Abstract Identifying genome regions subject to selection in local breeds of Brazil is an opportunity to elucidate the C. hircus genome plasticity, flowing the colonization history of the country. Using SNP Bead Chip Illumina 50K genotyping of Brazilian Anglo-Nubian (standardized breed) and Marota (local endangered population from the semiarid area of Brazil) to show outliers loci in genome regions subject to selection. After applying data quality control, 45,600 SNPs were included in this investigation. Principal component analysis (PCAdapt) and FDIST2 analysis signalized 14 genomic regions more affected by selection in the Brazilian dry zone environment. The genome study signalized regions that are close to the sequences of genes related to growth and embryonic skeletal development (FGF12, AMPD2, OSTN). In addition, flagged regions close to the genes UTSB2 and SLC5A2 contribute to research on functional adaptation with low water needs and poor nutritive diet to survive. Both genes encode proteins that act on osmotic pathways and avoid cell flooding on stress cell responses. Further studies on the genetic role and involvement of these outliers’ genomic regions, building a robust conceptual high-resolution map of natural selection drives, help to achieve hardiness candidate genes linked to the evolutionary history of Capra hircus in the semiarid area of Brazil.

Abstract Our knowledge of cladoceran species composition and distribution of Neotropical taxa is incomplete, therefore misleading the basic understanding of biodiversity processes and biogeographical patterns of this ecologically relevant group. We present new records and an updated checklist of the cladocerans of Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil) based on a critical review of their known distribution throughout the different freshwater ecoregions. Nine marine species were recorded, and 80 non-marine cladocerans were counted from two of the four ecoregions of Rio de Janeiro State. We estimate species richness applying the interpolation and extrapolation method, using iNEXT function. With this approach we compute diversity estimates for rarefied and extrapolated samples up to double the reference sample size (number of studies). Four new records of rare species were included from surveys in the Paraiba do Sul ecoregion. The Fluminense ecoregion shows a higher richness with a more asymptotic curve and thus a lower expected richness in comparison to the Paraiba do Sul ecoregion. Ceriodaphnia cornuta Sars, 1886 was the most frequently found species whilst Moina macrocopa Straus, 1820 was the only non-native species encountered. Our study can contribute to developing a biogeographical understanding of this diverse group in a heterogeneous territory in terms of inland waters. Future studies are suggested to prioritize novel ecoregions and unexplored habitats e.g. littoral zones with high macrophyte and periphyton coverage, brackish waters, saline and high-altitude lakes, as more diverse and heterogeneous habitats will undoubtedly reveal additional records.

Resumen Introducción: La raya águila de manchas blancas del Pacífico, Aetobatus laticeps, se ha separado recientemente de A. narinari del Atlántico basándose en pruebas tanto morfológicas como genéticas. Esta especie se caracteriza por un cuerpo oscuro con numerosas manchas blancas en toda su parte dorsal. Considerando el tipo, la forma, el número y la distribución de estas marcas naturales como identificadores potenciales a nivel individual, estudiamos la variación en los patrones de manchas. Objetivo: Describir y comparar el patrón de manchas blancas (tipo y distribución) de individuos y evaluar su uso potencial como identificadores a nivel individual en especímenes recapturados. Métodos: Analizamos 54 videos (con 105 fotografías extraídas posteriormente) y 19 registros fotográficos que fueron tomados en diferentes sitios a lo largo de la costa pacífica del norte de Costa Rica. Resultados: Se identificaron diecisiete tipos distintivos de manchas blancas en todo el lado dorsal de los radios. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre cada sección principal del cuerpo (aletas pectorales, espalda, cabeza y aletas pélvicas) en el tipo y frecuencia de manchas blancas. El tipo ‘punto único’ se distribuyó comúnmente en todo el lado dorsal, y el patrón de puntos en las aletas pélvicas fue informativo para identificar 72 individuos. Conclusiones: El análisis del tipo, la forma y la distribución de las manchas blancas en A. laticeps determinó varias combinaciones de patrones de manchas blancas que se utilizarán para una descripción taxonómica adicional y brindan una identificación potencial del individuo para futuros estudios de población a lo largo de su distribución.

