ABSTRACT The analysis of Salmonella in the feces and the birds’ environment is a way of monitoring the colonization in the flocks and verifying the need for the introduction of stricter controls, in such a way that the results of the tests should be known before being sent for slaughter. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as well as other rapid methods represent alternatives increasingly used to detect enteric pathogens, but they need proof of effectiveness for their wide use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the equivalence between the results obtained by the methods: real-time PCR (BAX® System), Modified Rappaport-Vassiliadis Semi-solid Medium (MSRV) (ISO 6579) and the traditional method of official reference in Brazil for research of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis in poultry samples. Two hundred and fifty-two samples of disposable shoe covers (DSC) and 252 samples of feces were infected with an average of 2 to 3 log CFU/g of each serovar, and the same samples without fortification were evaluated by the three methods. Five hundred and four diagnoses were obtained with satisfactory results in terms of repeatability (greater than 80%), reproducibility (mean 83,1%), sensitivity (81% to 100%), specificity (95% to 100%), and accuracy (90% to 100%). The compliance test verified that there was not a significant difference between the alternative and the official methods, allowing us to state that the methodologies have had equivalent performances.

RESUMO A resistência genética a doenças em plantas representa um importante pilar de sustentação na agricultura moderna. Objetivou-se determinar a herança genética da resistência à antracnose do colmo em milho tropical. Nove famílias segregantes foram obtidas a partir de cruzamentos de linhagens endogâmicas contrastantes. As linhagens parentais e as gerações filiais (F1, F2, BC1 e BC2) foram avaliadas quanto à resistência à antracnose do colmo em um experimento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em delineamento de parcelas subdivididas, com efeito de famílias nas parcelas e de gerações nas subparcelas. Os resultados mostraram herança semelhante entre as famílias, com predominância de efeitos genéticos aditivos. As linhagens endogâmicas (LR 04-2, LR 03-2 e LR 23-1) foram muito eficazes na transmissão de genes de resistência a seus descendentes, pois permitiram diminuições acentuadas no comprimento das lesões nos colmos. Também observou-se uma herança oligogênica envolvida na resistência à antracnose do colmo nas famílias avaliadas. Pode-se inferir que os ganhos genéticos com a seleção artificial poderiam ter sucesso no desenvolvimento de linhagens endogâmicas de milho mais resistentes à antracnose do colmo.

ABSTRACT The genetic resistance to diseases in plants represents an important support pillar in modern agriculture. This study aimed to determine the genetic inheritance to anthracnose stalk rot resistance in tropical maize. Nine segregating families were obtained from contrasting inbred lines crosses. The parental lines and the filial generations (F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) were evaluated for antrachnose stalk rot resistance in an experiment in randomized blocks, with three replications. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot design, with family effect in the plots and generation effect in the split-plots. The results showed a similar inheritance among the families, with predominance of additive genetic effects. The inbreed lines (LR 04-2, LR 03-2 and LR 23-1) were very effective in transmitting resistance genes to their descendants because they allowed sharp decreases in the lesions length in the stalks. It was also possible to notice an oligogenic inheritance involved in the anthracnose stalk rot resistance for the evaluated families. It may be inferred that genetic gains from artificial selection could be successful for developing maize inbred lines more resistant to anthracnose stalk rot.

