ABSTRACT Black pepper is widely produced in Brazil, though there are few studies related to its water requirements and the effects of water deficit (WD) applied under tropical conditions. The growth, sensitivity to WD, and first-year productivity of irrigated plants from the Bragantina cultivar were evaluated, employing an irrigation system with automatic management. The plants were cultivated in plastic pots installed in the field for 391 days using emitters with different flow rates (2.2 [T1], 3.3 [T2], 4.3 [T3], and 5.3 L h–1 [T4 – control]). Fresh weight of the leaves, stems, and shoots, and dry weight of the leaves, stem, roots, and shoots as well as the total dry weight of the plant, were evaluated. Productivity was determined by evaluating the grains and spikes from a single harvest. Yield results and the actual versus maximum evapotranspiration rate for the entire growing season was used for calculating the Ky coefficient. Despite 1,346 mm of rainfall, the irrigation system was activated 165 times, distributing a mean volume of 19.0 (T1), 28.5 (T2), 37.1 (T3), and 45.8 L per plant (control). All traits were negatively affected by the WD, and the Ky values obtained (from 1.72 to 2.96) indicate the high sensitivity of black pepper to WD. In general, the spikes produced with at least 81 % of the crop water demand were larger and more numerous than those subjected to inferior treatments. WD occurring during the flowering stage severely hampers the size, weight, and quality of the spikes and grains of black pepper.

Os morcegos podem ser monoestrais ou poliestrais e sazonais ou assazonais em relação aos padrões reprodutivos. A estratégia adotada por cada espécie ou população depende do clima regional. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os dados reprodutivos de Sturnira lilium em amostragem de longo prazo realizado em diversos locais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil. De maio de 1989 a dezembro de 2011, realizamos amostragens em 42 locais (com altitudes que variam de 0 a 1300 m de altitude). No total, obteve 2602 capturas de S. lilium: 1242 fêmeas adultas, 1225 machos adultos e 136 subadultos. A proporção sexual foi 0.99 machos: 1 fêmea. A temporada reprodutiva variou de oito a doze meses por ano e não foi relacionada com o total de precipitação acumulada. Sturnira lilium apresenta reprodução contínua poliéstrica com estro pós-parto e fêmeas grávidas podem ser observadas em todos os meses, exceto o mês de julho. No presente estudo, as maiores proporções de fêmeas grávidas ocorreram nos meses com maior precipitação.

Bats can be monoestrous or polyestrous, and seasonal or non-seasonal in their reproductive patterns. The strategy adopted by each species or population depends on the regional climate. The objective this study was to analyze reproductive data of Sturnira lilium from long-term sampling carried out in several sites in Rio de Janeiro states, southeastern Brazil. We carried out sampling in 42 sites (with altitudes ranging from sea level to 1300 m a.s.l.) from May 1989 to December 2011. In total, we obtained 2602 captures of S. lilium: 1242 captures of adult females, 1225 captures of adult males, and 136 captures of subadults. The sex ratio was 0.99 males: 1 female. The reproductive season varied from eight to twelve months a year, and it was not related to the total accumulated rainfall. Sturnira lilium have continuously polyestrous reproduction with postpartum estrus and pregnant females can be observed in all months except July. In the present study, the highest proportions of pregnant females were observed in the months with the highest rainfall.