Abstract Objective: To identify and assess the current evidence available about the costs of managing hospitalized pediatric patients diagnosed with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (PIV3) in upper-middle-income countries. Methods: The authors conducted a systematic review across seven key databases from database inception to July 2022. Costs extracted were converted into 2022 International Dollars using the Purchasing Power Parity-adjusted. PROSPERO identifier: CRD42020225757. Results: No eligible study for PIV3 was recovered. For RSV, cost analysis and COI studies were performed for populations in Colombia, China, Malaysia, and Mexico. Comparing the total economic impact, the lowest cost per patient at the pediatric ward was observed in Malaysia ($ 347.60), while the highest was in Colombia ($ 709.66). On the other hand, at pediatric ICU, the lowest cost was observed in China ($ 1068.26), while the highest was in Mexico ($ 3815.56). Although there is no consensus on the major cost driver, all included studies described that the medications (treatment) consumed over 30% of the total cost. A high rate of inappropriate prescription drugs was observed. Conclusion: The present study highlighted how RSV infection represents a substantial economic burden to health care systems and to society. The findings of the included studies suggest a possible association between baseline risk status and expenditures. Moreover, it was observed that an important amount of the cost is destinated to treatments that have no evidence or support in most clinical practice guidelines.

Objetivo:Testar a hipótese nula de que os pacientes com a tríade terrível do cotovelo (luxação associada a fraturas da cabeça do rádio e do processo coronoide) tratados com redução aberta e fixação interna da cabeça do rádio têm resultado final comparável aos pacientes tratados com artroplastia ou ressecção parcial da cabeça do rádio.Métodos:Foram avaliados, em média aos 23 meses (16 a 36) após a cirurgia, 26 pacientes com a tríade terrível do cotovelo operados por um único cirurgião. Eram 17 homens e nove mulheres, com média de idade de 41 anos (± 13,4). As fraturas da cabeça do rádio foram tratadas com osteossíntese (12 pacientes), ou artroplastia (nove), ou ressecção de um fragmento pequeno ou nenhum tratamento (cinco). Fixação do processo coronoide/cápsula anterior foi feita em 21 pacientes. O complexo ligamentar lateral (LCL) foi reparado em todos os pacientes, enquanto que o complexo ligamentar medial (LCM) foi reparado em três pacientes cujos cotovelos persistiam instáveis após o tratamento da cabeça do rádio e do LCL, mas sem fixação do processo coronoide.Resultados:O arco final médio de flexão e extensão foi de 112°. A pronação média foi de 70° e a supinação, de 6°. O escore Dash (Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder & Hand) médio foi de 12 e o Mepi (Mayo Elbow Performance Index) médio foi de 87. De acordo com o Mepi, 21 pacientes (80%) tiveram bons e excelentes resultados. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os resultados dos pacientes submetidos a fixação da cabeça do rádio e aqueles submetidos a artroplastia ou ressecção de um fragmento pequeno.Conclusão:Não há diferença entre os pacientes tratados com a artroplastia da cabeça do rádio daqueles tratados com outras técnicas.

Objective:To test the null hypothesis that patients with the terrible triad of the elbow (dislocation together with fractures of the radial head and coronoid process) who are treated with open reduction and internal fixation of the radial head have final results that are comparable with those of patients treated with arthroplasty or partial resection of the radial head.Methods:Twenty-six patients with the terrible triad of the elbow who were operated by a single surgeon were evaluated on average 23 months after the surgery (range: 16–36 months). There were 17 men and nine women of mean age 41 ± 13.4 years. The fractures of the radial head were treated by means of osteosynthesis (12 patients), arthroplasty (nine) or resection of a small fragment or no treatment (five). Fixation of the coronoid process/anterior capsule was performed in 21 patients. The lateral ligament complex (LLC) was repaired in all the patients, while the medial ligament complex (MLC) was repaired in three patients whose elbows remained unstable after treatment for the radial head and LLC, but without fixation of the coronoid process.Results:The mean final range of flexion and extension was 112°. The mean pronation was 70° and supination, 6°. The mean DASH score (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder & Hand) was 12 and mean MEPI (Mayo Elbow Performance Index) was 87. According to the MEPI scores, 21 patients (80%) had good and excellent results. There was no statistically significant difference in the results between the patients who underwent fixation of the radial head and those who underwent arthroplasty or resection of a small fragment.Conclusion:There was no difference between the patients treated with arthroplasty of the radial head and those treated with other techniques.