Abstract The objectives were to map genomic regions associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) to anthracnose leaf blight (ALB) in tropical maize, and to determine the effects of the loci on resistance to the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.). QTL analysis to ALB was carried out in a population of F2:3 progenies resulting from the cross between the contrasting lines LR 04-2 and LS 95-1. Seventeen QTL were located by mapping analysis by composite interval on eight chromosomes. Four QTL mapped on chromosomes 9 (1 QTL) and 10 (3 QTL) were the most stable, detected in at least two experiments, and represented the most part of the phenotypic variation (27.7 to 54.3%) of resistance. The majority of QTL mapped were associated to specific severity evaluations/development stage of maize growth, and may explain the quantitative inheritance of resistance of tropical maize to ALB.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las características fisiológicas del banano 'Princesa' bajo riego lateralmente alternado (RLA). El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar, con cinco tratamientos y cinco repeticiones: 1 - reducción del 50% en la lámina de riego (LR) con el lado de frecuencia de la conmutación de la planta (FC) 7 días durante todo el ciclo de producción; 2 - 50% de LR y 14 días de FC en el ciclo; 3 - 50% de LR y FC 21 días; 4 - 50% con un LR de riego fijo (sólo una de las alas en un lado de la planta) y 5 - riego completo (dos líneas laterales con registros abiertos) durante el ciclo. La conductancia estomática - gs fue menor en las plantas regadas con 50% de ETc en sistema de riego fijo. Incluso con déficit de agua en el suelo, con el RLA con 50% de ETc, Fotosíntesis -A, Transpiración - E; Temperatura de la hoja - Tl, la concentración interna de CO2 - Ci; conductancia estomática - gs; Radiación fotosintéticamente activa - Qleaf; eficiencia de carboxilación - A/Ci; La eficiencia cuántica de la fotosíntesis - A/Qleaf; y la eficiencia instantánea del uso del agua -A/E en el banano 'Princesa' no difiere entre los tratamientos, lo que pone de relieve la importancia de la técnica de gestión de riego, con el ahorro de agua y sin cambios fisiológicos de las plantas.

Abstract This research aimed to evaluate physiological characteristics of 'BRS Princesa' banana under partial rootzone drying irrigation, PRD. The five treatments, 1 - 50% of reduction in water depth (WD) with a frequency alternation of irrigation side (FA) of seven days during the whole production cycle; 2 - 50% of WD and FA of 14 days in the cycle; 3 - 50% of WD and FA of 21 days; 4 - 50% of WD with a fixed irrigation (only one lateral line on one side of the plant); and 5 - full irrigation (two lateral lines with open shutoff valve) throughout the cycle, they were arranged in a randomized block design with five replicates. There is a reduction in photosynthetic rates and water use efficiency as a result of enzymatic impairment or stomatal closure, due to the increased of leaf temperature. The stomatal conductance - gs was lower in plants irrigated with 50% of ETc with fixed irrigation in one side of the plant. Even with water deficit in the soil, using the PRD with 50% of ETc, Photosynthesis - A Transpiration - E; Leaf temperature - Tleaf, internal concentration of CO2 - Ci; stomatal conductance - gs; photosynthetically active radiation - Qleaf; carboxylation efficiency - A/Ci; Quantum efficiency of Photosynthesis - A/Qleaf; and instantaneous water use efficiency - WUE 'BRS Princesa' banana were similar among strategies, highlighting the possibility of use of the irrigation management technique with PRD, saving water, and no physiological changes in the plants.

Abstract Campylobacteriosis is a worldwide foodborne zoonosis disease caused by Campylobacter jejuni. This microorganism is considered a commensal bacterium in chicken hosts. C. jejuni produces epithelial cell modifications and induces a cytokine gene transcription innate immunity repertoire. In the present study, we describe the invasiveness, morphological cellular modifications, and transcript level expressions of innate immune cytokines from C. jejuni-inoculated chicken ileum explants. C. jejuni was internalized by epithelial ileum cells at 15 minutes postinoculation (p.i.) and was detected intracellularly for 4hs (p.i.). Inoculated explants displayed significant increases in cell height. C. jejuni induced a significant elevation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 3 (TGF-b3) and Interleukin-1b (IL-1b) transcripts. In conclusion, C. jejuni is internalized in explanted epithelial ileum cells, produces morphological cell modifications, and induces gene transcription of both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

