ABSTRACT Purpose: To report the clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes in a series of patients with vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma. Methods: This single-center, retrospective, interventional case series included patients with biopsy-confirmed vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma diagnosed between 1997 and 2020. Standard 23- or 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy was performed for diagnostic sampling. Sclerotomies were treated with double or triple freeze-thaw cryotherapy. Perioperative intravitreal injections of melphalan (32 µg/0.075 mL) were administered, when indicated. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and systemic and ocular treatment responses were reported. Results: Five eyes of five patients with unilateral vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma were identified. The median age at diagnosis was 84 (range, 37-88) years. The median follow-up after ophthalmic diagnosis was 28 (8.5-36) months; one patient did not have a follow-up. The initial visual acuity ranged from 20/30 to hand motions. Baseline clinical findings included pigmented or non-pigmented cellular infiltration of the vitreous (5/5), anterior segment (4/5), and retina (3/5). Four patients had secondary glaucoma. Systemic therapy included checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy (n=3, all with partial/complete response), systemic chemotherapy (n=2), surgical resection (n=3), and radiation (n=2). The median time from primary diagnosis to vitreous metastasis was 2 (2-15) years. One patient had an active systemic disease at the time of vitreous metastasis. The final visual acuity ranged from 20/40 to no light perception. Ophthalmic treatment included vitrectomy in all five patients, intravitreal administration of melphalan in three, and intravitreal administration of methotrexate in one. One patient required enucleation, and histopathology revealed extensive invasion by melanoma cells. Conclusions: Vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma can present as a diffuse infiltration of pigmented or non-pigmented cells into the vitreous and may be misdiagnosed as uveitis. Diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy and periodic intravitreal chemotherapy may be indicated.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os achados clínicos, tratamentos, e desfechos em uma série de pacientes com me tástases vítreas de melanoma cutâneo. Métodos: Série retrospectiva de casos de único centro com intervenção. Pacientes incluídos tiveram seu diagnóstico de MVMC confirmado por biópsia entre 1997 e 2020. Vitrectomia via pars plana com 23 ou 25 gauge foram realizadas para obter espécimens. Esclerotomias foram tratadas com crioterapia em duplo ou triplo congelamento. Injeção intravítrea perioperatória de melfalano (32 ug/0,075 mL) foi administrada quando necessário. Foram relatados acuidade visual, pressão intraocular, resposta terapêutica sistêmica e ocular. Resultados: Cinco olhos de 5 pacientes com metástases vítreas de melanoma cutâneo unilateral foram identificados. Idade média de diagnóstico foi 84 anos (variando de 37-88). Seguimento médio após diagnóstico oftalmológico foi 28 (8,5-36) meses; 1 paciente não teve acompanhamento. Acuidade visual inicial variou de 20/30 a movimentos de mão. Achados clínicos iniciais incluíram infiltração de células pigmentadas e não-pigmentadas no vítreo (5/5), segmento anterior (4/5), e retina (3/5). Quatro pacientes tiveram glaucoma secundário. Tratamento sistêmico incluiu imunoterapia com inibidores da via de sinalização (3 - todos com resposta parcial/completa), quimioterapia sistêmica (2), ressecção cirúrgica (3), e irradiação (2). Intervalo médio entre diagnóstico primário e metástases vítreas foi 2 (2-15) anos. Um paciente teve doença sistêmica ativa simultânea as metástases vítreas. Acuidade visual final variou entre 20/40 e SPL. Tratamento oftalmológico incluiu vitrectomia nos 5 pacientes, melfalano intravítreo em 3 e metotrexato intravítreo em 1. Um paciente precisou de enucleação. A histopatologia revelou invasão celular extensa de melanoma. Conclusões: Metástases vítreas de melanoma cutâneo pode se manifestar como uma infiltração difusa de células pigmentadas e não-pigmentadas no vítreo e erroneamente diagnosticada como uveites. Vitrectomia diagnóstica e quimioterapia intravítrea periódica podem estar indicadas.

Resumen La vegetación de un ecosistema puede ser degradada por los incendios forestales; estos se originan por acciones humanas o de manera natural y por lo general reducen la diversidad y composición de especies, así como su regeneración natural. El presente trabajo se desarrolló en un bosque templado degradado por incendios forestales en el Área Natural Protegida El Tejocote, municipio Santiago, Nuevo León. Los objetivos fueron calcular el Índice de Valor de Importancia, analizar la diversidad de especies y determinar el porcentaje de germinación. El muestreo se realizó en 10 parcelas al azar de 1 000 m2. El Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI), índices de diversidad (Margalef, Shannon-Weiner y Simpson) y los porcentajes de germinación se determinaron para cada especie. Pinus teocote tuvo el mayor IVI (45.5 %), también fue la más dominante al cubrir 69 % de la superficie muestreada. Quercus laeta tuvo 25 % de IVI y fue la más abundante de todas las especies (39 %). Agave scabra y Arbutus xalapensis tuvieron IVI de 7.9 % y 6.9 %, respectivamente; ambas se clasificaron como arbustivas. Se obtuvo una baja diversidad en todos los sitios muestreados, y los valores promedio fueron: Margalef (0.74), Shannon-Weiner (0.46) y Simpson (0.77). Los porcentajes de germinación más altos los presentaron Pinus pseudostrobus (97.40 %) y Agave scabra (84 %). La diferencia en la capacidad germinativa de los taxones podría cambiar la diversidad y composición de las especies de la comunidad El Tejocote después de su degradación por incendio.

