Resumen Antecedentes: Aunque los pacientes con enfermedad celiaca (EC) tienen en su mayoría manifestaciones digestivas, algunos pueden presentarlas de índole extraintestinal (atípicas), como anemia crónica, ataxia y trastornos de la fertilidad. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de anticuerpos relacionados con EC en mujeres mexicanas con trastornos de la fertilidad. Material y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles de mujeres que acudieron a valoración por trastornos de la fertilidad en un centro especializado. Se cuantificó h-tTG IgA, gliadina IgA II y gliadina IgG II; los títulos > 30 UI fueron considerados como positivos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 171 casos y 171 controles; 137 pacientes (80.1 %) tuvieron infertilidad y 34 (19.9 %), esterilidad. Ocho pacientes (4.6 %, IC 95 % = 2.3-8.9) tuvieron al menos un marcador positivo para EC comparadas con una mujer del grupo control (0.5 %, IC 95 % = 0.01-3, p = 0.04, razón de momios = 8.3). Seis de las ocho pacientes presentaron infertilidad inexplicable. Conclusiones: Hasta 4.6 % de las mujeres con infertilidad presentó al menos un marcador positivo para EC. Al igual que en otras partes del mundo, podría recomendarse el escrutinio para EC en mujeres con infertilidad, en especial en quienes padecen infertilidad inexplicable.

Abstract Background: Although most patients with celiac disease (CD) have digestive manifestations, in some of them they may be of extraintestinal (atypical) nature, such as chronic anemia, ataxia, and fertility disorders. Objective: To determine the prevalence of CD-related antibodies in Mexican women with fertility disorders. Material and methods: Case-control study of women who attended evaluation for fertility disorders in a specialized center. h-tTG-IgA, gliadin IgA II and gliadin IgG II were quantified; titers > 30 IU were considered positive. Results: One-hundred and seventy-one cases and 171 controls were included; 137 patients (80.1%) had infertility, and 34 (19.9%), sterility. Eight patients (4.6%, 95% CI = 2.3-8.9) had at least one positive marker for CD in comparison with one woman in the control group (0.5%, 95% CI = 0.01-3, p = 0.04, odds ratio = 8.3). Six of the eight patients had unexplained infertility. Conclusions: Up to 4.6% of women with infertility had at least one positive marker for CD. As in other parts of the world, screening for CD could be recommended in women with infertility, especially in those with unexplained infertility.

Abstract The use of beneficial microorganisms in agriculture can increase the productivity of agricultural crops; however, there are few studies that consider aromatic plants, such as basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of 'Sweet Nufar' basil inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Azospirillum brasilense. The treatments tested were: 1) without microorganisms (control), 2) Rizhophagus intraradices, 3) Funneliformis mosseae, 4) AMF consortium, 5) Azospirillum brasilense, 6) R. intraradices + A. brasilense and 7) without microorganisms and irrigated with 100 % Steiner's nutrient solution. Treatments 1 to 6 were irrigated with the same nutrient solution, but at 50 %. Fifty days after transplanting, growth variables, mineral concentration, colonization percentage and number of AMF spores were recorded. The AMF and A. brasilense bacterium increased the fresh biomass weight and leaf area of 'Nufar' basil, which was associated with the highest concentration of nitrogen and potassium in the plant tissue. This implies that the microorganisms evaluated increase the development and growth of basil grown with reduced levels of mineral nutrition, which represents a sustainable alternative in the agronomic management of this crop under greenhouse conditions.

