Resumen La vegetación de un ecosistema puede ser degradada por los incendios forestales; estos se originan por acciones humanas o de manera natural y por lo general reducen la diversidad y composición de especies, así como su regeneración natural. El presente trabajo se desarrolló en un bosque templado degradado por incendios forestales en el Área Natural Protegida El Tejocote, municipio Santiago, Nuevo León. Los objetivos fueron calcular el Índice de Valor de Importancia, analizar la diversidad de especies y determinar el porcentaje de germinación. El muestreo se realizó en 10 parcelas al azar de 1 000 m2. El Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI), índices de diversidad (Margalef, Shannon-Weiner y Simpson) y los porcentajes de germinación se determinaron para cada especie. Pinus teocote tuvo el mayor IVI (45.5 %), también fue la más dominante al cubrir 69 % de la superficie muestreada. Quercus laeta tuvo 25 % de IVI y fue la más abundante de todas las especies (39 %). Agave scabra y Arbutus xalapensis tuvieron IVI de 7.9 % y 6.9 %, respectivamente; ambas se clasificaron como arbustivas. Se obtuvo una baja diversidad en todos los sitios muestreados, y los valores promedio fueron: Margalef (0.74), Shannon-Weiner (0.46) y Simpson (0.77). Los porcentajes de germinación más altos los presentaron Pinus pseudostrobus (97.40 %) y Agave scabra (84 %). La diferencia en la capacidad germinativa de los taxones podría cambiar la diversidad y composición de las especies de la comunidad El Tejocote después de su degradación por incendio.

Abstract The vegetation of an ecosystem can be degraded by forest fires; which are caused by human or natural actions and generally reduce the diversity and composition of species, as well as their natural regeneration. This work was carried out in a temperate forest degraded by forest fires in the El Tejocote Natural Protected Area, Santiago municipality, Nuevo León State. The objectives were to calculate the Importance Value Index, analyze species diversity and determine the percentage of germination. Sampling was carried out in 10 random plots of 1 000 m2. The Importance Value Index (IVI), diversity indexes (Margalef, Shannon-Weiner and Simpson) and the germination percentages were determined for each species. Pinus teocote had the highest IVI (45.5 %), it was also the most dominant, covering 69 % of the sampled area. Quercus laeta had 25 % IVI and was the most abundant of all species (39 %). Agave scabra and Arbutus xalapensis had IVIs of 7.9 % and 6.9 %, respectively; both were classified as shrubs. A low diversity was obtained in all the sites sampled; the average values were: Margalef (0.74), Shannon-Weiner (0.46), and Simpson (0.77). The highest germination percentages were presented by Pinus pseudostrobus (97.40 %) and Agave scabra (84 %). The difference in the germination capacity of taxa could change the diversity and species composition of the El Tejocote community after its degradation by fire.

Resumen Los servicios ecosistémicos de los humedales son fundamentales para la sustentabilidad de las sociedades por su aporte alimentario y regulación del clima; su gradual deterioro agudiza la crisis ambiental y disminuye la calidad del agua. Los sitios Ramsar fueron creados para la protección de los humedales del Planeta, con el objetivo de preservar la integridad y el mantenimiento de sus características biológicas. Este estudio describe la situación del Sitio Ramsar Núm. 1981 ubicado al noreste de México. Con apoyo de imágenes con vista satelital y mapas de uso de suelo, se contabilizó el cambio de uso de suelo por un periodo de 44 años, analizado en tres instantáneas temporales: 1975, 2003 y 2019. Se comprobó una reducción substancial del humedal y su zona de influencia. Se registró una pérdida de 84 % en área inundable, el matorral decreció 36 % y la zona agrícola y el pastizal incrementaron su superficie en 547 % y 284 %, respectivamente. Dicho aumento ocurrió a expensas del área inundable, posiblemente causado por los prolongados periodos de sequía durante las últimas décadas. Es importante reconocer que en México no se ha legislado específicamente para la protección de los humedales, por lo que decretar un sitio Ramsar no es suficiente para frenar o revertir los procesos de deterioro ambiental. Es necesario mejorar la gestión de las leyes vigentes y desarrollar un plan de manejo adaptativo sujeto a los cambios hídricos provocados por el cambio climático, el manejo inadecuado de las cuencas y la falta de cobertura natural.