Abstract The vegetation of an ecosystem can be degraded by forest fires; which are caused by human or natural actions and generally reduce the diversity and composition of species, as well as their natural regeneration. This work was carried out in a temperate forest degraded by forest fires in the El Tejocote Natural Protected Area, Santiago municipality, Nuevo León State. The objectives were to calculate the Importance Value Index, analyze species diversity and determine the percentage of germination. Sampling was carried out in 10 random plots of 1 000 m2. The Importance Value Index (IVI), diversity indexes (Margalef, Shannon-Weiner and Simpson) and the germination percentages were determined for each species. Pinus teocote had the highest IVI (45.5 %), it was also the most dominant, covering 69 % of the sampled area. Quercus laeta had 25 % IVI and was the most abundant of all species (39 %). Agave scabra and Arbutus xalapensis had IVIs of 7.9 % and 6.9 %, respectively; both were classified as shrubs. A low diversity was obtained in all the sites sampled; the average values were: Margalef (0.74), Shannon-Weiner (0.46), and Simpson (0.77). The highest germination percentages were presented by Pinus pseudostrobus (97.40 %) and Agave scabra (84 %). The difference in the germination capacity of taxa could change the diversity and species composition of the El Tejocote community after its degradation by fire.

Resumen Los servicios ecosistémicos de los humedales son fundamentales para la sustentabilidad de las sociedades por su aporte alimentario y regulación del clima; su gradual deterioro agudiza la crisis ambiental y disminuye la calidad del agua. Los sitios Ramsar fueron creados para la protección de los humedales del Planeta, con el objetivo de preservar la integridad y el mantenimiento de sus características biológicas. Este estudio describe la situación del Sitio Ramsar Núm. 1981 ubicado al noreste de México. Con apoyo de imágenes con vista satelital y mapas de uso de suelo, se contabilizó el cambio de uso de suelo por un periodo de 44 años, analizado en tres instantáneas temporales: 1975, 2003 y 2019. Se comprobó una reducción substancial del humedal y su zona de influencia. Se registró una pérdida de 84 % en área inundable, el matorral decreció 36 % y la zona agrícola y el pastizal incrementaron su superficie en 547 % y 284 %, respectivamente. Dicho aumento ocurrió a expensas del área inundable, posiblemente causado por los prolongados periodos de sequía durante las últimas décadas. Es importante reconocer que en México no se ha legislado específicamente para la protección de los humedales, por lo que decretar un sitio Ramsar no es suficiente para frenar o revertir los procesos de deterioro ambiental. Es necesario mejorar la gestión de las leyes vigentes y desarrollar un plan de manejo adaptativo sujeto a los cambios hídricos provocados por el cambio climático, el manejo inadecuado de las cuencas y la falta de cobertura natural.

Abstract The ecosystem services provided by wetlands are central to the sustainability of societies through their contribution to food supply and climate regulation. The gradual deterioration of these ecosystems exacerbates the environmental crisis and the deterioration of water quality. Ramsar Sites were created for the protection of the world's wetlands, with the aim of preserving the integrity and maintenance of their biological character. This study presents the situation of Ramsar Site No. 1981 which is in north-eastern Mexico, using satellite images and land use maps, land use change is accounted for a period of 44 years analysed in three temporal snapshots: 1975, 2003 and 2019. The flooded area decreased by 84 %, scrubland decreased by 36 % and agricultural area increased by 547 %, and grassland by 284 %. The area increased at the expense of floodplain cover, possibly caused by prolonged periods of drought over the last few decades. It is essential to recognise that Mexico has not legislated specifically for the protection of Wetlands, therefore decree a system of Ramsar is not enough to stop or reverse the processes of environmental degradation. It is necessary to improve the management of existing laws and develop an adaptive management plan subject to hydrological changes due climate change, inadequate watershed management and lack of natural cover.

Resumen Se estudiaron la flora útil y los usos de las plantas del área rural de Linares, Nuevo León. Se realizaron 180 encuestas semiestructuradas en seis ejidos. Se registraron 75 familias, 194 géneros y 253 especies con uso etnobotánico. Las principales categorías de uso fueron: ornamental (105 especies), medicinal (83), alimento (6) y maderable (25), las 34 especies restantes son utilizadas como forraje, cosméticos y creencias. Cactaceae (19), Fabaceae (15), Asteraceae (15), Poaceae (15), Lamiaceae (12), Solanaceae (6), Asparagaceae (6) y Rutaceae (4) registraron el mayor número de taxa. Del total de especies identificadas, 120 son nativas y 133 exóticas. Respecto al uso medicinal, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Echinocereus poselgeri, Equisetum laevigatum, Croton suaveolens, Mentha spicata, Litsea glaucescens y Ruta graveolens resultaron las más utilizadas. Las principales especies maderables fueron: Prosopis glandulosa, Vachellia farnesiana, Ebenopsis ebano, Havardia pallens, Quercus canbyi, Carya illinoinensis, Pinus cembroides, P. montezumae y P. teocote. Para el Factor de Consenso del Informante (FCI) las medicinales se utilizan, principalmente, para curar males de los sistemas respiratorio, circulatorio, reproductivo y digestivo. Los taxa con los valores más altos del Índice de Valor de Uso (IVU) fueron Dysphania ambrosioides, Allium cepa y A. sativum, todas con valor=1. Respecto al Índice de Fidelidad (IF, %), los mayores porcentajes correspondieron a Artemisia ludoviciana, Cymbopogon citratus y Hedeoma drummondii. La región rural de Linares posee una rica flora útil que se utiliza principalmente como ornamental, medicinal, alimenticia, forrajera y maderable.