Abstract Introduction: The Pacific white-spotted eagle ray Aetobatus laticeps, has recently separated from the Atlantic A. narinari based on both morphological and genetic evidence. This species is characterized by a dark body with numerous white spots all over its dorsal side. Considering the type, shape, number, and distribution of these natural markings as potential identifiers at the individual level, we studied the variation in the spot patterns. Objective: Describe and compare the white spot pattern (type and distribution) of individuals and evaluate their potential use as identifiers at the individual level. Methods: We analyzed 54 videos (105 subsequent extracted photos) and 19 photographic records that were taken at different sites along the Pacific coast of northern Costa Rica. Results: Seventeen distinctive types of white spots were identified across the entire dorsal side of the rays. Significant differences between each major body section (pectoral fins, back, head, and pelvic fins) were found in the type and frequency of white spots. The type ‘single spot’ was commonly distributed across the entire dorsal side, and the spot pattern on the pelvic fins was informative to identify 72 individuals. Conclusions: The analysis of the type, shape, and distribution of white spots in A. laticeps determined several combinations of white spot patterns that be used for further taxonomic description and provide potential identification of the individual for future population studies along with its distribution.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the cases of scabies caused by Sarcoptes scabiei and endoparasites in wild and captive vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) from the Cusco Region, Peru. Scrapings of skin lesions were made and faecal samples were taken during the capture of vicuñas during the chaccus. The frequency of S. scabiei was 1.9% (54/2826), being 6.1% (48/777) in the wild and 0.2% (6/2049) in captivity. Likewise, F. hepatica (2.0%), Strongylus type eggs (42.1%), Nematodirus sp (6.8%), N. spathiger (26.5%), Trichuris sp (4.0%), Eimeria spp (85.0%), and Moniezia spp (2.7%) were found in a sample of 147 animals, being most cases monoparasitism.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar y evaluar los casos de sarna causada por Sarcoptes scabiei y de endoparásitos en vicuñas silvestres y en cautiverio (Vicugna vicugna) de la Región Cusco, Perú. Se realizaron raspados de lesiones en piel y se tomaron muestras fecales durante la captura de vicuñas durante los chaccus. La frecuencia de S. scabiei fue de 1.9% (54/2826), siendo de 6.1% (48/777) en silvestría y de 0.2% (6/ 2049) en cautiverio. Asimismo, se identificaron a F. hepatica (2.0%), huevos tipo Strongylus (42.1%), Nematodirus sp (6.8%), N. spathiger (26.5%), Trichuris sp (4.0%), Eimeria spp (85.0%), y Moniezia spp (2.7%) en una muestra de 147 animales, siendo la mayor parte casos de monoparasitismo.

Abstract Despite the rising interest in cladoceran biogeography worldwide, many species distributions are still unknown to science, especially in naturally rich freshwater of the Neotropics. Herein we present a checklist of the taxa, giving the distributions of the valid species throughout 13 hydrographic basins within the two freshwater ecoregions of Northeastern Mata Atlântica and São Francisco. Superorder Cladocera comprises 72 known species in Bahia State classified into two orders: the Anomopoda, represented by Chydoridae (36 spp), Daphniidae (7), Macrothricidae (6), Bosminidae (4), Moinidae (3) and Ilyocryptidae (2); and Ctenopoda, represented by Sididae (8 spp). Species from the orders Onychopoda and Haplopoda are still lacking in Neotropical waters. The first compilation of the data on the Cladocera of Bahia, Brazil, is represented by this checklist and contains 38 new records for the state. Critical remarks on species distributions, as well as detailed information on sampling sites and geographic coordinates are also included.

RESUMO Neste trabalho será investigado o comportamento de escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos e não-newtonianos em microcanais. O problema não-newtoniano, consiste em resolver as equações que regem o movimento para o caso de um escoamento de fluidos cujas propriedades reológicas possam ser estudadas pelo modelo constitutivo de Phan-Thien-Tanner, como por exemplo os materiais poliméricos. Uma das características interessantes de alguns destes materiais é que eles podem ser misturados com solventes apropriados, como uma solução eletrolítica, e o resultado é que este fluido como um todo passa a ter propriedades elétricas. Assim, além das propriedades viscoelásticas, será investigada a eletrocinética do escoamento, que é diretamente influenciado pela aplicação de um campo elétrico externo. Em particular o fenômeno de eletroosmose será estudado por meio de simulações numéricas em canais planos. O movimento das cargas na solução é descrito pelas equações de Poisson-Nernst-Planck e para resolver numericamente este problema será aplicado o método das diferenças finitas generalizadas. O código para as simulações de escoamentos eletroosmóticas foi implementado como uma parte do sistema chamado HiG-Fow.