Abstract The ecosystem services provided by wetlands are central to the sustainability of societies through their contribution to food supply and climate regulation. The gradual deterioration of these ecosystems exacerbates the environmental crisis and the deterioration of water quality. Ramsar Sites were created for the protection of the world's wetlands, with the aim of preserving the integrity and maintenance of their biological character. This study presents the situation of Ramsar Site No. 1981 which is in north-eastern Mexico, using satellite images and land use maps, land use change is accounted for a period of 44 years analysed in three temporal snapshots: 1975, 2003 and 2019. The flooded area decreased by 84 %, scrubland decreased by 36 % and agricultural area increased by 547 %, and grassland by 284 %. The area increased at the expense of floodplain cover, possibly caused by prolonged periods of drought over the last few decades. It is essential to recognise that Mexico has not legislated specifically for the protection of Wetlands, therefore decree a system of Ramsar is not enough to stop or reverse the processes of environmental degradation. It is necessary to improve the management of existing laws and develop an adaptive management plan subject to hydrological changes due climate change, inadequate watershed management and lack of natural cover.

Resumen El género Cuterebra (Diptera: Oestridae) incluye especies de parásitos dérmicos que infectan a roedores y lagomorfos silvestres. En México, se han registrado 14 especies de dicho parásito y la mayoría de los datos de esta interacción provienen del sur del país. El presente estudio describe el primer registro de Cuterebra sp. en tres especies de roedores del Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco (MET) en el noreste de México. De marzo a octubre de 2020 y de marzo a septiembre de 2021 se capturaron roedores dentro de un fragmento conservado de MET en Linares, Nuevo León. Se identificaron cuatro especies de roedores: Heteromys irroratus, Onychomys leucogaster, Neotoma albigula y Peromyscus leucopus. Exclusivamente en las tres últimas especies se detectaron individuos infectados. Se capturó un macho adulto de O. leucogaster con una larva de Cuterebra sp. en el área genital, mientras que de 12 individuos de N. albigula, solo una hembra adulta presentó una larva en la región pectoral. Se capturaron 86 individuos de P. leucopus de los cuales 15 resultaron infectados (17.44 %): cinco hembras (cuatro adultas y una juvenil) y 10 machos (siete adultos y tres juveniles). En octubre se detectó el mayor número de individuos infectados: cuatro de P. leucopus y uno de O. leucogaster. Aunque suelen ser específicos en su interacción, estos parásitos pueden también afectar a los depredadores naturales de sus hospederos, a los animales domésticos (ganado o animales de compañía) y al humano. Estos nuevos registros brindan información relevante sobre las interacciones parásito-roedor y su distribución en México.

Abstract The Cuterebra genus (Diptera: Oestridae) includes species of dermic parasites infecting wild rodents and lagomorphs. In Mexico, 14 species of this parasite have been recorded and most of the reports of this interaction are from southern Mexico. This study describes the first record of Cuterebra sp. parasitizing three rodent species from Tamaulipan Thorny Scrub (TTS) in northeastern Mexico. From March to October 2020 and March to September 2021, rodents were captured within a preserved TTS fragment in Linares municipality, Nuevo Leon. Four rodent species were recorded: Heteromys irroratus, Onychomys leucogaster, Neotoma albigula and Peromyscus leucopus. Infected individuals were detected exclusively in the last three species. One male of O. leucogaster was captured with one Cuterebra sp. larva in the genital area, while from 12 N. albigula individuals were captured, only one adult female presented a larva in the pectoral region. From 86 captured individuals of P. leucopus, 15 were infected: five females (four adults and one juvenile) and 10 males (seven adults and three juveniles). The highest number of infected individuals was detected in October: four individuals of P. leucopus and one O. leucogaster. Although they are usually specific in their interaction, these parasites can also affect the natural predators of their hosts, domestic animals (cattle or pets) and humans. These new records provide relevant information on parasite-rodent interactions and their incidence and distribution in Mexico.