Abstract The useful flora and uses of plants in the rural area of Linares, Nuevo León were analyzed. A total of 180 semi-structured surveys were conducted in six ejidos. 75 families, 194 genera and 253 species with ethnobotanical use were recorded. The main categories of use were: ornamental (105 species), medicinal (83), food (6) and timber (25); the remaining 34 species are used as fodder, cosmetics and beliefs. Cactaceae (19), Fabaceae (15), Asteraceae (15), Poaceae (15), Lamiaceae (12), Solanaceae (6), Asparagaceae (6), and Rutaceae (4) recorded the highest number of taxa. Of the total number of identified species, 120 are native, and 133 are exotic. As for the medicinal use, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Echinocereus poselgeri, Equisetum laevigatum, Croton suaveolens, Mentha spicata, Litsea glaucescens and Ruta graveolens were the most widely used. The main timber species were Prosopis glandulosa, Vachellia farnesiana, Ebenopsis ebano, Havardia pallens, Quercus canbyi, Carya illinoinensis, Pinus cembroides, P. montezumae, and P. teocote. For the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), medicinal plants are mainly used to cure ailments of the respiratory, circulatory, reproductive, and digestive systems. The taxa with the highest Use Value Index (UVI), equal to 1 in every case, were Dysphania ambrosioides, Allium cepa, and A. sativum. In regard to the Fidelity Index (FI, %), the highest percentages corresponded to Artemisia ludoviciana, Cymbopogon citratus, and Hedeoma drummondii. The Linares rural region has a rich useful flora, which is mainly used as ornamental, medicinal, food, forage and timber.

Abstract This study aimed to use the petiole residues of miriti to partially replace pine wood and evaluate the effects of this incorporation on the physical and mechanical properties of the particleboards. Panels were produced with 0, 25, 50, and 75% of miriti in partial replacement of wood and 12% of urea-formaldehyde adhesive. The chemical-physical properties of miriti residues showed potential particleboard production as they were similar to those of pinewood. For the physical properties, the panels were classified as low density. There was an increase in the compression ratio and, consequently, in the hygroscopicity . For the mechanical properties, it was observed that the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) did not show any statistical differences. For perpendicular traction (PT), there was a significant reduction in 50%. Considering a general analysis of the physical and mechanical properties, up to 40% of mirti can be substituted, as in this situation they meet the properties mentioned in CS-236-66, except for PT for commercialization of the panels.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar os resíduos do pecíolo do miriti em substituição parcial da madeira de pinus e avaliar os efeitos dessa incorporação nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis aglomerados. Os painéis foram produzidos com 0, 25, 50 e 75% de miriti em substituição parcial de madeira e 12% de adesivo uréia-formaldeído. As propriedades físico-químicas dos resíduos de miriti mostraram potencial de produção de aglomerados, uma vez que foram semelhantes às do pinus. Quanto às propriedades físicas, os painéis foram classificados como de baixa densidade. Houve aumento na taxa de compressão e, consequentemente, na higroscopicidade. Para as propriedades mecânicas, observou-se que o módulo de elasticidade (MOE) e o módulo de ruptura (MOR) não houve diferença estatística. Para tração perpendicular (TP) houve redução significativa de 50%. Considerando uma análise geral das propriedades físicas e mecânicas, é possível uma substituição em até 40% de miriti, pois nessa situação atendem as propriedades mencionadas na CS-236-66, com exceção da TP para a comercialização dos painéis.

Resumen Analizamos la cadena de valor de aguacate (Persea americana Hass) en el departamento del Cauca (Colombia), mediante la caracterización y tipificación de sus actores e interrelaciones, así como la identificación de factores críticos y potencialidades para impulsar la exportación del producto. La metodología correspondió a una investigación de tipo mixta descriptiva, combinó técnicas de levantamiento y análisis de la información, como talleres interactivos (clickers), transectos, entrevistas y encuestas a grupos de productores organizados, a quienes se consultó sobre factores biofísicos, sociales, económicos y tecnológicos que influyen en la competitividad del sistema y la cadena de valor. Se logró determinar que el sistema aguacate Hass en el Cauca es heterogéneo, disperso, con diferentes grados de tecnificación y articulación a mercados, y con un avance tecnológico derivado de intervenciones interinstitucionales y de cooperación internacional, que generan cada vez mayor acceso a los mercados de exportación por parte de pequeños y medianos productores. Se identificaron limitantes en el sistema y en la cadena de valor, tales como problemas fitosanitarios, manejo de fertilización y aspectos logísticos, que se deben atender para optimizar la capacidad productiva, la cual se empieza a robustecer en la zona para los mercados de exportación.

Abstract This research aimed to characterize the production system of avocado (Persea americana Hass) and describe the value chain in the department of Cauca (Colombia), through the analysis of its dynamics and the typification of the actors and their interrelationships was developed between 2019 and 2021 by AGROSAVIA. The methodology corresponded to descriptive mixed type research, which combines different techniques for the collection and analysis of information, such as interactive workshops (clickers), transects, interviews and surveys to groups of producers organized to consult on biophysical, social, economic and technological factors, that influence the competitiveness of the system and the value chain. It was possible to determine that the Hass avocado system in the department of Cauca, is heterogeneous, dispersed, with different degrees of modernization and articulation to the national and international market, and with a technological advance resulting from inter-institutional interventions and international cooperation in the last 15 years, which generate increasing access to international markets by small and medium producers. Limitations were identified in the system and in the value chain that must be addressed to optimize the productive capacity that is beginning to be installed in the area to serve export markets.