Resumen El uso de microorganismos benéficos en la agricultura puede incrementar la productividad de los cultivos agrícolas; sin embargo, existen pocos estudios que consideran a las plantas aromáticas, como la albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.). El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el crecimiento de albahaca ‘Sweet Nufar’ inoculada con hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) y Azospirillum brasilense. Los tratamientos ensayados fueron: 1) sin microorganismos (testigo), 2) Rizhophagus intraradices, 3) Funneliformis mosseae, 4) consorcio de HMA, 5) Azospirillum brasilense, 6) R. intraradices + A. brasilense y 7) sin microorganismos e irrigados con solución nutritiva de Steiner al 100 %. Los tratamientos del 1 al 6 se irrigaron con la misma solución nutritiva, pero al 50 %. Cincuenta días después del trasplante se midieron variables de crecimiento, concentración mineral, porcentaje de colonización y número de esporas de HMA. Los HMA y la bacteria A. brasilense incrementaron el peso de biomasa fresca y el área foliar de albahaca ‘Nufar’, lo cual se asoció con la mayor concentración de nitrógeno y potasio en el tejido vegetal. Lo anterior implica que los microorganismos evaluados aumentan el desarrollo y el crecimiento de albahaca cultivada con niveles de nutrición mineral reducido, lo que representa una alternativa sustentable en el manejo agronómico de dicho cultivo en condiciones de invernadero.

Resumen Antecedentes: El cáncer de células pequeñas (CPCP) representa el 13-15% del total de neoplasias primarias de pulmón. Se caracteriza por su rapidez en la tasa de crecimiento y en el desarrollo de metástasis a distancia. Objetivos: Orientar y estandarizar el tratamiento del CPCP, enfermedad limitada, en México, basado en evidencia clínica nacional e internacional. Material y métodos: Este documento se desarrolló como una colaboración entre el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología y la Sociedad Mexicana de Oncología en cumplimiento con estándares internacionales. Se integró un grupo conformado por oncólogos médicos, cirujanos oncólogos, cirujanos de tórax, radio-oncólogos y metodólogos con experiencia en revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura y guías de práctica clínica. Resultados: Se consensuaron, por el método Delphi y en reuniones a distancia, las recomendaciones en CPCP enfermedad limitada, producto de las preguntas de trabajo. Se identificó y evaluó críticamente la evidencia científica que responde a cada una de dichas preguntas clínicas, antes de incorporarla a la guía. Conclusión: Esta guía proporciona recomendaciones clínicas para el manejo de la enfermedad limitada del CPCP y durante el proceso de toma de decisiones de los clínicos involucrados con su manejo en nuestro país para mejorar la calidad de la atención clínica en estos pacientes.

Abstract Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents 13-15% of all primary lung neoplasms and is characterized by rapid growth rate and development of distant metastases. Objectives: To guide and standardize the treatment of limited disease small cell lung cancer in Mexico based on national and international clinical evidence. Material and methods: This document was developed as a collaboration between the National Cancer Institute and the Mexican Society of Oncology in compliance with international standards. An interdisciplinary group was formed, including medical oncologists, oncological surgeons, thoracic surgeons, radiation oncologists, and methodologists with experience in systematic reviews of the literature and clinical practice guidelines. Results: Consensus recommendations were reached, both by the Delphi method and in remote meetings, for limited SCLC disease resulting from the same number of work questions. The scientific evidence that answers each of these clinical questions was identified and critically evaluated, before being incorporated into the body of evidence of the guide. Conclusion: This guide provides clinical recommendations for the management of limited disease SCLC to contribute to the decision-making process of the clinicians involved with its management in our country, hoping that this will contribute to improving the quality of clinical care in these patients.

Abstract Two new species of Asphondylia inducing galls on Asteraceae are described, A. gaucha from the state of Rio Grande do Sul and A. mineira from the state of Minas Gerais. Their host plants are Vernonanthura discolor (Sprengel) H. Rob., and V. polyanthes (Sprengel) Vega & Dematteis, respectively, both native to Brazil. Illustrations of relevant morphological characters are provided. The new species are compared with congeneric Neotropical species. The types are deposited in the Entomological Collection of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.