Resumen Se estudiaron la flora útil y los usos de las plantas del área rural de Linares, Nuevo León. Se realizaron 180 encuestas semiestructuradas en seis ejidos. Se registraron 75 familias, 194 géneros y 253 especies con uso etnobotánico. Las principales categorías de uso fueron: ornamental (105 especies), medicinal (83), alimento (6) y maderable (25), las 34 especies restantes son utilizadas como forraje, cosméticos y creencias. Cactaceae (19), Fabaceae (15), Asteraceae (15), Poaceae (15), Lamiaceae (12), Solanaceae (6), Asparagaceae (6) y Rutaceae (4) registraron el mayor número de taxa. Del total de especies identificadas, 120 son nativas y 133 exóticas. Respecto al uso medicinal, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Echinocereus poselgeri, Equisetum laevigatum, Croton suaveolens, Mentha spicata, Litsea glaucescens y Ruta graveolens resultaron las más utilizadas. Las principales especies maderables fueron: Prosopis glandulosa, Vachellia farnesiana, Ebenopsis ebano, Havardia pallens, Quercus canbyi, Carya illinoinensis, Pinus cembroides, P. montezumae y P. teocote. Para el Factor de Consenso del Informante (FCI) las medicinales se utilizan, principalmente, para curar males de los sistemas respiratorio, circulatorio, reproductivo y digestivo. Los taxa con los valores más altos del Índice de Valor de Uso (IVU) fueron Dysphania ambrosioides, Allium cepa y A. sativum, todas con valor=1. Respecto al Índice de Fidelidad (IF, %), los mayores porcentajes correspondieron a Artemisia ludoviciana, Cymbopogon citratus y Hedeoma drummondii. La región rural de Linares posee una rica flora útil que se utiliza principalmente como ornamental, medicinal, alimenticia, forrajera y maderable.

Abstract The useful flora and uses of plants in the rural area of Linares, Nuevo León were analyzed. A total of 180 semi-structured surveys were conducted in six ejidos. 75 families, 194 genera and 253 species with ethnobotanical use were recorded. The main categories of use were: ornamental (105 species), medicinal (83), food (6) and timber (25); the remaining 34 species are used as fodder, cosmetics and beliefs. Cactaceae (19), Fabaceae (15), Asteraceae (15), Poaceae (15), Lamiaceae (12), Solanaceae (6), Asparagaceae (6), and Rutaceae (4) recorded the highest number of taxa. Of the total number of identified species, 120 are native, and 133 are exotic. As for the medicinal use, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Echinocereus poselgeri, Equisetum laevigatum, Croton suaveolens, Mentha spicata, Litsea glaucescens and Ruta graveolens were the most widely used. The main timber species were Prosopis glandulosa, Vachellia farnesiana, Ebenopsis ebano, Havardia pallens, Quercus canbyi, Carya illinoinensis, Pinus cembroides, P. montezumae, and P. teocote. For the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), medicinal plants are mainly used to cure ailments of the respiratory, circulatory, reproductive, and digestive systems. The taxa with the highest Use Value Index (UVI), equal to 1 in every case, were Dysphania ambrosioides, Allium cepa, and A. sativum. In regard to the Fidelity Index (FI, %), the highest percentages corresponded to Artemisia ludoviciana, Cymbopogon citratus, and Hedeoma drummondii. The Linares rural region has a rich useful flora, which is mainly used as ornamental, medicinal, food, forage and timber.