ABSTRACT In this work the behavior of newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in microchannels will be investigated. The non-Newtonian problem consists in solving the governing equations of the movement take into account a fluid flow whose rheological properties can be studied by the Phan-Thien-Tanner constitutive model, for example the polymeric materials. One of the interesting features of these materials is that they can be mixed with appropriate solvents, such as an electrolyte solution, and the resulting fluid has electrical properties. Thus, in addition to the viscoelastic properties, the electrokinetics properties of the flow will be investigated, which is directly influenced by the application of an external electric field. In particular the phenomenon of electro-osmosis will be studied through numerical simulations in flat channels. The motion of the charges in the solution is described by the Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations and to solve numerically this problem will be applied the generalized finite difference method. The code for the simulations of electroosmotic flows was implemented as a part of the HiG-Fow system.

Abstract Mammary adenocarcinomas with metastases are more common in dogs than in cats. Their incidence is 1 in every 4,000 cats. In routine veterinary practice, laboratory exams for diagnosis of these neoplasms are nonspecific and scarcely used. Even though invasive procedure, biopsy, and histopathological findings are the gold standards that define the clinical approach, the clinical evaluation, and image assessment lead the way to the proper treatment, especially when surgical intervention is a possibility. This study describes the clinical signs, histopathological aspects, radiological and scintigraphic findings of a cat with mammary adenocarcinoma and metastases evaluated one hour after intravenous administration of 99mTc-thymine. Our focus was not to discuss the pathological aspects of the disease but the Nuclear Medicine role in metastases detection. Metastases, when lesser than 4mm, could go unnoticed by radiological exams, whereas scintigraphy may detect them. Using 99mTc-thymine scintigraphy, we successfully detected unsuspected metastases in the lungs, liver, and right kidney. Early diagnosis is the key to a better rate of survival due to the given treatment and prognostic. Hence, we strongly recommend the use of 99mTc-thymine scintigraphy as a complementary tool for breast cancer diagnosis in veterinary care.

RESUMO O artigo discute as variáveis relevantes para o financiamento da previdência social no Brasil, que têm sido desconsideradas no debate. Inicialmente, apresenta-se um modelo teórico que indica a relevância da produtividade, da formalização do trabalho e da eficiência de receitas para o financiamento da previdência. Analisa-se, na sequência, a trajetória dessas variáveis no Brasil, com sugestões de medidas para estimulá-las. Por fim, um exercício de simulação é realizado para testar os efeitos de mudanças nas variáveis sugeridas pelo modelo teórico sobre os resultados da previdência. As conclusões indicam que, quando considerados choques positivos na produtividade do trabalho, emprego formal e receita da previdência, o Regime Geral da Previdência Social (RGPS) torna-se superavitário. Uma implicação desse resultado é que os problemas de financiamento da previdência social não são resolvidos pelo corte de benefícios.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes a set of variables deemed relevant for the financing of social security in Brazil, which have been overlooked in the recent debate on the subject. At first, we introduce a theoretical model that highlights the key role of increasing productivity, expanding formal employment, and enhancing revenue efficiency in the financing of social security. We then analyze the trajectory of these variables in Brazil and suggest measures to stimulate them. Finally, we perform a simulation exercise to test the effects of changes in the selected variables on the outcomes of social security. The results indicate that in face of positive shocks in labor productivity, formal employment, and pension income, the General Social Security System (RGPS) results become a surplus. A key implication of this result is that problems in the financing of social security cannot be solved exclusively by cutting benefits.

