OBJECTIVES: Despite evidence suggesting that Doppler ultrasonography can help to differentiate between benign and malignant breast lesions, it is rarely applied in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine whether certain vascular features of breast masses observed by duplex Doppler and color Doppler ultrasonography (before and/or after microbubble contrast injection) add information to the gray-scale analysis and support the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) classification. METHODS: Seventy solid lesions were prospectively evaluated with gray-scale ultrasonography, color Doppler ultrasonography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. The morphological analysis and lesion vascularity were correlated with the histological results. RESULTS: Percutaneous core biopsies revealed that 25/70 (17.5%) lesions were malignant, while 45 were benign. Hypervascular lesions with tortuous and central vessels, a resistive index (RI)≥0.73 before contrast injection, and an RI≥0.75 after contrast injection were significantly predictive of malignancy (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The combination of gray-scale ultrasonography data with unenhanced or enhanced duplex Doppler and color Doppler US data can provide diagnostically useful information. These techniques can be easily implemented because Doppler devices are already present in most health centers.

Objective Prostatic artery embolization (PAE) for the treatment of patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is believed to be a safe procedure with a low risk of adverse side effects. Artery embolization is a viable treatment option in patients who are refractory to the classic noninvasive treatments. Knowledge of the histological characteristics of prostate tissue following the procedure is still limited. In this study, we describe the microscopic aspects of the prostate following PAE for BPH. Materials and Methods Two patients underwent transurethral resections of the prostate (TURP) after PAE. Embolizations were performed under local anesthesia with an initial pelvic angiography to evaluate the iliac vessels and the prostate arteries using a 2.8 French microcatheter. The prostate was embolized with 300-500µm Microspheres (Embosphere®), using complete blood stasis as the end point. The prostate tissues were analyzed histologically to characterize the effects of the embolization. Results The embolic material within the prostate tissue was easily identified as homogeneous, bright eosin-red spheroids filling the vessel lumens. Ischemic necrosis surrounded or not by chronic inflammatory reactions containing macrophages were considered as a result of the artery embolization. Also, some aspects related to the healing process were observed being fibrotic nodules surrounded by glands with squamous metaplasia of the epithelial lining the most important. In the remaining sections, due to the precocious surgical intervention, the classic findings of BPH were still present with the glandular and stromal hyperplasia associated with nonspecific chronic prostatitis. Conclusions This is the first description of prostate histology in BPH patients treated by PAE, a new procedure that is being used increasingly as a therapeutic intervention. The recognition of the changes caused by this new modality of treatment has become a very important differential in a chronic granulomatous reaction of the prostate tissue.

OBJETIVO: Determinar as conseqüências do uso crônico de corticosteróides sistêmicos em crianças com artrite reumatóide juvenil através da avaliação dos efeitos osteocondrais à ressonância magnética. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Achados clínicos e imaginológicos (ressonância magnética) de 72 joelhos em 69 crianças com artrite reumatóide juvenil foram revisados. Trinta e quatro (49.3%) pacientes fizeram uso prévio de corticoterapia sistêmica (22 pacientes do sexo feminino; 12 pacientes do sexo masculino; idade média: 11.3 anos; duração média da doença: 5.9 anos; duração média da corticoterapia: 2.9 anos; dose média cumulativa de corticosteróides: 5000 mg); 35 (50.7%) pacientes não haviam feito uso prévio de corticoterapia sistêmica (27 pacientes do sexo feminino; 8 pacientes do sexo masculino; idade média: 11.7 anos; duração média da doença: 5.3 anos). RESULTADOS: No grupo que recebeu corticoterapia sistêmica prévia (Grupo I) a presença de alterações osteocondrais à ressonância magnética relacionou-se de uma forma estatisticamente significativa com longo tempo de duração da doença (>3.5 years; P<0.001). Tal relação não foi estabelecida no grupo de pacientes sem uso prévio de corticosteróides sistêmicos (Group II). Da mesma forma, não houve relação entre a dose média de corticosteróides e os achados à ressonância magnética. CONCLUSÃO: É importante avaliar-se os efeitos intra-articulares a longo prazo do uso crônico de corticoterapia sistêmica em artrite reumatóide juvenil à ressonância magnética, uma vez que os efeitos colaterais de uma terapia agressiva não devem ser potencialmente mais deletérios às articulações que os efeitos do curso natural da doença.