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares en las gestantes son desafiantes, con alta morbimortalidad materna y perinatal, por lo que se recomienda un equipo cardio-obstétrico para su atención. Aun así, pocos datos evalúan el impacto de estos equipos. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo comparar los resultados obstétricos, maternos y neonatales del seguimiento semiestructurado (SSE) en una clínica cardio-obstétrica con respecto a un seguimiento usual o seguimiento no estructurado (SNE) en gestantes con enfermedad cardiaca. Métodos: Se realizó un registro prospectivo de gestantes con cardiopatías. Se compararon las pacientes con SSE por un equipo cardio-obstétrico, contra aquellas con evaluación única o SNE. Se calculó el riesgo de eventos según la clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud modificado (OMSm) y la escala del Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy Study II (CARPREG-II) y se evaluaron los desenlaces cardiacos, obstétricos y neonatales. Resultados: Se evaluaron 168 pacientes, 37 con SSE y 131 con evaluación única (SNE). Los principales diagnósticos fueron cardiopatía congénita, arritmias y valvulopatías. La media del CARPREG-II en pacientes de SNE fue 2.48 (DE: 2.3) y en pacientes de SSE fue 3.37 (DE: 2.45; p = 0.041). La media de la OMSm en pacientes de SNE fue 2.1 (DE: 1.6) y con SSE fue 2.65 (DE: 0.95; p = 0.0052). No hubo diferencias significativas en los desenlaces cardiacos primarios (13.8% en SNE vs. 5.4% en SSE; p = 0.134), cardiacos secundarios (5.3 en SNE vs. 2.7 en SSE; p = 0.410), obstétricos (10% en SNE vs. 16.2% en SSE; p = 0.253) y neonatales (35.9% en SNE y 40.5% en SSE; p = 0.486) a pesar de que las pacientes con SSE tenían un riesgo mayor que las pacientes con SNE según las escalas de la OMSm y el CARPREG-II. Conclusiones: En gestantes con cardiopatía, un SSE comparado con un SNE por un equipo cardio-obstétrico no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los desenlaces cardiovasculares, obstétricos y neonatales, a pesar de que las pacientes con SSE tenían un riesgo significativamente más alto de desenlaces adversos por las escalas de la OMSm y el CARPREG-II. Esto sugiere que el SSE logra al menos equiparar los desenlaces a pesar del mayor riesgo de eventos adversos que tenían las pacientes de este grupo.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases in pregnant women are challenging, with high maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, so a cardio-obstetric team is recommended for their care. Even so, little data evaluates the impact of these teams. Therefore, the present study aims to compare the obstetric, maternal, and neonatal outcomes of semi-structured follow-up (SSF) in a Cardio-obstetric clinic concerning regular or unstructured follow-up (USF) in pregnant women with heart disease. Methods: A prospective registry of pregnant women with heart disease was carried out. Patients with SSF by a cardio-obstetric team were compared with those with single evaluation or USF. The risk of events was calculated according to the modified World Health Organization (mWHO) classification and the CARPREG-II scale, and cardiac, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes were evaluated. Results: One hundred sixty-eight patients were evaluated, 37 with SSF and 131 with single evaluation (USF). The primary diagnoses were congenital heart disease, arrhythmias, and valve disease. The average CARPREG-II in USF patients was 2.48 (SD 2.3); in SSF patients, it was 3.37 (SD 2.45; p = 0.041). The average of the mWHO in patients with USF was 2.1 (SD 1.6), and with SSF, it was 2.65 (SD 0.95; p = 0.0052). There were no significant differences in primary cardiac outcomes (13.8% in USF vs. 5.4% in SSF; p = 0.134), secondary cardiac (5.3% in USF vs. 2.7% in SSF; p = 0.410), obstetric (10% in USF vs. 16.2% in SSF; p = 0.253) and neonatal (35.9% in USF and 40.5% in SSF; p = 0.486) even though patients with SSF had a higher risk than patients with USF according to the mWHO and CARPREG-II scales. Conclusions: In pregnant women with heart disease, an SSF compared with a USF by a cardio-obstetric team did not show statistically significant differences in cardiovascular, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes. However, patients with SSF had a significantly higher risk of adverse outcomes due to the mWHO and CARPREG-II scales. This result suggests that the SSF achieves at least equal outcomes despite the higher risk of adverse events that patients in this group had.