ABSTRACT Paracoccidioides species cause paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic mycosis highly prevalent in Brazil. Therapy of PCM has some issues that make studies for new therapeutic and vaccine targets relevant, such as the P. brasiliensis 60-kDa-heat-shock protein (PbHsp60), an immunogenic antigen that induces protection in experimental mice infection. Here, we investigated the relative expression of mRNA for PbHsp60 in P. brasiliensis in the different morphotypes of P. brasiliensis and in morphological transition phases. In addition, antibodies to rPbHsp60 were produced and used to analyze the location of PbHsp60 in yeast and hyphae by electron microscopy. The analyses showed a substantial increase in the relative amounts of HSP60 mRNA in yeast when compared to mycelium and an intermediate expression in transitional forms. Regarding the cell location, immunoelectron microscopy analysis revealed that PbHsp60 is within the cell wall. These observations suggest that this protein may be involved in the maintenance of the cell wall integrity and the interaction with the host for colonization, infection and pathogenesis.

Resumen Introducción: Poincianella bracteosa (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz. (Fabaceae), conocida como catingueira, es tradicionalmente utilizada en la medicina para tratar diarrea, hepatitis y anemia. Sin embargo, no hay estudios sobre los efectos tóxico genéticos de la P. bracteosa. Objetivo: En el presente estudio se tuvo como objetivo investigar el perfil fitoquímico y el potencial mutagénico y antimutagénico del extracto acuoso de la cáscara de P. bracteosa en Allium cepa y Mus musculus. Métodos: El extracto de la cáscara fue diluido en agua destilada para fornecer las cuatro concentraciones (2, 4, 8 y 16 mg/ml) utilizadas en el bioensayo A. cepa y las tres dosis (10, 20 y 40 mg / Kg) fueron administradas a los ratones (5 animales por grupo). El perfil fito-químico fue realizado por el test colorimétrico para identificar los principales metabólitos secundarios en el extracto de la cáscara. Tras el tratamiento, 5 000 células meristemáticas fueron analizadas para determinar el índice mitótico, el promedio de alteraciones cromosómicas y el porcentaje de reducción de daños. Para ratones, tras 24, 48 y 72 h, la sangre de la cola de cada animal fue recolectado para la preparación de dos láminas por animal. Para cada animal, 2 000 eritrocitos normocromáticos por ratón fueron evaluados para establecer el número de micronúcleos y el efecto protector. Se analizaron los dados por el test de Kruskal-Wallis (P < 0.05). El estudio fito-químico del extracto detectó azúcares reductores y taninos. Resultados: Ninguna de las concentraciones del extracto fue citotóxica y en todos los tratamientos (pre, simultáneo y después) fue observado el efecto citoprotetor en A. cepa. El promedio total de las alteraciones cromosómicas en todas las concentraciones apuntó actividad no mutagénica de la cáscara. El porcentaje de reducción del daño fue observada en los tratamientos pre (de 77.6 al 90.5 %), simultáneo (del 95.6 al 114.7 %) y tras (de 84.8 al 117.7 %). En los ratones, ninguna de las dosis del extracto presentó efecto mutagénico y el porcentaje de reducción del daño osciló de -21.2 al 78.6 % (pre); de 27.5 al 101.3 % (simultánea) y de 85.5 al 120.6 % (tras-tratamiento). Probablemente, los fito-químicos presentes en el extracto no interfirieron en el ciclo celular (A. cepa), tampoco causaron daños al DNA (A. cepa y ratones) y presentaron efecto protector en las dos especies estudiadas. Los datos observados apuntan la importancia del extracto de la cáscara de P. bracteosa para inhibición del daño y quimio prevención. Sin embargo, más estudios deben ser realizados para garantizar su efecto protector sobre el material genético.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Poincianella bracteosa (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz. (Fabaceae), known as catingueira, is traditionally used in medicine to treat diarrhea, hepatitis and anemia. However, there are no studies on their toxicogenetic effects. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile as well as the mutagenic and antimutagenic potential of P. bracteosa aqueous bark extract in Allium cepa and Mus musculus. Methods: The extract from barks was diluted in distilled water to yield the four concentrations (2, 4, 8 and 16 mg/ml) used in the A. cepa bioassay and the three doses (10, 20 and 40 mg/Kg) administered to the mice (five animals per group). The phytochemical profile was performed by the colorimetric test to identify the main secondary metabolites in the bark extract. After treatment, five-thousand meristematic cells were analyzed to determine the mitotic index, the mean number of chromosome alterations and the percentage of damage reduction. For mice, after 24, 48 and 72 h, tail blood was collected from each animal for the preparation of two slides per animal. For each animal, 2 000 normochromatic erythrocytes per mice were evaluated to establish the number of micronuclei and the protective effect. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (P < 0.05). Results: The phytochemical analysis of the extract detected reducing sugars and tannins. None of the concentrations of extract was cytotoxic and the cytoprotective effect was observed in A. cepa for all treatments (pre-, simultaneous and post-). The total mean of chromosome alterations in all concentrations indicated a non-mutagenic activity of the bark. The percentage of damage reduction was observed in the pre- (77.6 to 90.5 %), simultaneous (95.6 to 114.7 %) and post- (84.8 to 117.7 %) treatments. In mice, none of the dosages of extract presented mutagenic effect and the percentage of damage reduction varied from -21.16 to 78.63 % (pre-); from 27.51 to 101.28 % (simultaneous) and from 85.47 to 120.63 % (post-treatment). Conclusions: Probably, the phytochemicals in the extract did not interfere with the cell cycle (A. cepa) nor caused damage to the DNA (A. cepa and mice), and exhibited protective effect in both studied species. The observed data indicate the importance of P. bracteosa bark extract for the inhibition of damage and chemoprevention. However, more studies should be carried out to ensure its protective effect on the genetic material.