PURPOSE: To determine the consequences of the chronic use of systemic corticosteroids in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis by means of evaluating osteochondral effects depicted by magnetic resonance imaging. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 69 children (72 knees) with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Two groups were studied. Group I: 34 (49.3%) children had previous or current use of systemic corticotherapy (22 girls; 12 boys; mean age: 11.3 years; mean disease duration: 5.9 years; mean corticotherapy duration: 2.9 years; mean cumulative dose of previous corticosteroids: 5000 mg); Group II: 35 (50.7%) children had no previous use of corticosteroids (27 girls; 8 boys; mean age: 11.7 years; mean disease duration: 5.3 years). The groups were compared statistically. RESULTS: In the group that had received corticotherapy (Group I), osteochondral abnormalities were significantly correlated to long-standing disease (>3.5 years; p<0.001). This correlation was not found in the group that had no previous history of corticotherapy (Group II). No correlations were established between median dose of corticosteroids and magnetic resonance imaging findings. CONCLUSION: It is important to further investigate the long-term intra-articular effects of systemic corticotherapy to ensure that the side effects of the aggressive therapy will not be more harmful for the joints than the symptoms suffered over the natural course of the disease.

A quantificação da adiposidade visceral é de suma importância, pois a gordura visceral é a grande responsável pelas complicações metabólicas da população obesa. O método de escolha para tal quantificação é a Tomografia Computadorizada. No entanto, este exame tem alto custo, é pouco prático e submete os indivíduos aos riscos da irradiação. A medida de cintura, a relação cintura-quadril e o diâmetro sagital são métodos que determinam indiretamente a gordura visceral. A ultra-sonografia tem sido proposta como uma técnica não invasiva para a avaliação de gordura intra-abdominal. No presente estudo foram determinadas, através da ultra-sonografia, as espessuras subcutâneas e intra-abdominais em 29 mulheres obesas em pré-menopausa. Estes valores foram comparados com os parâmetros antropométricos e com as áreas subcutâneas e viscerais medidas pela tomografia computadorizada. A espessura intra-abdominal foi a variável que obteve maior coeficiente de correlação com as áreas adiposas viscerais. Para a equação preditiva de área visceral, além da espessura intra-abdominal, foram incluídas as variáveis espessura subcutânea e medida de cintura. A espessura intra-abdominal mostrou correlação significativa com os níveis tensionais e com os valores de triglicerídeos. A correlação entre a ultra-sonografia e a tomografia computadorizada foi maior no grupo onde as áreas viscerais eram maiores. A ultra-sonografia é um método útil para a determinação do tecido adiposo visceral.

The measurement of visceral adipose tissue is very important as the visceral fat plays a major role in the metabolic disorders of the obese people. Computed tomography is the reference method for intra-abdominal fat evaluation, but it is expensive, with fairly limited availability and employs ionizing radiations. Waist circumference, waist/hip ratio and sagittal diameter are considered representative measurements of visceral fat. However they remain indirect means for calculating intra-abdominal adipose deposits. Sonography has been proposed as a noninvasive technique for measuring visceral fat. In this study subcutaneous and intra-abdominal thickness were measured by sonography on 29 premenopausal obese females. The results were compared with the anthropometric methods and with the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue areas measured by computed tomography. Ultrasound intra-abdominal thickness was the variable with highest correlation coefficient with visceral fat areas. In the predictive equations for visceral adipose tissue area besides intra-abdominal thickness, subcutaneous fat thickness and waist circumference was included. The intra-abdominal thickness showed significant correlations with the blood pressure level and triglyceride level. The correlation between sonography and computed tomography was highest as visceral fat area increased. Sonography is a useful method for measuring visceral adipose tissue.

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar se a Gordura intra Abdominal medida pela Ultra-Sonografia (GAUS) em homens e mulheres tem associação com os fatores de risco cardiovascular, comparar essa medida com a circunferência abdominal e diâmetro sagital para precisar qual destes métodos é o melhor preditor de risco cardiovascular (CV), e tentar encontrar um ponto de corte para GAUS que possa definir maior risco de doença CV. Cento e noventa e um homens sadios e 231 mulheres sadias foram submetidas à medidas antropométricas, medidas de pressão arterial sistêmica e dosagens laboratoriais para colesterol, HDL, triglicerídeos e glicemia. A ultra-sonografia intra-abdominal foi realizada para medir espessura visceral. A amostra foi dividida em três grupos de acordo com a presença dos seguintes fatores de risco cardiovascular: 1) grupo de moderado risco - presença de dois ou mais dos fatores: col > 200mg/dL, HDL-colesterol < 45mg/dL, TG > 200mg/dL, Glic > 126mg/dL, PAs > 140mmHg, PAd > 90mmHg; 2) grupo de alto risco com dois ou mais dos fatores: total col > 240mg/dL, HDL-colesterol < 35mg/dL, TG > 200mg/dL +HDL < 35mg/dL, Glic > 126mg/dL, PAs > 140mmHg, PAd > 90mmHg; 3) grupo sem risco: com um ou nenhum dos fatores de risco presentes. Os resultados mostraram que a GAUS tem associação com todos os fatores de risco cardiovascular e tem melhor especificidade e acurácia que a circunferência abdominal e o diâmetro sagital. O valor de 7cm para ambos os sexos foi o ponto de corte para GAUS para predizer risco moderado; 8 e 9cm foram os pontos de cortes obtidos para GAUS para predizer alto risco CV em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. A GAUS é um método útil de determinar espessura visceral e parece ser capaz de predizer risco cardiovascular.