The prevalence of late referral of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is high and has been associated with a worse CKD prognosis, however few studies have been conducted from a nutritional perspective. Objective: Characterize the nutritional status of patients with CKD at first attendance in a nephrology service, with early (ER) and late referral (LR). Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study with patients older than 18 years referred to the Nephrology service of a University Hospital. The referral groups were classified according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as: LR (eGFR<15ml/min/1.73m²) or ER (eGFR>15 ml/min/1.73m²) based on the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Nutritional evaluation included subjective global assessment (SGA), anthropometric, laboratory and bioelectrical impedance data. The SAS® software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Seventy-five patients were evaluated, 29% of them belonging to the LR group. This group showed a greater previous weight loss (-7.0 ± 3.5 versus -2.8 ± 7.0 Kg) and lower values for all anthropometric and body composition variables. In general, the laboratory results of the LR group also were worse. According to the SGA, all LR patients had some degree of malnutrition (50% with severe malnutrition against 28.8% in ER), showing significantly lower results for GFR (21.4 + 12.2 ml/ min/1.73 m²), albumin (3.9 + 0.3 g/dL), serum bicarbonate (22.8 + 5.1 mmol/L) and phase angle (5.3+ 0.6 θ). Renal function was positively correlated with percent adequacy of arm circumference (r=0,40; p<0,01) and albumin (r=0,45; p<0,01). Conclusion: The LR group showed a worse nutritional status showing that, for the nutritional point of view, the delayed referral brings substantial losses that can make difference in future treatment, thus demonstrating the importance of early nutritional monitoring for this population.

La prevalencia de la referencia tardia de los pacientes con enfermedad renal cronica (ERC) es alta y se ha asociado con un pronostico peor ERC, sin embargo pocos estudios se han llevado a cabo desde una perspectiva nutricional. Objetivo: Caracterizar el estado nutricional de los pacientes con ERC con la primera cita en un servicio de nefrologia, con temprana (ER) y la remision tardia (LR). Metodologia: Se realizo un estudio transversal con pacientes mayores de 18 anos a que se refiere el servicio de Nefrologia del Hospital Universitario. Los grupos de referencia se clasificaron de acuerdo a la tasa estimada de filtracion glomerular (TFG) como: LR (TFG <15 ml / min / 1.73m²) o ER (TFG> 15 ml / min / 1.73m²), basado en la Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Evaluacion nutricional incluyo la evaluacion subjetiva global (SGA), antropometricas, de laboratorio y los datos de impedancia bioelectrica. El software de SAS R se utilizo para el analisis estadistico. Resultados: Fueron evaluados setenta y cinco pacientes, el 29% de ellos pertenece al grupo LR. Este grupo mostro una perdida mayor de peso anterior (-7,0 �± 3,5 frente a -2,8 �} 7,0 Kg) y los valores mas bajos para todas las variables antropometricas y de composicion corporal. En general, los resultados de laboratorio del grupo LR tambien eran peores. De acuerdo con el SGA, todos los pacientes tenian LR algun grado de desnutricion (50% con desnutricion severa contra 28,8% en ER), que muestra resultados significativamente mas bajos de la TFG (21,4 + 12,2 ml / min / 1,73 m²), albumina (3,9 + 0,3 g / dL), bicarbonato serico (22,8 + 5,1 mmol / L) y angulo de fase (5.3+ 0,6 θ). La funcion renal se correlaciono positivamente con el porcentaje de adecuacion de la circunferencia del brazo (r=0,40; p<0,01) y albumina (r=0,45; p<0,01). Conclusion: El grupo LR mostro un peor estado nutricional muestra que, para el punto de vista nutricional, la remision tardia trae perdidas sustanciales que pueden hacer la diferencia en el tratamiento futuro, lo que demuestra la importancia de la vigilancia nutricional precoz para esta poblacion.

Storing hatchable eggs is a common practice in commercial hatcheries. However, storage time may negative effects on several performance parameters. An experiment was carried out to evaluate inverting egg position during storage of eggs laid by young and old layer breeders. Fertile eggs of 32 and 58-week-old breeders were stored for seven, 14, and 21 days at 18ºC ± 2ºC and 80% ± 10% relative humidity (RU). The following parameters were evaluated: egg weight loss, hatchability and hatchling weight, and embryodiagnosis results. Eggs stored with the small end up lost less weight during storage compared with the control eggs. Storing eggs for 14 days with the small end up reduced early embryo mortality, improving hatchability. In addition, hatchling weight increased. These results show that the detrimental effects of long storage periods may be alleviated when eggs are stored with the small end up to 14 days of storage.