Abstract: This work aimed to evaluate the physical-mechanical properties of Pinus oocarpa wood agglomerated panels produced with different levels (0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %) of wood replacement with bean residues. For this purpose, Pinus oocarpa wood and the agricultural residue were reduced into particles and their properties of apparent density, extractives, lignin and ash content of these raw materials were determined. Then, the particles were dried to a 3 % humidity and granulometrically selected to produce panels with a density of 0,60 g/cm3. These particles were bonded using 12 % urea-formaldehyde adhesive, pressed, following normative dimensions (250 mm x 250 mm x 15 mm (width, length, and thickness)), and kept in a climate-controlled environment (20 ºC ± 2 ºC and 65 % ± 5 % RH) until the physical and mechanical tests were carried out. The research results indicated that the particles from bean residues in comparison with Pinus oocarpa wood, presented low density, lignin and holocellulose values, and higher extractives data. Furthermore, regarding the characterization of the panels, there was a trend towards uniformity in the apparent density values, an increase in the properties of compact ratio, water absorption and thickness swelling, and a decrease in their mechanical properties associated with the increase in the by-product addition to the panels. Therefore, new studies are necessary, seeking a larger study and greater knowledge of the addition effects of bean residues in particulate panels, aiming the dissemination of this sustainable process on large scale.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os achados clínicos, tratamentos, e desfechos em uma série de pacientes com me tástases vítreas de melanoma cutâneo. Métodos: Série retrospectiva de casos de único centro com intervenção. Pacientes incluídos tiveram seu diagnóstico de MVMC confirmado por biópsia entre 1997 e 2020. Vitrectomia via pars plana com 23 ou 25 gauge foram realizadas para obter espécimens. Esclerotomias foram tratadas com crioterapia em duplo ou triplo congelamento. Injeção intravítrea perioperatória de melfalano (32 ug/0,075 mL) foi administrada quando necessário. Foram relatados acuidade visual, pressão intraocular, resposta terapêutica sistêmica e ocular. Resultados: Cinco olhos de 5 pacientes com metástases vítreas de melanoma cutâneo unilateral foram identificados. Idade média de diagnóstico foi 84 anos (variando de 37-88). Seguimento médio após diagnóstico oftalmológico foi 28 (8,5-36) meses; 1 paciente não teve acompanhamento. Acuidade visual inicial variou de 20/30 a movimentos de mão. Achados clínicos iniciais incluíram infiltração de células pigmentadas e não-pigmentadas no vítreo (5/5), segmento anterior (4/5), e retina (3/5). Quatro pacientes tiveram glaucoma secundário. Tratamento sistêmico incluiu imunoterapia com inibidores da via de sinalização (3 - todos com resposta parcial/completa), quimioterapia sistêmica (2), ressecção cirúrgica (3), e irradiação (2). Intervalo médio entre diagnóstico primário e metástases vítreas foi 2 (2-15) anos. Um paciente teve doença sistêmica ativa simultânea as metástases vítreas. Acuidade visual final variou entre 20/40 e SPL. Tratamento oftalmológico incluiu vitrectomia nos 5 pacientes, melfalano intravítreo em 3 e metotrexato intravítreo em 1. Um paciente precisou de enucleação. A histopatologia revelou invasão celular extensa de melanoma. Conclusões: Metástases vítreas de melanoma cutâneo pode se manifestar como uma infiltração difusa de células pigmentadas e não-pigmentadas no vítreo e erroneamente diagnosticada como uveites. Vitrectomia diagnóstica e quimioterapia intravítrea periódica podem estar indicadas.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To report the clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes in a series of patients with vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma. Methods: This single-center, retrospective, interventional case series included patients with biopsy-confirmed vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma diagnosed between 1997 and 2020. Standard 23- or 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy was performed for diagnostic sampling. Sclerotomies were treated with double or triple freeze-thaw cryotherapy. Perioperative intravitreal injections of melphalan (32 µg/0.075 mL) were administered, when indicated. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and systemic and ocular treatment responses were reported. Results: Five eyes of five patients with unilateral vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma were identified. The median age at diagnosis was 84 (range, 37-88) years. The median follow-up after ophthalmic diagnosis was 28 (8.5-36) months; one patient did not have a follow-up. The initial visual acuity ranged from 20/30 to hand motions. Baseline clinical findings included pigmented or non-pigmented cellular infiltration of the vitreous (5/5), anterior segment (4/5), and retina (3/5). Four patients had secondary glaucoma. Systemic therapy included checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy (n=3, all with partial/complete response), systemic chemotherapy (n=2), surgical resection (n=3), and radiation (n=2). The median time from primary diagnosis to vitreous metastasis was 2 (2-15) years. One patient had an active systemic disease at the time of vitreous metastasis. The final visual acuity ranged from 20/40 to no light perception. Ophthalmic treatment included vitrectomy in all five patients, intravitreal administration of melphalan in three, and intravitreal administration of methotrexate in one. One patient required enucleation, and histopathology revealed extensive invasion by melanoma cells. Conclusions: Vitreous metastasis from cutaneous melanoma can present as a diffuse infiltration of pigmented or non-pigmented cells into the vitreous and may be misdiagnosed as uveitis. Diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy and periodic intravitreal chemotherapy may be indicated.