Resumen: La calabacita es una hortaliza de gran relevancia agrícola y social en México, por lo que la implementación de alternativas como el uso de productos de origen biológico, puede contribuir al mejoramiento y al incremento de las ganancias en este cultivo. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de la fertilización química y biológica en el crecimiento, rendimiento y rentabilidad del cultivo de la calabacita. El estudio se estableció bajo riego en Tlayacapan, Morelos, México, donde se trasplantó plántulas de calabacita italiana variedad Adelita, los tratamientos consistieron en la aplicación al suelo de extracto de algas marinas [Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis] y Rhizophagus irregularis (Błaszk., Wubet, Renker & Buscot) C. Walker & A. Schüßler (2010) en mezcla con fertilizantes químicos. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Para evaluar el crecimiento del cultivo, se registró el área foliar, materia seca por planta, con el cual se determinó la tasa de crecimiento del cultivo, tasa absoluta de crecimiento, rendimiento del cultivo, peso, diámetro y largo del fruto. También se realizó un análisis económico para determinar la rentabilidad de cada tratamiento. En general, se observó que la aplicación de la fertilización química al 100% promovió la mayor área foliar, peso fresco de la planta, materia seca, tasa absoluta de crecimiento, tasa de crecimiento del cultivo, rendimiento y peso de fruto en el cultivo de calabacita, lo que generó una mejor rentabilidad. La fertilización con algas marinas complementó la fertilización química y generó una mejor respuesta en las variables evaluadas en comparación a R. irregularis.

Summary: Zucchini is a vegetable of great agricultural and social relevance in Mexico, hence, the implementation of alternatives such as the use of products of biological origin, can contribute to the improvement and increase of profits in this crop. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of chemical and biological fertilization on the growth, yield, and profitability of the zucchini crop. The study was established under irrigation in Tlayacapan, Morelos, Mexico, where seedlings of Italian zucchini variety Adelita were transplanted. The treatments consisted of the application of seaweed extract [Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis] and Rhizophagus irregularis (Błaszk., Wubet, Renker & Buscot) C. Walker & A. Schüßler (2010) to the soil mixed with chemical fertilizers. A random complete block design with four repetitions was used. To evaluate crop growth and leaf area dry matter per plant was recorded, with which the growth rate of the crop, absolute growth rate, crop yield, weight, diameter, and length of the fruit were determined. In addition, an economic analysis was performed to determine the profitability of each treatment. Overall, it was observed that the application of 100% chemical fertilization promoted the largest leaf area, fresh plant weight, dry matter, absolute growth rate, crop growth rate, yield, and fruit weight in zucchini cultivation, which caused improved profitability. Fertilization with seaweed complemented chemical fertilization and generated a better response in the variables evaluated compared to R. irregularis.

Abstract: This article presents the planning and application of the inverted class pedagogical model for teaching-learning of geometry. The inverted class methodology is an alternative method for skill development in working undergraduate students and in non-working undergraduate students, and represents an adequate option for developing competences and essential learning such as geometry. In Chile, geometry is part of the basic mathematical curricular line in different areas of professional education for the development of essential skills. This study was conducted on 176 first year mining engineering students and metalurgic engineering students that were taking a geometry class. The results showed improvements in the academic performance of both non-working students and working-students, and comparing both improvements, higher academic performance is obtained from the former. Thus, this work demonstrates the applicability of the inverted class for the education of working students.

Resumen: Este artículo presenta la planificación y aplicación del modelo pedagógico de clase invertida para la enseñanza-aprendizaje de geometría. La metodología de clase invertida es una alternativa para el desarrollo de competencias en estudiantes trabajadores y no trabajadores de pregrado, y representa una alternativa adecuada para el desarrollo de competencias y aprendizajes esenciales como la geometría. En Chile, la geometría es parte de la línea curricular matemática base en diferentes áreas de formación profesional para el desarrollo de competencias esenciales. Este estudio se realizó con 176 estudiantes chilenos de primer año de las carreras de ingeniería en mina e ingeniería en metalurgia que cursaban la asignatura de geometría. Los resultados muestran mejoras en rendimiento académico de estudiantes no trabajadores y en estudiantes trabajadores, y comparando ambas mejoras, se obtiene un desempeño académico superior de los primeros. Así, este trabajo demuestra la aplicabilidad de la clase invertida para la educación de estudiantes trabajadores.