RESUMEN Es fundamental que los adultos mayores realicen actividad física para mejorar las funciones cardiorrespiratorias, particularmente los ejercicios aeróbicos mejoran la función cardiovascular, disminuyen la frecuencia cardíaca basal y la tensión arterial, además de mejorar su estado de ánimo y energía. Con la finalidad de facilitar la ejecución de actividad física del tipo aeróbica en adultos mayores, se planteó el objetivo de este trabajo, centrado en diseñar un dispositivo para su ejercitación. Partiendo de especificaciones de diseño como comodidad, tamaño, peso, resistencia y costo, se desarrolló el diseño de detalle de una bicicleta horizontal. El dispositivo diseñado, gracias a la disposición horizontal de la estructura, la resistencia adecuada al pedaleo, su dimensionamiento con base a medidas antropométricas de población chilena, y la disposición de sensores para heart rate and oxygen saturation, es adecuado para adultos mayores. Además, su peso y tamaño lo hacen conveniente para el uso dentro de las viviendas, del mismo modo, el uso de los materiales, componentes y proceso de manufactura disponibles nacionalmente y dentro de las opciones más económicas, aumentan la posibilidad de acceso por parte de los adultos mayores.

ABSTRACT Older adults should perform physical activity to improve cardiorespiratory functions. Aerobic exercises improve cardiovascular function, decrease basal heart rate and blood pressure, and improve mood and energy. To facilitate the execution of aerobic physical activity in older adults, the objective of this research was to design an exercise device for older adults. Starting from design specifications such as comfort, size, weight, resistance, and cost, we developed the detailed design of a horizontal bicycle. The designed device, thanks to its horizontally disposed structure, its adequate resistance to pedaling, its dimensioning based on anthropometric measurements of the Chilean population, and the disposition of sensors for heart rate and oxygen saturation, is suitable for older adults. Its weight and size also make it convenient for use inside the home, and the use of materials, components, and manufacturing processes available nationally and within the cheapest options, increases the possibility of access by older adults.

Abstract Background: Since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, patients with chronic kidney disease vulnerable to suffering more severe COVID-19 disease and worse outcomes have been identified Objectives: Our study's aim was to determine the incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients of hemodialysis (HD) units in Mexico and to describe the availability of confirmatory testing Methods: This study was multicentric study of 19 HD units, conducted between March 2020 and March 2021 Results: From a total of 5779 patients, 955 (16.5%) cases of suspicious COVID-19 were detected; a SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test was done in only 50.6% of patients. Forty-five percentages were hospitalized and 6% required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). There was no significant difference in mortality between confirmed (131/483) and suspicious (124/472) cases (p = 0.74). The percentage of patients in need of hospitalization, IMV, and deceased was greater than in the rest of the study population Conclusions: The study revealed that 49.4% of the cases were not confirmed, a worrisome observation given that this is a highly vulnerable population (higher probability of contagion and worse outcomes), in which 100% of patients should have a confirmatory test