Abstract In this study, phenotypic methods presented >80% agreement with the molecular identification of 59 Candida parapsilosis complex. Growth at 15% NaCl or pH 7.0 significantly reduced cfu-counts of Candida orthopsilosis, suggesting these conditions may support the development of phenotypic methods for the differentiation of the cryptic species of C. parapsilosis complex.

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii are fungi that cause paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most prevalent systemic mycosis in South America. For serological diagnosis, although 43-kDa glycoprotein (gp43) is regarded as highly specific for PCM, the occurrence of false negative reactions in sera from patients infected with P. lutzii suggests that preparation with only one antigen is not recommended. Heat shock proteins are feasible alternatives as a second antigen because they are often highly immunogenic. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of recombinant 60-kDa heat shock protein from P. brasiliensis (rPbHsp60) for the serological diagnosis of PCM. Using western blotting assay, we observed that 77.3% of the sera from PCM patients were positive to rPbHsp60, with 90.9% positivity to recombinant gp43 (rgp43). More importantly, sera from healthy subjects had 27% positivity to rPbHsp60 and none to rgp43. When rPbHsp60 was used in ELISA, we did not observe significant differences between the reactions with sera from PCM patients and healthy subjects, while the difference was clearly evident when the antigen was rgp43. Furthermore, rPbHsp60 was recognized by sera from patients with histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, sporotrichosis or tuberculosis in an ELISA test. These results show that rPbHsp60 is not a good antigen for PCM diagnosis.

Abstract Residual mushroom waste has the potential to be composted. Sustainable agriculture considers compost and vermicompost as alternatives to be incorporated into organic vegetable production. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of compost (T2), vermicompost tea (T3), compost extract (T4), and their combination plus the addition of an inorganic element (urea) (T5), against a conventional control (T1), on soil properties and yield parameters of tomato plants grown under shade house conditions. Organic matter, moisture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), bulk density, leaf nutrient content during flowering (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn), chlorophyll content (SPAD units), fruit number and weight, and yield were the variables assessed during this research. A completely randomized experimental design was used. The organic applications showed significant increases in soil moisture (25.4 % T3), EC (0.38 dS·m-1 T5), and CEC (38.6 meq·100 g-1 T4). Crop nutrient requirements were achieved 102 days after transplanting. The chlorophyll content ranged between 46.9 and 51.4 SPAD units. The cv “Grandella” fruits attained optimal weight (152 to 155 g). The number of fruits and yield did not statistically differ between treatments; therefore, it was concluded that the organic substances by themselves or in combination with inorganic fertilizers were able to produce the same effect on yield, and also improve the physicochemical characteristics of the soil.