Abstract Red algae recorded in the literature from the coast of Michoacán were extensively reviewed. Additionally, these data were supplemented with sampling in 12 localities from 2006 to 2014. A total of 124 taxones of red algae (121 species, 2 varieties and 1 form) were determined; from these, 54 were new records from Michoacán, being Neogoniolithon megalocystum y Ophidocladus simpliciusculus new records for the Pacific coast of Mexico. The family Rhodomelaceae was the best represented with 18 taxones, followed by Ceramiaceae with 13. The 54 new records added to the 112 previous records in the study area, increased the number of Rhodophyta from Michoacán to 166 taxones. The floristic list is accompanied by data of presence, seasonality, reproduction, habitat and bibliographic references. Most of the Rhodophyta of Michoacán is of tropical affinity, and taxones from temperate regions are also found. Species diversity was compared between the rainy and dry seasons, the greatest diversity was found during the dry season. The coast of Michoacán has the highest specific richness of Rhodophyta compared to other states such as Nayarit, Colima, Jalisco, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas.

Resumen Se hizo una investigación bibliográfica de algas rojas registradas para la costa de Michoacán, México. Se añadieron datos obtenidos de muestreos realizados en 12 localidades de 2006 a 2014, con el fin de contribuir al conocimiento de las Rhodophyta de la región. Se determinaron 124 taxones (121 especies, 2 variedades y 1 forma), 54 de ellos son nuevos registros para Michoacán, se citan por primera vez: Neogoniolithon megalocystum y Ophidocladus simpliciusculus para la costa del Pacífico de México. Las familias mejor representadas fueron Rhodomelaceae con 18 taxones y Ceramiaceae 13. Los 54 nuevos registros sumados a los 112 previos en el área de estudio, incrementó el número de Rhodophyta de Michoacán a 166 taxones. La lista florística se acompaña con datos de presencia, estacionalidad, estado fenológico, hábitat y referencias bibliográficas. La mayoría de las Rhodophyta de Michoacán tienen afinidad tropical encontrándose también taxones de regiones templadas. Se comparó la riqueza específica entre las estaciones climáticas de lluvias y de secas durante el periodo de estudio, siendo mayor en la segunda. El litoral de Michoacán tiene la riqueza específica más alta de Rhodophyta comparada con Nayarit, Colima, Jalisco, Guerrero, Oaxaca y Chiapas.

Abstract Introduction In the center of Mexico, the Flor de Junio (FJ) bean type has high demand; it is produced under irrigated and rainfall conditions in Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi and Guanajuato. In general, the grain of FJ type cultivars darkens during storage. The objective was to identify bean lines FJ type, previously selected based on seed coat darkening, of stable high yield and grain weight under rainfall conditions. Method An experiment was established under rainfall conditions with 42 F9 lines from the biparental cross between Pinto Saltillo / Dalia at Calera, Zac., and Celaya, Gto. In Celaya, the parents were established in a separate trial within the same locality. The variables evaluated were weight of one hundred seeds and yield per hectare. A combined analysis was carried out, considering the effects of localities, lines and genotype x environment interaction (IGA). To determine the IGA level of each line, the AMMI model was used. The five lines with superior yield performance were exposed for 72 h to UV rays, in order to evaluate accelerated seed coat darkening; the intensity of the color and degree of clarity of the coat was determined together with the slow darkening check, Pinto Saltillo. Results and Discussion For both studied traits, there were significant differences between environments, genotypes and interaction (P ≤ 0.05). Some lines showed greater seed weight and yield than the trial average, compared with the parents established in Celaya, which could be attributed to complementary genes with additive action, in addition to observing transgressive segregation, both positive and negative. The highest yielding lines, from 2,203 to 2,334 kg ha-1 were PS / D-M-M-26-1-M, PS / D-M-M-38-1-M, PS / D-M-M-17-1-M, PS / D-M-M-42-1-M and PS / D-M-M-39-1-M. The AMMI analysis for hundred seed weight variable, indicated that 47.27 % of the variation was due to the locality, 38.66 by the genotypes and 14.07 % by the interaction. For seed yield, 13.79 % of the variation was explained by the locality, 40.77 % by the genotype and 45.44 by the interaction. The line PS / D-M-M-38-1-M showed low IGA, therefore is highly stable. The lines at the beginning of the UV treatment were slightly darker than Pinto Saltillo but their gradual increase during the process was lower than that of the check. Conclusions Average of both test locations, high yielding lines were superior to the average of the lines. The higher yielding lines also presented the slow darkening trait. Line PS / D-M-M-38-1-M, of low IGA, resulted outstanding in all recorded traits.