Resumen Introducción: La infección por Chlamydia trachomatis es la ITS bacteriana más frecuente del mundo. En el cervix se presenta mayormente de forma asintomática y afecta especialmente a mujeres jóvenes y adolescentes. Puede producir daño permanente en el tracto reproductor femenino, se asocia a parto prematuro, infecciones neonatales transmitidas vía vertical y mayor riesgo de adquirir otras ITS como VIH Y VPH. Por estos motivos se han establecido estrategias de tamizaje para detectar y tratar precozmente la infección asintomática por C. trachomatis en diferentes países. En nuestro país no contamos con un programa nacional de tamizaje. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de infección asintomática por Chlamydia trachomatis en mujeres entre 12 y 21 años de la Provincia de Osorno, Región de Los Lagos, Chile. Pacientes y Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio de diseño transversal con una cohorte única de mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes consultantes en el Policlínico de Alto Riesgo Obstétrico y de Ginecología Infantil y Adolescente, del Hospital Base de Osorno, entre enero de 2019 y enero 2020. Se determinó el estado de infección asintomática mediante RPC en tiempo real para C. trachomatis. Se realizó una encuesta a fin de determinar características demográficas, hábitos y conductas sexuales de las pacientes estudiadas. Resultados: Fueron reclutadas 124 mujeres entre 12 a 21 años de edad, de las cuales, 36 (29,3%) se encontraban embarazadas al momento del estudio. La prevalencia de infección asintomática por C. trachomatis fue de 14/124 (11,3%). En las mujeres gestantes se encontraron 6/36 (16,7%) casos positivos de infección por C. trachomatis y 8/88 (9,1%) en las no gestantes. Existe una mayor frecuencia de infección asintomática a menor edad de inicio de actividad sexual (33,3% en aquellas que inician entre 11-12 años vs. 16,2% en las que inician entre 1314 años, 7,4% entre 15-16 y 8% entre 17-21 años; p < 0,05). Esta tendencia no fue observada al comparar el estado de infección con el tiempo de vida sexual activa. Sólo 15,7% de las pacientes utilizó preservativo en todas sus relaciones sexuales. Discusión: La infección asintomática por C. trachomatis es frecuente en las mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes sexualmente activas. Las pacientes con inicio más temprano de la actividad sexual coital (bajo 13 años de edad) podrían estar en mayor riesgo. Se requiere con urgencia establecer la frecuencia nacional de infección para desarrollar una estrategia sanitaria para su pesquisa y manejo oportuno en nuestro país.

Abstract Background: Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the world most common bacterial STI. At uterine cervix it presents mostly asymptomatically and especially affects young women and adolescents. It can cause permanent damage to the female reproductive tract and is associated with premature birth, connatal infections and increased risk of acquiring other STIs such as HIV and HPV. For these reasons, other countries have established screening strategies to detect and treat asymptomatic C. trachomatis infection. Our country don’t have a national screening program. Aim: To determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis asymptomatic infection in adolescent and young women in Osorno province, Los Lagos Region, Chile. Methods: A crosssectional study was performed in adolescent and young women who consult at Hospital Base Osorno in the MaternoFetal and PediatricAdolescent Gynecology ambulatory clinics, between January 2019 and January 2020. The status of asymptomatic infection was determined by PCR for C. trachomatis. A survey was carried out to determine the demographic characteristics, habits and sexual behaviors. Results: 124 women between 12 and 21 years of age were recruited, of which 36 (29,3%) were pregnant at the time of the study. The prevalence of asymptomatic infection by C. trachomatis was 11.3.%. In pregnant women, there were 6/36 (16.7%) positive cases for C. trachomatis and 8/88 (9.1%) in nonpregnant women. We found a higher frequency of asymptomatic infection at younger age of first sexual intercourse (33% in adolescents at 11-12 years old vs. 16.2% at 13-14, 7.4% at 15-16 and 8% at 17-21; p<0.05). Only 15.7% of the patients utilized condoms in all their intercourses. Discussion: Asymptomatic C. trachomatis infection is common in adolescent and young women, with a higher risk in those who onset sexual activity at an early age (less than 13 years old). It is urgently required to determine the national frequency of asymptomatic C. trachomatis infection to develop a national strategy for screening and timely treatment.