ABSTRACT This work presents the morphology and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles crosslinked with lecithin in the form of nano-onions obtained by an easy, economical, and possibly scalable method from a polymeric precursor known as chitosan. The creation of new products by using shrimp waste is a fundamental factor in avoiding water pollution. These materials have a positive impact as they add value to waste, and they provide the opportunity to decrease pollution. Chitosan nano-onions were synthesized by an environmentally friendly, easy, and inexpensive method using chitosan as a natural source. Chitosan nano-onions (CSNO) were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and specific surface area (SSA). The nano-onions characterization obtained by FTIR shows the presence of carbonyl groups at a wavenumber of 1752.12 cm-1, while the phosphate groups attributed to lecithin are observed at 1156.88 cm-1. XRD analysis confirmed an amorphous structure, while SEM images presented a globular morphology with concave surfaces. TEM analysis showed that the nano-onions are congregated in a unique structure that includes nanotubes. The CSNO average diameter by DLS was 442.5 nm with an octagonal arrangement, and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.532 and 31.9 mV. The average size of CSNO, the PDI, and the value of zeta potential were indicators of a stable dispersion with a specific superficial area measured by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method of 1.4 m2 g-1. The results of the chitosan-lecithin nano-onions characterization indicate changes in the surface of the material with a larger total surface area and pore structure, compared to that of pure chitosan. According to the results of the CHNO characterization, they could be used as adsorbents for contaminants and they also have a potential application in the biomedical area, mainly as drug encapsulation material.

RESUMEN Este trabajo presenta la morfología y caracterización de nanopartículas de quitosano entrecruzadas con lecitina en forma de nanocebollas obtenidas a partir de un proceso sencillo, económico y escalable a partir de un polímero precursor como es el quitosano. La creación de nuevos productos mediante el uso de desechos de camarón es un factor fundamental para evitar la contaminación del agua. Estos materiales tienen un impacto positivo al agregar valor a los desechos y brindan la oportunidad de disminuir la contaminación. La síntesis de nanocebollas de quitosano se logró con un método amigable con el medio ambiente, sencillo y económico, utilizando quitosano como fuente natural. Las nanocebollas de quitosano (CSNO, por su sigla en inglés) se caracterizaron por espectroscopia infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), difracción de rayos X (XRD), microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM), microscopia electrónica de transmisión (TEM), dispersión dinámica de luz (DLS) y área superficial específica (SSA). La caracterización de las nanocebollas obtenidas mediante FTIR muestra la presencia de grupos carbonilo a un número de onda de 1752.12 cm-1, mientras que los grupos fosfato atribuidos a la lecitina se observan a 1156.88 cm-1. El análisis XRD confirmó una estructura amorfa, mientras que las imágenes SEM presentaron una morfología globular con superficies cóncavas. El análisis TEM mostró que las nanocebollas se congregan en una estructura única que incluye nanotubos. El diámetro promedio de las CSNO por DLS fue de 442.5 nm con una disposición octagonal, un índice de polidispersión (PDI) de 0.532 y 31.9 mV. El tamaño promedio de las CSNO, el PDI y el valor del potencial zeta fueron indicadores de una dispersión estable con un área superficial específica (SSA) medida por el método Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) de 1.4 m2 g-1. Los resultados de la caracterización de nanocebollas de quitosano-lecitina indican cambios en la superficie del material con un área superficial total más grande y estructura de poros, en comparación con la de quitosano puro. De acuerdo con los resultados de la caracterización de las CSNO, éstas podrían usarse como adsorbentes de contaminantes y tienen aplicación potencial en el área biomédica, principalmente como material de encapsulación de medicamentos.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation represents the best therapeutic modality in end-stage chronic liver disease, severe acute hepatitis, and selected cases of liver tumors. AIMS: To describe a double retransplant in a male patient diagnosed with Crohn's disease and complicated with primary sclerosing cholangitis, severe portal hypertension, and cholangiocarcinoma diagnosed in the transplanted liver. METHODS: A 48-year-old male patient diagnosed with Crohn's disease 25 years ago, complicated with primary sclerosing cholangitis and severe portal hypertension. He underwent a liver transplantation in 2018 due to secondary biliary cirrhosis. In 2021, a primary sclerosing cholangitis recurrence was diagnosed and a liver retransplantation was indicated. Recipient's hepatectomy was very difficult by reason of complex portal vein thrombosis requiring extensive thromboendovenectomy. Intraoperative ultrasound with liver doppler evaluation was performed. Two suspicious nodules were incidentally diagnosed in the donor's liver and immediately removed for anatomopathological evaluation. RESULTS: After pathological confirmation of carcinoma, probable cholangiocarcinoma, at frozen section, the patient was re-listed as national priority and a new liver transplantation was performed within 24 hours. The patient was discharged after 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The screening for neoplasms in donated organs should be part of our strict daily diagnostic arsenal. Moreover, we argue that, for the benefit of an adequate diagnosis and the feasibility of a safer procedure, the adoption of imaging tests routine for the liver donor is essential, allowing a reduction of the costs and some potential risks of liver transplant procedure.

RESUMO RACIONAL: O transplante de fígado representa a melhor modalidade terapêutica na doença hepática crônica terminal, hepatite aguda grave e casos selecionados de tumores hepáticos. OBJETIVOS: Descrever um retransplante duplo em paciente do sexo masculino, diagnosticado com doença de Crohn e complicado com colangite esclerosante primária, hipertensão portal grave e colangiocarcinoma diagnosticado no fígado transplantado. MÉTODOS: Paciente do sexo masculino, 48 anos, diagnosticado com doença de Crohn há 25 anos e complicado com colangite esclerosante primária e hipertensão portal grave. Foi submetido a um transplante de fígado em 2018 devido a cirrose biliar secundária. Em 2021, foi diagnosticada recidiva de colangite esclerosante primária e indicado retransplante hepático. A hepatectomia do receptor foi de alta complexidade devido à trombose complexa da veia porta, exigindo extensa tromboendovenectomia. Foi realizada ultrassonografia intraoperatória com doppler hepático. Dois nódulos suspeitos foram diagnosticados incidentalmente no fígado do doador e imediatamente removidos para avaliação anatomopatológica. RESULTADOS: Após confirmação patológica de carcinoma, provável colangiocarcinoma, pela congelação, o paciente foi relistado como prioridade nacional, e novo transplante hepático foi realizado em 24 horas. O paciente teve alta após 2 semanas. CONCLUSÕES: O rastreamento de neoplasias em órgãos doados deve fazer parte de nosso estrito arsenal diagnóstico diário. Além disso, defendemos que, em benefício de um diagnóstico correto e da viabilidade de um procedimento mais seguro, a adoção de uma rotina de exames de imagem é essencial em doadores hepáticos, permitindo a redução dos custos e alguns riscos potenciais do procedimento de transplante hepático.