Resumen Introducción En el centro de México, el frijol tipo Flor de Junio (FJ) es de alta demanda; se produce bajo condiciones de riego y temporal en Zacatecas, San Luís Potosí y Guanajuato. Por lo general el grano de las variedades del tipo FJ muestra oscurecimiento en el almacén. El objetivo fue identificar líneas de frijol tipo FJ, seleccionadas previamente por oscurecimiento, de alto rendimiento y peso del grano estables bajo condiciones de temporal. Método Se estableció en Celaya, Gto., un experimento bajo condiciones de temporal con 42 líneas F7 provenientes de la cruza biparental entre Pinto Saltillo / Dalia en Calera, Zac. y Celaya, Gto. Los progenitores se establecieron en un ensayo separado dentro de la misma localidad. Las variables evaluadas fueron peso de cien semillas y rendimiento por hectárea. Se realizó un análisis combinado que consideró los efectos de localidades, líneas e interacción genotipo x ambiente (IGA). Para determinar el nivel de IGA de cada línea se utilizó el modelo AMMI. Las cinco líneas con rendimiento superior fueron expuestas por 72 h a rayos UV para su oscurecimiento acelerado y se determinó cuantitativamente la intensidad del color y grado de claridad de la testa junto con el testigo de oscurecimiento lento, Pinto Saltillo. Resultados y Discusión Para ambas variables evaluadas hubo diferencias significativas entre ambientes, genotipos e interacción (P ≤ 0.05). Algunas líneas presentaron mayor peso y rendimiento que el promedio, y comparadas con los progenitores establecidos en Celaya, lo que se puede atribuir a genes complementarios con acción génica aditiva, además de observarse segregación transgresiva, tanto positiva como negativa. Las líneas de mayor rendimiento, de 2.203 a 2.334 kg. ha-1 fueron PS/D-M-M-26-1-M, PS/D-M-M-38-1-M, PS/D-M-M-17-1-M, PS/D-M-M-42-1-M y PS/D-M-M-39-1-M. El análisis AMMI para peso de cien semillas indicó que 47.27 % de la variación la explicó el ambiente, 38.66 los genotipos y la interacción el 14.07 %. Para el rendimiento 13.79 % de la variación fue explicada por el ambiente, 40.77 % por el genotipo y 45.44 por la interacción. La línea PS/D-M-M-38-1-M mostro baja IGA, por lo cual se considera estable. Las líneas al inicio del tratamiento con UV fueron ligeramente más oscuras que Pinto Saltillo, sin embargo, durante el proceso el incremento gradual fue menor que el del testigo. Conclusiones En promedio, en ambas localidades de prueba, se identificaron líneas de alto rendimiento, superiores al promedio de las líneas. Las líneas de mayor rendimiento también presentaron la característica de oscurecimiento lento. La línea PS/D-M-M-38-1-M, de baja IGA, resultó sobresaliente en todas las características evaluadas.

