beliefs or theories simply because they have "good reasons" to do so, as well as his notion of "diffuse rationalization". Finally I seek to analyze the way in which this French author's theory points to flaws in the economistic view of rationality, although presenting some propositions that are lacking in precision. Thus, while he signals the important lack of connection between individual agency and social context that inheres within rational choice theory, Boudon elaborates a universalist conception of rationality that seems to overlook the circumstantial and defined bases of social reality.

L'article analyse les propositions théoriques de l'individualisme méthodologique de Raymond Boudon, qui cherche à s'extirper des perspectives qui mettent l'accent sur la conception de "rationalité instrumentale", comme la compréhension du choix rationnel. Les différences entre la conduite instrumentale et l'idée de rationalité cognitive proposées par le sociologue, impliquent des thèmes centraux de la réflexion sociale actuelle, principalement des possibles liaisons problématiques entre la tradition sociologique et certaine ontologie économique. Pour montrer la particularité de l'individualisme méthodologique de Boudon et sa notion de rationalité cognitive, j'expose premièrement ses principales critiques au paradigme instrumental. Ultérieurement, je discute les alternatives suggérées par Boudon, principalement l'idée que les agents intègrent des croyances ou des théories simplement parce qu'ils ont "des bonnes raisons", et leur notion d'une "rationalisation diffuse". Finalement, je cherche analyser de quelle façon la théorie de l'auteur français pointe des failles de la vision économiste de rationalité, bien qu'il présente quelques propositions inexactes. Ainsi, au même temps qu'il signale un manque important de connexion entre l'agence individuelle et le contexte social dans la théorie du choix rationnel, Boudon élabore une conception universaliste de rationalité qui ne semble pas observer les fondements de circonstance et aussi délimités de la réalité sociale.

This article critically analyzes new sociological approaches to the rational choice theory which - beyond examining political or economic practices - link the notion of instrumental rationality to social issues and themes. The article begins by highlighting the issue of trust, indicating the functionality of certain social arrangements in collective problem-solving. The paper goes on to demonstrate that problems emerge with the theory when it attempts to explain the feasibility of social norms in impersonal, comprehensive contexts. Thus, the fundamental point that appears to be missing from rational choice theory is the perception that individual decisions and instrumental conduct itself incorporate dispositions that in a sense are beyond the actors' control.

Dans cet article, on fait la critique des nouvelles approches sociologiques de la théorie du choix rationnel lesquelles, au-delà de l'examen des pratiques politiques ou économiques, relient la notion de rationnalité instrumentale à des questions et des thèmes sociaux. On remarque, d'abord, le thème de la confiance, qui montre la fonctionnalité de certains arrangements sociaux dans leur solution des problèmes de l'action collective. On montre, pourtant, que les problèmes de la théorie surgissent lorsqu'on essaie d'expliquer l'applicabilité des normes sociales dans des contextes impersonnels et plus larges. Ainsi, le point fondamental qui semble absent de la théorie sociale du choix rationnel est la perception que les décisions individuelles, ainsi que la conduite instrumentale, assimilent des dispositions qui sont, d'une certaine façon, hors du contrôle des agents.

This article critically analyzes new sociological approaches to the rational choice theory which - beyond examining political or economic practices - link the notion of instrumental rationality to social issues and themes. The article begins by highlighting the issue of trust, indicating the functionality of certain social arrangements in collective problem-solving. The paper goes on to demonstrate that problems emerge with the theory when it attempts to explain the feasibility of social norms in impersonal, comprehensive contexts. Thus, the fundamental point that appears to be missing from rational choice theory is the perception that individual decisions and instrumental conduct itself incorporate dispositions that in a sense are beyond the actors' control.

Dans cet article, on fait la critique des nouvelles approches sociologiques de la théorie du choix rationnel lesquelles, au-delà de l'examen des pratiques politiques ou économiques, relient la notion de rationnalité instrumentale à des questions et des thèmes sociaux. On remarque, d'abord, le thème de la confiance, qui montre la fonctionnalité de certains arrangements sociaux dans leur solution des problèmes de l'action collective. On montre, pourtant, que les problèmes de la théorie surgissent lorsqu'on essaie d'expliquer l'applicabilité des normes sociales dans des contextes impersonnels et plus larges. Ainsi, le point fondamental qui semble absent de la théorie sociale du choix rationnel est la perception que les décisions individuelles, ainsi que la conduite instrumentale, assimilent des dispositions qui sont, d'une certaine façon, hors du contrôle des agents.