Aim The aim of the present study is to assess the perception of undergraduate students on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Brazilian dental education. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire hosted in Google Forms platform and publicized on Instagram® and Facebook®. The questionnaire was available between July 8-27, 2020. Absolute and relative frequencies were obtained for variables of interest using Pearson’s chi-squared and considering 95% confidence intervals. Prevalence of learning resource variables according to self-reported skin color, educational institution, and Brazilian region were presented using equiplots. Results A total of 1,050 undergraduate dental students answered the questionnaire. Most students reported being in full-distance learning mode. Among the undergraduate students, 65.4% reported perceiving a very high impact in dental education, and 16.6% of students reported not being able to follow distance learning. In addition, 14% reported not having a personal laptop or desktop to study with, with this condition being more prevalent among non-white than white individuals. Conclusion We conclude that Brazilian dental students perceived a high impact of COVID-19 on dental education, as well as one-sixth of the students reported not having adequate resources to continue with distance learning. It is important that different policies are developed at the institutional and governmental levels to reduce the impact of the pandemic on dental education.

Abstract Introduction Glycemic control is important to avoid diabetes complications in individuals with cancer. There is no evidence for HbA1c and fructosamine as reliable biomarkers in these conditions. There are particularities in caring for patients with diabetes and cancer that can alter these biomarkers. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate HbA1c and fructosamine as glycemic biomarkers in people with type 2 diabetes and cancer, undergoing clinical or surgical oncological treatment. Methods The authors conducted a single-center, retrospective analysis with people who have cancer and diabetes. Comparison of glycemic biomarkers (HbA1c, fructosamine, and Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose [SMBG]) was performed including evaluation in individuals undergoing chemotherapy, using glucocorticoids, with anemia, hypoproteinemia or with reduced estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR). Results There was a strong positive correlation between fructosamine and HbA1c (n = 318, r= 0.66, p < 0.001) in people with diabetes and cancer even in those under chemotherapy (n = 101, r= 0.61, p < 0.001) or using glucocorticoids (n = 96, r= 0.67, p<0.001). There was a strong correlation between HbA1c and fructosamine in subjects with anemia (n = 111, r= 0.66, p < 0.001), hypoproteinemia (n = 54, r= 0.67, p < 0.001), or with eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 189, r= 0.70, p < 0.001), and moderate correlation with hypoalbuminemia (n = 21, r= 0.54, p = 0.001) and with reduced eGFR (n = 67, r= 0.57, p < 0.001). The correlations between fructosamine and HbA1c with SMBG were moderate (n = 164, r= 0.49, p < 0.001; n = 111, r= 0.55, p < 0.001, respectively), strong in subjects undergoing chemotherapy, with hypoalbuminemia or hypoproteinemia, and at least moderate, if eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or with anemia. Conclusions Fructosamine and HbA1c can be used as glycemic biomarkers in people with diabetes and cancer, even in those with anemia, hypoproteinemia, or undergoing chemotherapy.

Abstract Background Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse has been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Pericoronary fat attenuation (pFA) is a marker of coronary inflammation, which is key in the atherosclerotic process. Objective To evaluate pFA and inflammatory profile in AAS users. Methods Twenty strength-trained AAS users (AASU), 20 AAS nonusers (AASNU), and 10 sedentary controls (SC) were evaluated. Coronary inflammation was evaluated by mean pericoronary fat attenuation (mPFA) in the right coronary artery (RCA), left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), and left circumflex (LCx). Interleukin (IL)-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha were evaluated by optical density (OD) in a spectrophotometer with a 450 nm filter. P<0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results AASU had higher mPFA in the RCA (-65.87 [70.51-60.70] vs. -78.07 [83.66-72.87] vs.-78.46 [85.41-71.99] Hounsfield Units (HU), respectively, p<0.001) and mPFA in the LAD (-71.47 [76.40-66.61] vs. -79.32 [84.37-74.59] vs. -82.52 [88.44-75.81] HU, respectively, p=0.006) compared with AASNU and SC. mPFA in the LCx was not different between AASU, AASNU, and SC (-72.41 [77.17-70.37] vs. -80.13 [86.22-72.23] vs. -78.29 [80.63-72.29] HU, respectively, p=0.163). AASU compared with AASNU and SC, had higher IL-1, (0.975 [0.847-1.250] vs. 0.437 [0.311-0.565] vs. 0.530 [0.402-0.780] OD, respectively, p=0.002), IL-6 (1.195 [0.947-1.405] vs. 0.427 [0.377-0.577] vs. 0.605 [0.332-0.950] OD, p=0.005) and IL-10 (1.145 [0.920-1.292] vs. 0.477 [0.382-0.591] vs. 0.340 [0.316-0.560] OD, p<0.001). TNF-α was not different between the AASU, AASNU, and SC groups (0.520 [0.250-0.610] vs. 0.377 [0.261-0.548] vs. 0.350 [0.182-430]), respectively. Conclusion Compared with ASSNU and controls, AASU have higher mPFA and higher systemic inflammatory cytokines profile suggesting that AAS may induce coronary atherosclerosis through coronary and systemic inflammation.