Introduction: intragastric balloons provide early satiety and thereby induce short-term weight loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and short and medium-term effectiveness of gastric balloons associated to hypocaloric diet in obesity. Material and methods: from May 2004 to June 2011 91 obese patients, body mass index [BMI] 45.2 ± 7.2 kg/m² were prospectively followed after endoscopic implantation of a gastric balloon associated to restricted diet. Successful therapy was defined as percent loss of total weight (%LTW) ≥ 5% at six months after balloon placement and 6 and 12 months after their withdrawal. All analyses followed intention-to treat principles considering significant p-values < 0.05. Results: we placed 73 fluid-filled balloons (80.2%) and 18 air-filled ones (19.8%). Compared to baseline values, at 6-month 73.7% subjects succeeded, showing significant reductions in weight (13.3 ± 8.8 kg), BMI (5 ± 3.4 kg/m²) (p < 0.0001), with% LTW 11 ± 7%. Six and twelve months after retrieval 45.1% and 28.6% patients reached% LTW ≥ 5%. Short-term and medium-term effectiveness was negatively associated to obesity in first-grade relatives (p = 0.003 and p = 0.04). Higher weight loss 6 months after balloon placement independently predicted medium-term effectiveness (p = 0.0001). Mortality was absent but there were two spontaneous deflations of air-filled balloons and severe withdrawal difficulties in 8 patients, leading to surgery in one case. Retrieval complications associated to air-filled balloons (p = 0.0005). Conclusions: in obesity, effectiveness of gastric balloons associated to hypocaloric diet decreases over time. Complications occurred mainly in the retrieval endoscopic procedure and related to air-filled balloons.

Introducción: el balón gástrico produce saciedad precoz favoreciendo la pérdida de peso en un corto plazo de tiempo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la seguridad y la efectividad del tratamiento mediante balón gástrico y dieta hipocalórica en la obesidad. Material y métodos: estudio de cohortes prospectivo en 91 pacientes obesos sometidos a balón gástrico durante 6 meses. Como criterio de efectividad se consideró el porcentaje de peso perdido (PPP) ≥ 5% 6 meses tras su colocación y 6 y 12 meses tras su retirada. Analizamos los resultados por intención de tratar, considerando significativos los valores de p < 0,05. Resultados: empleamos 73 balones rellenos de líquido (80,2%) y 18 de aire (19,8%). Tras 6 meses un 73,7% de pacientes alcanzó el objetivo terapéutico mostrando descenso de peso (13,3 ± 8,8 kg) e IMC (5 ± 3,4 kg/m²) (p < 0,0001), con PPP 11 ± 7%. Transcurridos 6 y 12 meses de la retirada un 45,1% y 28,6% mantenían un PPP ≥ 5%. La efectividad a corto y medio plazo se asoció negativamente con obesidad en familiares (p = 0,003 y p = 0,04). La pérdida ponderal lograda tras 6 meses se asoció con efectividad a medio plazo (p = 0,0001). No existió mortalidad, observando 2 desinflados espontáneos y 8 retiradas complicadas, requiriendo cirugía 1 paciente. Los balones rellenos de aire presentaron más complicaciones (p = 0,0005). Conclusiones: la efectividad del tratamiento combinando balón gástrico y dieta hipocalórica en la obesidad disminuye a lo largo del tiempo. Las complicaciones ocurrieron mayoritariamente durante la retirada endoscópica y con el empleo de balones rellenos de aire.

