Abstract This manuscript reports the valorization of two-phase olive mill waste (TPOMW) as raw material and carbon source for solid state fermentation using Yarrowia lipolytica as biocatalyst. Due to its chemical characteristics, a combination of different raw materials (TPOMW and wheat bran, WB) was evaluated and two distinct nitrogen sources were applied as supplementation for lipase production. A TPOMW/WB ratio of 1:1 and supplementation with ammonium sulfate was chosen as the best condition. The productivity in 24 h reached 7.8 U/g*h and, after four days of process, only decreased about 35%. Process pH ranged from 5.5 - 5.9, remaining in an acid range. Thus, the successful use of TPOMW, a watery solid by-product with high content of lipids, as raw material for Yarrowia lipolytica growth and lipase production provided an environmental friendly alternative to valorize such waste.

In this work, the production of a biosurfactant synthesized by Yarrowia lipolytica using different renewable resources as carbon source was investigated. Crude glycerol, a biodiesel co-product, and clarified cashew apple juice (CCAJ), an agroindustrial residue, were applied as feedstocks for the microbial surfactant synthesis. The microorganism was able to grow and produce biosurfactant on CCAJ and crude glycerol, achieving maximum emulsification indexes of 68.0% and 70.2% and maximum variations in surface tension of 18.0 mN.m-1and 22.0 mN.m-1, respectively. Different organic solvents (acetone, ethyl acetate and chloroform - methanol) were tested for biosurfactant extraction. Maximum biosurfactant recovery was obtained with chloroform - methanol (1:1), reaching 6.9 g.L-1for experiments using CCAJ and 7.9 g.L-1for media containing crude glycerol as carbon source.The results herein obtained indicate that CCAJ and the co-product of biodiesel production are appropriate raw materials for biosurfactant production by Y. lipolytica.

Quantificação da população e atividade fagocitária de hemócitos de cepas resistentes e suscetíveis de Biomphalaria glabrata e Biomphalaria tenagophila infectadas com Schistosoma mansoni Entre os fatores determinantes na resistência e suscetibilidade da Biomphalaria ao Schistosoma mansoni, os hemócitos desempenham importante papel. Com o objetivo de estudar as interações S. mansoni/Biomphalaria relativas aos hemócitos o primeiro passo é certamente relacionado à padronização desta população de células em Biomphalaria não infectada. Desta forma a quantificação desta população de células na hemolinfa bem como sua capacidade fagocitária foi determinada pela primeira vez. Além disso, usando cepas de B. glabrata e B. tenagophila suscetíveis e resistentes, o hemocitograma e a capacidade fagocitária dos hemócitos, após infecção com S. mansoni, foram também determinados. Cepas de B. glabrata (BA e BH respectivamente) resistentes e suscetíveis bem como cepas de B. tenagophila (Taim e CF respectivamente) foram infectadas com 10 miracídios das cepas LE e SJ de S. mansoni, respectivamente. Estes caramujos infectados e respectivos controles não infectados foram avaliados em relação ao número de hemócitos circulantes e alteração da capacidade fagocitária, usando Zimozan e MTT. A leitura foi feita por meio de espectrofotômetro com cinco horas e 1,2,5,10,20 e 30 dias após a infecção. Os resultados mostraram diminuição na população de células fagocitárias circulantes, cinco horas após a infecção. Um dia após a infecção as células circulantes dos caramujos suscetíveis mostraram aumento da atividade metabólica, mas o mesmo fato não pode ser observado nas cepas resistentes. Nos períodos de observação subseqüentes, diferenças significantes entre as cepas estudadas não puderam ser observadas até o final do experimento

Among the determinant factors in the resistance and susceptibility of Biomphalaria to Schistosoma mansoni, hemocytes play an important role. Aiming at studying S. mansoni/Biomphalaria interactions related to hemocytes, the first step is certainly connected with the standardization of this cell population in uninfected Biomphalaria. In this way, quantification of this cell population in hemolymph, as well as its phagocitary capacity, have been determined for the first time. Furthermore, using susceptible and resistant strains of B. glabrata and B. tenagophila, the hemocytegram and phagocytary capacity of hemocytes after infection with S. mansoni were determined too. Resistant and susceptible strains of B.glabrata (BA and BH, respectively), as well as resistant and susceptible strains of B. tenagophila (Taim and CF, respectively) were infected with 10 miracidia of the LE and SJ strains of S. mansoni, respectively. These infected snails and respective uninfected controls were assessed in relation to the number of circulating hemocytes and alteration in the phagocytary capacity, by using Zymozan and MTT. Reading was taken by means of a spectrophotometer at 5 hours and 1,2,5,10,20 and 30 days after infection. The results showed a decrease in population of the circulating phagocytary cells, 5 hours after infection. One day post-infection, the circulating cells of the susceptible snails showed an increased metabolic activity, but the same event could not be observed in the resistant strains. In the subsequent observation periods, significant differences among the strains studied could not be observed until the end of the experiment

The results of this investigation show that the hamsters (Cricetus auratus) may be used as an experimental model for immunological studies in Schistosoma mansoni. The data obtained referring to concomitant immunity, production of lethal antibodies and immunosuppression, resemble data from other established experimental models. Our observations indicate that the hamster has the following advantages: 1. It is an appropriate host for the maintenance of S. mansoni in the laboratory. 2. It can be considered an alternative model for easy growth and maintenance of this parasite. 3. It is easy to handle.

Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que el hamster (Cricetus auratus) puede ser utilizado como un modelo experimental para estudios inmunológicos en la infección por Schistosoma mansoni. Los datos obtenidos, relativos a inmunidad concomitante, producción de anticuerpo letal e inmunosupresión se asemejan a los conseguidos en otros modelos experimentales ya establecidos. Estas observaciones indican que el hámster, además de ser un hospedero satisfactorio para el mantenimiento del parásito en el laboratorio, puede ser considerado como un modelo experimental alterno cuyo crecimiento y mantenimiento son relativamente simples y además es un animal de fácil manejo.

Anticorpos heterófilos foram detectados nos soros de pacientes normais ou com esquistossomose mansoni crônica. Suas atividades hemolíticas dependem da integridade da via clássica do sistema do complemento. Os anticorpos heterófilos dos pacientes esquistossomóticos apresentaram maior especificidade para antígenos de Schistosoma mansoni do que aqueles anticorpos detectados nos soros de pacientes normais. A atividade hemolítica do anticorpo nos soros normais podia ser destruída pelo aquecimento destes soros a 56ºC durante 4 minutos. Por outro lado, cerca de 80% dos soros de pacientes esquistossomóticos eram parcial ou totalmente resistentes ao mesmo tratamento. As atividades dos anticorpos heterófilos foram eluídas através da filtração em gel, em diferentes frações no primeiro pico.

Heterophil antibodies could be detected in sera from normal or from patient with chronic schistosomiasis. Their hemolytic activities depend on the integrity of the complement classic pathway. The heterophil antibodies from patient sera presented a higher specificity for Schistosoma mansoni antigen preparations than those detected in normal sera. Most of the hemolytic activity observed in normal sera can be destroyed at 56ºC for 4 min. On the other hand, about 80% of the sera from infected patients are partially or totally resistant to this heat-treatment. The hemolytic activities of sera were eluted from a gel filtration column in different fractions of the first peak.