Resumo Fundamento O uso abusivo de esteroides anabólicos androgênicos (EAA) tem sido associado à doença arterial coronariana (DAC). A atenuação de gordura pericoronária (AGp) é um marcador de inflamação coronária, a qual exerce um papel chave no processo aterosclerótico. Objetivo Avaliar AGp e perfil inflamatório em usuários de EAA. Método Vinte indivíduos que realizavam treinamento de força, usuários de EAA (UEAA), 20 não usuários de EAA (NUEAA), e 10 indivíduos sedentários controle (SC) foram avaliados. Inflamação coronária foi avaliada por atenuação de gordura pericoronária média (AGPm) artéria coronária direita (ACD), artéria descendente anterior esquerda (ADA) e artéria circunflexa (ACX). Interleucina (IL)-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-10, e TNF-alfa foram avaliados por densidade ótica (DO) em um espectrofotômetro com um filtro de 450 nm. Um p<0,05 indicou significância estatística. Resultados Os UEAA apresentaram maior AGPm na ACD [-65,87 (70,51-60,70) vs. -78,07 (83,66-72,87) vs.-78,46 (85,41-71,99] unidades Hounsfield (HU), respectivamente, p<0,001) e AGPm na ADA [-71,47 (76,40-66,610 vs. -79,32 (84,37-74,59) vs. -82,52 (88,44-75,81) HU, respectivamente, p=0,006) em comparação aos NUEAA e CS. A AGPm na ACX não foi diferente entre os grupos UEAA, NUEAA e CS [-72,41 (77,17-70,37) vs. -80,13 (86,22-72,23) vs. -78,29 (80,63-72,29) HU, respectivamente, p=0,163). Em comparação aos NUEAA e aos CS, o grupo UEAA apresentaram maiores níveis de IL-1 [0,975 (0,847-1,250) vs. 0,437 (0,311-0,565) vs. 0,530 (0,402-0,780) DO, respectivamente, p=0,002), IL-6 [1,195 (0,947-1,405) vs. 0,427 (0,377-0,577) vs. 0,605 (0,332-0,950) DO, p=0,005) e IL-10 [1,145 (0,920-1,292) vs. 0,477 (0,382-0,591) vs. 0,340 (0,316-0,560) DO, p<0,001]. TNF-α não foi diferente entre os grupos UEAA, NUEAA e CS [0,520 (0,250-0,610) vs. 0,377 (0.261-0,548) vs. 0,350 (0,182-430)]. Conclusão Em comparação aos NUEAA e controles, os UEAA apresentam maior AGPm e maior perfil de citocinas inflamatórias sistêmicas, sugerindo que os EAA podem induzir aterosclerose por inflamação coronária e sistêmica.

Abstract The Itajaí-Mirim river basin, SC (Brazil) is a reference in the collection of water for public supply compared to the other basins that make up its territory. However, it presents a greater contribution of sanitary sewage throughout its course. In this context, the objective of the present article is to select streams allocated to different land uses and to understand the influence of land use on water quality, as a provision ecosystem service and preponderant to the health of the population. The methodological steps developed for the choice of streams were geoprocessing and field activity, while for the monitoring of water quality, the analysis of physical-chemical parameters was carried out. The results obtained showed that the use of land influences the quality of water in streams, being negative in rural and urban areas, as a chemical and physical contaminant attribute regarding the discharge of untreated effluents into the watercourse; and positive to the potability of water in forested area. It is important to encourage action by the public power for the development of policies and guidelines aimed at territorial planning, whose essential resource for the provision of human activities is in potential degradation.

Résumé Le bassin hydrographique du Itajaí-Mirim, SC (Brésil) est une référence en matière de collecte d’eau pour l’approvisionnement public par comparaison des autres bassins qui composent son territoire. Toutefois, ce bassin présente le plus apport d’eaux usées sanitaires le long de son parcours. À cette occasion, l’objectif du présente article est de sélectionner des ruisseaux alloués à différentes utilisations des terres et de comprendre l’influence de l’utilisation des terres sur la qualité de l’eau, tandis que le service écosystémique de la provision et prépondérante pour la santé de la population. Les étapes méthodologiques développées pour le choix des cours d’eau ont été: le géotraitement et l’activité de terrain, tandis que pour le suivi de la qualité de l’eau, l’analyse des paramètres physico-chimiques a été réalisée. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que l’utilisation des terres influence la qualité de l’eau dans les ruisseaux, qui est négative dans les zones rurales et urbaines, en tant qu’attribut chimique et physique contaminant en ce qui concerne le rejet d’effluents non traités pas dans le cours d’eau; et positif pour la potabilité de l’eau dans le espace boisé. Il est important de susciter l’action du pouvoir public pour le développement des politiques et des directrices visant la planification du territoire, dont la ressource essentielle pour l’approvisionnement des activités humaines est en voie de dégradation.