INTRODUÇÃO: A depressão pós-parto (DPP) tem sido alvo de inúmeras investigações científicas devido à sua alta prevalência e gravidade e também por suas repercussões negativas na puérpera e na criança. OBJETIVO:Comparar mulheres com e sem DPP em um grupo de puérperas selecionadas aleatoriamente a partir dos partos ocorridos em uma maternidade de Belo Horizonte (MG). MÉTODOS: Selecionamos 245 mulheres que tiveram parto em uma maternidade de Belo Horizonte. Aplicamos uma entrevista semiestruturada para a obtenção de dados psicossociais e demográficos e uma entrevista estruturada (Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview, MINI-Plus) para o diagnóstico de depressão maior segundo critérios do Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). RESULTADOS:26,9% das mulheres tinham diagnóstico de DPP. Não encontramos diferenças entre as características sociodemográficas das mulheres com (n = 66, 26,9%) e sem diagnóstico de DPP (n = 179, 73,1%). Entretanto, diversas variáveis clínicas e psicossociais se mostraram significativamente diferentes entre os dois grupos, tais como história de depressão, vivência de estresse ou presença de sintomas depressivos ou ansiosos durante a gravidez, ocorrência de complicações maternas ou na criança no pós-parto e insuficiência de suporte nos cuidados pós-natais. CONCLUSÃO: A identificação de fatores associados à DPP é importante para a compreensão de sua etiopatogenia e para o estabelecimento de estratégias de prevenção e tratamento precoce dessa grave doença.

INTRODUCTION: Postpartum depression has been the object of extensive research both because of its high prevalence and its repercussions on the mother and the infant. OBJECTIVE:To compare women with and without depression in a sample of postpartum women randomly selected at a maternity in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 245 women who gave birth at a private maternity hospital in Belo Horizonte were selected. A semi-structured interview was used for the collection of psychosocial and demographic data. Diagnosis of major depression was established using and a structured interview (Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview, MINI-Plus), based on criteria set forth in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). RESULTS: Of the total sample, 26.9% had a diagnosis of postpartum depression. No differences were observed in the social and demographic characteristics of depressed women (n = 66, 26,9%) and of those without depression (n = 179, 73,1%). Nevertheless, several clinical and psychosocial variables showed significant differences between the groups and were therefore associated with postpartum depression, namely previous history of depression, presence of stress or depressive/anxiety symptoms during pregnancy, postpartum complications affecting the mother or the infant, and lack of support and care in the postpartum period. CONCLUSION: The identification of factors associated with postpartum depression is important for an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease and for the establishment of strategies aimed at prevention and early diagnosis.

Estudos epidemiológicos demonstram que até 80% das mulheres apresentam sintomas físicos e/ou psíquicos no período pré-menstrual e que cerca de 3% a 11% os apresentam de maneira severa, havendo prejuízos sociais, familiares ou profissionais, o que caracteriza o transtorno disfórico pré-menstrual (TDPM). O TDPM apresenta sintomas que aparecem na semana que antecede a menstruação, cessando nos primeiros dias após o início desta. Diversas teorias têm sido propostas para justificar a sua etiologia. Fatores hormonais, psicológicos e ambientais parecem estar envolvidos; no entanto, ainda não há conclusões precisas que justifiquem essa patologia.

Epidemiologic studies show that till 80% of the women have physical and/or psychiatric symptoms in the premenstrual period, and in about 3% till 11% of them, this disease has serious consequences, causing familiar or professional damages; characterizing the premenstrual dysphoric disorder. The premenstrual dysphoric symptoms happen in the week before menstruation, stopping in the first days after menstruation beginning. A lot of theories have been proposed to justify its etiology. Hormonals, psychological and environmental factors seem to be involved, however there are no strict conclusions to justify this pathology.

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo visa estudar as características dos tumores gástricos precoces diagnosticados em um grande centro de referência no tratamento do câncer gástrico em nosso país, o Instituto Nacional de Câncer. MÉTODO: Analisamos retrospectivamente os casos de câncer gástrico precoce da Seção de Cirurgia Abdominopélvica do Hospital do Câncer I no período de 1995 a 1999. Resgatamos 47 prontuários de pacientes portadores de câncer gástrico precoce, dos 296 pacientes submetidos à ressecção gástrica neste período. RESULTADOS: Em nosso hospital a incidência corresponde a cerca de 15,8% dos pacientes submetidos a gastrectomias por câncer gástrico. Constatamos uma incidência de 1,1:1 com relação ao sexo F/M e com morbidade de 19,1% e mortalidade de 4,2%. Houve uma predominância do tipo IIc + III e com 27,6% de positividade para o Helicobacter pylori. CONCLUSÃO: O câncer gástrico precoce representa o melhor estágio para a ressecção nos tumores do estômago, porém, infelizmente, ainda é pouco diagnosticado em nosso meio, apesar dos avanços nos métodos de diagnóstico.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the behaviour of early gastric cancer at a reference institution, the Instituto Nacional de Câncer. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 47 patients from 296 treated with gastric resection for gastric cancer between 1995 and 1999. RESULTS: In our hospital the incidence of early gastric cancer is 15.8% of patients submited to gastrectomies for gastric cancer. A female/male rate of 1.1:1, was observed, with morbidity and mortality rates of 19.1% and 4.2%, respectively. The most common macroscopic type was IIc +III and 27.6% of patients were positive for Helicobacter pylori. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the increase in quality of diagnosic methods, the rate of patients with early gastric cancer the best stage to treat these tumors is still low on west countries.