The objective of our study was to determine if Intra Abdominal Thickness measured by Ultrasonography (IATU) has correlation with cardiovascular risk factors, and if it is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than waist circumference and sagittal diameter. Finally we tried to find a cut off point for abdominal thickness measured by Ultrasonography to predict cardiovascular disease (CVD). One hundred ninety one healthy men and 231 healthy women were submitted to anthropometric evaluation and blood pressure measure. Blood samples were drawn for total plasma cholesterol, HDL, triglyceride and glucose determination. Intra-abdominal Ultrasonography was performed to measure abdominal thickness. The population was divided in three groups according to the presence of CVD risk factors: 1) moderately risk group (MR) with two or more of the following: total chol > 200mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol < 45mg/dL, TRIG > 200mg/dL, Glu > 126mg/DI, SBP > 140mmHg, DBP > 90mmHg; 2) high risk group (HR) with two or more of the indicated: total chol > 240mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol < 35mg/dl, TRIG > 200mg/dl + HDL-cholesterol < 35mg/dl, Glu > 126mg/dl, SBP > 140mmHg, DBP > 90mmHg; 3) no risk group (NR) - with only one or none of the risk factors indicated in the moderate and high group. The results showed that IATU has association with all cardiovascular risk factors and has better specificity and accurately for CVD risk than waist circumference and sagittal diameter. The values of 7cm for both sexes was the cut off lengths obtained by IATU to predict moderate CV risk; 8 and 9cm were the cut off length obtained by IATU to predict high CV risk for men and for women respectively. The IATU is a useful way to determine visceral fat and seems to be predictive of cardiovascular risk.

Achados angiográficos de quatro pacientes portadores de tumor hepático com fístula arteriovenosa transtumoral intra-hepática (duas arterioveno portais e duas arterioveno hepáticas). Concomitantemente, é mostrado o resultado após embolização com cianoacrilato (Histoacryl®) em um paciente e após introdução de Lipiodol® em dois. São comentadas as características fisiopatológicas especiais de cada um dos dois tipos de fístula e as eventuais conseqüências da passagem da mistura quimioembolizante através do tumor: gênese de abcessos hepáticos, resposta irregular ao tratamento e complicações pulmonares. Apesar do Lipiodol® atravessar a fístula arteriovenosa e se alojar nos ramos terminais da veia porta ou no pulmão, através das veias hepáticas, não há contra-indicação para o tratamento quimioembólico, mas se torna conveniente a oclusão prévia da artéria nutriente desta comunicação mediante o uso de cianoacrilato (Hystoacryl®). Comenta-se que, deste modo, obtém-se o alívio da hipertensão portal nas fístulas arterioveno portais e se evitam as complicações decorrentes da passagem da mistura através da comunicação arteriovenosa em ambos os tipos. O diagnóstico, apesar de difícil, é importante e habitualmente é feito por meio da angiografia abdominal; todavia a ultra-sonografia com Doppler tornada mais sensível com o uso de contraste específico, pode alertar para a presença desta complicação vascular. Sugere-se a adoção de um algoritmo diagnóstico no estudo dos tumores hepáticos que inclua este exame, para a identificação destas fístulas, previamente ao tratamento quimioembólico. Conclui-se recomendando que este exame seja o primeiro na seqüência diagnóstica dos tumores hepáticos, por ser procedimento não-invasivo e que a arteriografia, por ser método invasivo, seja reservada para o tratamento.

The authors present the angiographic aspects of four patients having an arteriovenous trashepatic transtumoral fistula (two arterioportal and two arteriovenous). The angiographic results of the occlusion with cyanoacrylate (Hystoacryl®) of the right hepatic artery in one and by the infusion of Lipiodol® in two are also shown. The physiopathological characteristics of each kind of fistula are discussed and the consequences of the passage of the quimioembolizing mixture through the tumor, regarding intrahepatic abcess formation, irregular clinical results and pulmonary complications are commented. These complications make the diagnosis of a transtumoral transhepatic arteriovenous fistula, previuosly to the chemoembolic treatment important, even though beeing frequently difficult, because of the reduced caliber of the feeding artery and eventual low transfistular bloodflow. The efficient occlusion of the arterioportal fistula with Hystoacryl® was favourably compared to the infusion of Lipiodol®, wich was unable to occlude the arteriovenous fistula. The contraindication to perform chemoembolic treatment of hepatic tumors, when an intrahepatic transtumoral arteriovenous fistula is present and the embolization of the fistular feeding atery is stressed. Ultrasonography using color Doppler and sono-enhancing contrast is appointed as the ideal non-invasive means of making the diagnosis of an hepatic transtumoral fistula and makes it eligible to be the first test in the algorithm for the appraisal of hepatic tumors.