Resumen Los residuos del cultivo de champiñón presentan potencial para ser compostados. La agricultura sustentable considera el compost y el vermicompost como una alternativa de uso para la producción orgánica de hortalizas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto del compost (T2), té de vermicompost (T3), extracto de compost (T4) y su combinación más la adición de una fracción inorgánica (urea) (T5), contra un testigo convencional (T1), sobre las propiedades del suelo y parámetros de rendimiento de tomate bajo condiciones de casa sombra. Las variables evaluadas fueron: materia orgánica, humedad, pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), densidad aparente, contenido nutricional foliar en la etapa de floración (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe y Zn), clorofila (unidades SPAD), número y peso de frutos y rendimiento. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar. Las aplicaciones orgánicas presentaron incrementos significativos en la humedad del suelo (25.4 % T3), CE (0.38 dS·m-1 T5) y CIC (38.6 meq·100 g-1 T4). Después de 102 días del trasplante, se logró cubrir los requerimientos nutricionales del cultivo. La clorofila osciló entre 46.9 y 51.4 unidades SPAD. Los frutos alcanzaron el peso óptimo (152 a 155 g) para cv “Grandella”. El número de frutos y el rendimiento no difirieron estadísticamente entre los tratamientos; por lo que se concluyó que los materiales orgánicos solos o en combinación con fertilizantes inorgánicos fueron capaces de producir el mismo efecto en rendimiento, y además mejorar las características fisicoquímicas del suelo.

Abstract Since, there is no study reporting the mechanism of azole resistance among yeasts isolated from aquatic environments; the present study aims to investigate the occurrence of antifungal resistance among yeasts isolated from an aquatic environment, and assess the efflux-pump activity of the azole-resistant strains to better understand the mechanism of resistance for this group of drugs. For this purpose, monthly water and sediment samples were collected from Catú Lake, Ceará, Brazil, from March 2011 to February 2012. The obtained yeasts were identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. Of the 46 isolates, 37 were Candida spp., 4 were Trichosporon asahii, 3 were Cryptococcus laurentii, 1 Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and 1 was Kodamaea ohmeri. These isolates were subjected to broth microdilution assay with amphotericin B, itraconazole, and fluconazole, according to the methodology standardized by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amphotericin B, itraconazole, and fluconazole were 0.03125–2 µg/mL, 0.0625 to ≥16 µg/mL, and 0.5 to ≥64 µg/mL, respectively, and 13 resistant azole-resistant Candida isolates were detected. A reduction in the azole MICs leading to the phenotypical reversal of the azole resistance was observed upon addition of efflux-pump inhibitors. These findings suggest that the azole resistance among environmental Candida spp. is most likely associated with the overexpression of efflux-pumps.

In DNA vaccines, the gene of interest is cloned into a bacterial plasmid that is engineered to induce protein production for long periods in eukaryotic cells. Previous research has shown that the intramuscular immunization of BALB/c mice with a naked plasmid DNA fragment encoding the Mycobacterium leprae 65-kDa heat-shock protein (pcDNA3-Hsp65) induces protection against M. tuberculosis challenge. A key stage in the protective immune response after immunization is the generation of memory T cells. Previously, we have shown that B cells capture plasmid DNA-Hsp65 and thereby modulate the formation of CD8+ memory T cells after M. tuberculosis challenge in mice. Therefore, clarifying how B cells act as part of the protective immune response after DNA immunization is important for the development of more-effective vaccines. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which B cells modulate memory T cells after DNA-Hsp65 immunization. C57BL/6 and BKO mice were injected three times, at 15-day intervals, with 100 µg naked pcDNA-Hsp65 per mouse. Thirty days after immunization, the percentages of effector memory T (TEM) cells (CD4+ and CD8+/CD44high/CD62Llow) and memory CD8+ T cells (CD8+/CD44high/CD62Llow/CD127+) were measured with flow cytometry. Interferon γ, interleukin 12 (IL-12), and IL-10 mRNAs were also quantified in whole spleen cells and purified B cells (CD43−) with real-time qPCR. Our data suggest that a B-cell subpopulation expressing IL-10 downregulated proinflammatory cytokine expression in the spleen, increasing the survival of CD4+ TEM cells and CD8+ TEM/CD127+ cells.