Resumen La cuenca del río Itajaí-Mirim, SC (Brasil) es referencia en la captación de agua para abastecimiento público en comparación con otras cuencas que componen su territorio. Sin embargo, presenta un mayor aporte de alcantarillado sanitario a lo largo de su curso. En este contexto, el objetivo de lo presente artículo consiste en elegir riachuelos destinados a diferentes usos de la tierra y comprender la influencia del uso de la tierra en la calidad del agua, mientras un servicio ecosistémico de provisión y preponderante para la salud de la población. Las etapas metodológicas desarrolladas para la elección de riachuelos fueron: geoprocesamiento y la actividad de campo, mientras que para el monitoreo de la calidad del agua se realizó el análisis de parámetros físico-químicos. Los resultados obtenidos apuntan que el uso del suelo influye en la calidad del agua en los riachuelos, lo cual es negativo en las zonas rurales y urbanas, como atributo contaminante químico y físico mientras a la descarga de efluentes sin tratar al curso hídrico; y positivo a la potabilidad del agua en una zona boscosa. Surge la necesidad de una acción del poder público para el desarrollo de políticas y pautas destinadas a la ordenación territorial, cuyo recurso esencial para la provisión de las actividades humanas se encuentra en potencial degradación.

Resumo A bacia hidrográfica do rio Itajaí-Mirim, SC (Brasil) é referência na captação de água para abastecimento público em comparação com as demais bacias que compõem seu território. Entretanto, esta apresenta maior aporte de esgotamento sanitário ao longo de seu curso. Nesse ensejo, o objetivo do presente artigo consiste em selecionar riachos alocados em diferentes usos das terras e compreender a influência dos usos na qualidade da água, enquanto serviço ecossistêmico de provisão e preponderante à saúde da população. As etapas metodológicas desenvolvidas para a escolha dos riachos foram: geoprocessamento e atividade de campo. Já para o monitoramento da qualidade da água foi realizada a análise de parâmetros físico-químicos. Os resultados obtidos apontaram que o uso das terras influencia a qualidade da água nos riachos, sendo esta negativa em áreas rurais e urbanas, como atributo contaminante químico e físico no tocante ao despejo de efluentes sem tratamento ao curso hídrico, e positiva à potabilidade da água em área florestada. Emerge suscitar a ação do poder público para o desenvolvimento de políticas e diretrizes voltadas ao planejamento territorial, cujo recurso essencial ao provisionamento das atividades humanas encontra-se em potencial degradação.

Resumen: El Índice de Reactividad Interpersonal (IRI) constituye una de las medidas de autoinforme más utilizadas en jóvenes y adultos para medir la empatía, ya que considera en su composición aspectos cognitivos y afectivos. En esta investigación se presenta la validez estructural, la invarianza y fiabilidad de la medida en universitarios peruanos. Se seleccionaron intencionalmente 859 estudiantes de Psicología, entre 17 y 39 años, de dos universidades de Lima Metropolitana. El análisis factorial confirmatorio realizado sobre tres modelos: modelo 1, replica la estructura original; modelo 2, analiza la estructura original sin los ítems redactados en forma negativa; modelo 3, se excluyeron los ítems inversos y los que presentaban varianza irrelevante de constructo (ítem 9). Este último modelo es el que presenta un mejor ajuste (CFI = .924; RMSEA = .091; SRMR = 0.058). Sobre este modelo se estableció la invarianza configuracional, métrica, escalar y residual según edad. Adicionalmente, se probó un modelo de segundo orden que demostró la presencia de los factores latentes empatía cognitiva y reacciones emocionales, este modelo presenta un ajuste adecuado (CFI = .957; RMSEA = .078; SRMR = 0.068). Se concluye que la versión reducida del IRI es una medida válida y fiable en universitarios peruanos.

Abstract: The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) is one of the most used self-report measures in young people and adults to measure empathy, it considers cognitive and affective aspects in its composition. This research presents the structural validity, invariance and reliability of the measure in Peruvian university students. 859 psychology students, between 17 and 39 years old, from two universities in Metropolitan Lima were intentionally selected. The confirmatory factor analysis performed on three models: Model 1, replicates the original structure, Model 2, analyzes the original structure, but negatively worded items and model 3 were excluded, inverse items and those with irrelevant variance were excluded. construct (item 9). This last model is the one with the best fit (CFI = .924; RMSEA = .091; SRMR = 0.058). On this model, the configurational, metric, scalar and residual invariance according to age was established. In addition, a second order model was tested that demonstrated the presence of the latent factors Cognitive Empathy and Emotional Reactions, this model presents an adequate fit (CFI = .957; RMSEA = .078; SRMR = 0.068). It is concluded that the reduced version of the IRI is a valid and reliable measure in Peruvian university students.

Resumo: O Índice de Reatividade Interpessoal (IRI) é uma das medidas de autorrelato mais utilizadas em jovens e adultos para mensurar a empatia, e considera aspectos cognitivos e afetivos em sua composição. Nesta pesquisa apresenta-se a validade estrutural, a invariância e a confiabilidade da medida em estudantes universitários peruanos. Foram selecionados intencionalmente 859 estudantes de psicologia, entre 17 e 39 anos, de duas universidades da região metropolitana de Lima. A análise fatorial confirmatória realizada em três modelos: Modelo 1, replica a estrutura original, Modelo 2, analisa a estrutura original, mas foram excluídos os itens redigidos negativamente, e o Modelo 3, se excluíram os itens inversos e os que apresentavam variância de construto irrelevante (item 9). Este último modelo é o que apresenta melhor ajuste (CFI = .924; RMSEA = .0091; SRMR = 0.058). Sobre este modelo foram estabelecidas as invariâncias configuracional, métrica, escalar e residual segundo a idade. Adicionalmente, foi testado um modelo de segunda ordem que demonstrou a presença dos fatores latentes Empatia Cognitiva e Reações Emocionais, este modelo apresenta um ajuste adequado (CFI = .957; RMSEA = .078; SRMR = 0.068). Conclui-se que a versão reduzida do IRI é uma medida válida e confiável em estudantes universitários peruanos.