Background: several individual and epidemiological risk factors have been associated with recurrent wheezing after acute bronchiolitis (AB). Few research studies focus on very young infants under six months old. Objectives: to find what risk factors are associated with recurrent wheezing in young infants (<6 month-old) hospitalized with moderate to severe acute bronchiolitis (AB) at our setting. Material and methods: a prospective-retrospective, observational study was designed and carried out from January 2009 to December 2011 in a secondary care hospital. Eighty previously healthy patients aged 7-180 days, hospitalized with a first episode of acute moderate AB, were studied. Results: the mean age of infants was 69±42 (range 7-180) days. Crude analysis of relative risk (RR) for recurrent wheezing showed an increased RR in males (p=0.05, RR=1.7 CI 95%: 0.9-3.1), patients in daycare (p=0.03, RR=1.9 CI 95%: 1.1-3.3), with elder siblings (p=0.03, RR=2.2 CI 95%: 0.9-5.1), high-flow therapy (p=0.05, RR=2.1 CI 95%: 1.3-3.6), critical care (p=0.01, RR=2.5 CI 95%: 1.6-3.8), and mechanical ventilation (p=0.05, RR=2.7 CI 95%: 2.0-3.7). After multivariate analysis, daycare attention (OR: 6.06, CI 95%: 1.4-25; p=0.013) and having elder siblings (OR: 4.1, CI 95% 1.1-14.5, p=0.029) were found to be independent risk factors for recurrent wheezing. Conclusions: daycare attendance and having elder siblings were independently associated with recurrent wheezing. We suggest that severity of bronchiolitis (needing PICU, high flow therapy and mechanical ventilation) is a remarkable risk factor for recurrent wheezing one year after AB.

Introducción y objetivos: diversos factores de riesgo se han asociado con las sibilancias recurrentes después de la bronquiolitis aguda (BA). El objetivo es conocer los factores de riesgo asociados con las sibilancias recurrentes en lactantes (menores de seis meses) previamente sanos hospitalizados con BA en nuestro medio. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, retrospectivo desde enero de 2009 hasta diciembre 2010. Se incluyeron 80 pacientes. Resultados: la media de edad de los niños fue de 69±42 (rango 7-180) días. En el análisis crudo de riesgo relativo (RR) se obtuvo un aumento del RR de sibilancias recurrentes en los pacientes que acudían la guardería (p=0,03; RR: 1,9; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 1,1 a 3,3), aquellos con hermanos mayores (p=0,03; RR: 2,2; IC 95%: 0,9 a 5,1), pacientes con necesidad de sistemas de alto flujo humidificado y calentado (p=0,05; RR: 2,1; IC 95%: 1,3 a 3,6), ingresados en Cuidados Intensivos (p=0,01; RR: 2,5; IC 95%: 1,06 a 3,08), y con ventilación mecánica (p=0,05; RR: 2,7; IC 95%: 2,0 a 3,7). Tras el análisis multivariante, la asistencia a guardería (odds ratio [OR]: 6,06; IC 95%: 1,4 a 25; p=0,013) y tener hermanos mayores (OR: 4,1; IC 95%: 1,1 a 14,5; p=0,029) resultaron ser factores de riesgo independientes para las sibilancias recurrentes. Conclusiones: la asistencia a la guardería y tener hermanos mayores se asociaron de forma independiente con el diagnóstico de sibilancias recurrentes. Se sugiere que la gravedad de la bronquiolitis es un factor de riesgo notable para desarrollar sibilancias recurrentes un año después de la BA.

Cheilolejeunea aneogyna (Spruce) A. Evans é uma espécie sul americana, ocorrendo nas Florestas Amazônica e Atlântica. Caracteriza-se, principalmente, pela presença do segundo e primeiro dentes do lóbulo contíguos um ao outro e ausência de inovações. Entre as espécies neotropicais, C. aneogyna é a única que pode apresentar ocelos, porém, a presença destes não é constante. Descrição, ilustração, comentários sobre a morfologia e distribuição geográfica são fornecidos e discutidos. Está sendo referida pela primeira vez para a Bolívia.

Cheilolejeunea aneogyna (Spruce) A. Evans is a South American species found in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest. It is characterized mainly by the presence of the first and second teeth of the lobule that are adjacent to each other and the lack of innovations. Among the neotropical species, C. aneogyna is the only one that has ocelli; however, their presence is not constant. A description, illustration, and comments on the morphology and geographic distribution are provided. This species is reported for the first time for Bolivia.

Mosquitos galhadores (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) associados com Aldina heterophylla Spr. ex Benth. (Fabaceae) são registrados. Foram encontrados 3 morfotipos de galhas induzidos por Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) em folíolos de A. heterophylla. Uma nova espécie de Cecidomyiidae - Lopesia aldinae é descrita e ilustrada baseada em material coletado na Reserva Biológica da Campina, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Uma espécie inquilina - Contarinia sp., uma predadora - Lestodiplosis sp. e onze espécies de parasitóides, sendo quatro de Eulophidae, cinco de Eurytomidae e duas de Pteromalidae foram registradas em galhas de Lopesia aldinae.

Gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) associated with Aldina heterophylla Spr. ex Benth. (Fabaceae) are recorded. We found three galls morphotypes induced by Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) on leaflets of A. heterophylla. A new species of Cecidomyiidae - Lopesia aldinae is described and ilustrated based on material collected at Reserva Biológica da Campina, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. One inquiline species - Contarinia sp., one predator species - Lestodiplosis sp. and eleven parasitoids species being four Eulophidae species, five Eurytomidae species and two Pteromalidae species were recorded in Lopesia aldinae galls.

Hoje em dia não se discute mais a importância da Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento para a sobrevivência e longevidade de uma Empresa. Todo tipo de indústria sente o impacto do aumento da competição e da velocidade dos avanços tecnológicos. Entretanto, os recursos estão escassos, tanto para as despesas necessárias às atividades de negócio quanto para a pesquisa, o que deixa os gerentes com a difícil tarefa de decidir onde os recursos serão aplicados. Anos atrás, quando os recursos eram (aparentemente) ilimitados a força que impulsionava a pesquisa era o desafio da descoberta do novo. A complexidade do processo, os intricados métodos de análise, a quebra de barreiras do conhecimento, alimentavam as mentes dos cientistas. Depois da pesquisa, os profissionais de marketing deveriam encontrar mercados para os novos produtos. Atualmente a pesquisa de mercado, as ferramentas de análise de negócio e outros aspectos outrora desconhecidos dos cientistas dominam as mesas dos gerentes. Este artigo descreve três diferentes abordagens na distribuição de recursos para pesquisa e resume alguns dos princípios que ajudam as empresas a funcionar melhor.

Nowadays the importance of Research and Development to a Company survival and longevity is well known. Virtually every industry feels the impact of increased competition and the fast pace of technology change. However, resources are getting scarce, both for doing business and research as well, leaving managers with the tough job of selecting which project will get funding. Years ago, when money was (seemingly) unlimited the driving force to research was the challenge of inventing something new. The process complexity, the intricate analysis methods, the breaking of new frontiers were the food for the scientists inquiring minds. Then marketing professionals had to work to find or create market. Now market research, business analysis tools and other aspects once unknown to scientists rule. This article describes three approaches to research funding and summarizes some of the principles that help corporations to do a better job.

Fibras de carbono contendo 1,4 e 2,1mmol/g de grupos carboxila e hidroxila fenólica, respectivamente, foram modificadas através de reação com TDI, resultando em fibras contendo 3,1 mmol/g de grupos isocianato. A introdução de grupos isocianato na superfície da fibra tornou possível a sua modificação com polibutadieno líquido hidroxilado. Fibras de carbono modificadas e não modificadas foram empregadas na preparação de compósitos com resina epoxídica, sendo observado um aumento considerável de resistência ao impacto em compósitos constituídos de fibras de carbono enxertadas com PBLH, devido, provavelmente, à natureza elastomérica da interface e à melhor adesão interfacial.

Carbon fibers containing 1,4 e 2,1 mmol/g of carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups, respectively, were modified through the reaction with TDI. The presence of isocyanate groups at the fiber surface made possible the fiber modification with hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). These modified and unmodified carbon fibers were employed in the preparation of epoxy resin-based composites. A substantial improvement in the impact properties was observed in the composites with HTPB-grafted carbon fibers when compared to unmodified carbon fibers. These results may be attributed to a higher interfacial adhesion promoted by reactions between the functional groups present at the modified carbon fiber surface and the epoxy matrix.