Resumo: Elementos de concreto armado com elevada taxa de armadura longitudinal e transversal podem apresentar conflitos das duas armaduras gerando redução em produtividade durante a armação do elemento e mal posicionamento da armadura transversal diminuindo a efetividade da armadura. Diante disso, essa pesquisa apresenta um tipo de armadura transversal interna como forma de mitigar esse conflito entre as barras transversais e longitudinais. Foram ensaiadas 5 vigas faixa de concreto armado, sendo uma de referência com estribos fechados e as outras 4 com estribos internos variando a inclinação das armaduras transversais internas em 60º e 90º e a quantidade de pernas verticais da armadura transversal interna utilizada. Comparando os resultados das vigas com estribos interno com a viga de referência, observou-se que os estribos internos garantiram ganhos de até 14% de capacidade de resistência ao cisalhamento em comparação com o estribo fechado.

Abstract: Reinforced concrete elements with a high longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratio may present conflicts on both of them, resulting in reduced labor productivity and a poor job when assembling the transversal reinforcement, reducing its effectiveness. Thus, this research presents a type of internal transverse reinforcement as an alternative to mitigate this conflict between the transverse and longitudinal bars. A total of 5 reinforced concrete wide beams were made, one of them as a reference with closed stirrups, and the other ones with internal stirrups, varying the inclination of the internal transverse reinforcement in 60° and 90°, and the number of vertical legs of the internal transverse reinforcement used. Comparing the results of the beams with internal stirrups with the reference beam, it was observed that the internal stirrups provided increases of up to 14% in shear strength when compared with the closed stirrup.

ABSTRACT: This article explores the textures that have been used in the development of thematic maps and images for children with visual impairment in Chile over the last 20 years. From a representative group of more than 300 sheets of inclusive educational content, 14 textures were selected to identify their nature, psychophysical properties and morphological characteristics based on their geometric composition. The aim was to generate the theoretical and technological grounds related to the design and digital production of tactile maps, images, and graphics. The work sought to typify the embossed shapes and their possible applications by using repetition patterns that allow to improve the language and recognition of the textures involved, with the intention of expanding and diversifying their use in inclusive educational material in the teaching and dissemination of knowledge through tact.

RESUMO: Este artigo explora as texturas táteis que têm sido utilizadas na confecção de mapas e imagens temáticas para crianças com deficiência visual no Chile nos últimos 20 anos. De um grupo representativo composto por mais de 300 lâminas de conteúdo educacional inclusivo, foram selecionadas 14 texturas para identificar sua natureza, propriedades psicofísicas e características morfológicas a partir de sua composição geométrica. O objetivo foi gerar as bases teóricas e tecnológicas relacionadas ao design e à produção digital de mapas, imagens e gráficos táteis. O trabalho buscou tipificar as formas de relevo e suas possíveis aplicações pelo uso de padrões de repetição que permitam melhorar a linguagem e o reconhecimento das texturas envolvidas com o intuito de expandir e diversificar seu uso em material educativo inclusivo no ensino e na disseminação do conhecimento por meio do toque.

Abstract Background Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse has been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Pericoronary fat attenuation (pFA) is a marker of coronary inflammation, which is key in the atherosclerotic process. Objective To evaluate pFA and inflammatory profile in AAS users. Methods Twenty strength-trained AAS users (AASU), 20 AAS nonusers (AASNU), and 10 sedentary controls (SC) were evaluated. Coronary inflammation was evaluated by mean pericoronary fat attenuation (mPFA) in the right coronary artery (RCA), left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), and left circumflex (LCx). Interleukin (IL)-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha were evaluated by optical density (OD) in a spectrophotometer with a 450 nm filter. P<0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results AASU had higher mPFA in the RCA (-65.87 [70.51-60.70] vs. -78.07 [83.66-72.87] vs.-78.46 [85.41-71.99] Hounsfield Units (HU), respectively, p<0.001) and mPFA in the LAD (-71.47 [76.40-66.61] vs. -79.32 [84.37-74.59] vs. -82.52 [88.44-75.81] HU, respectively, p=0.006) compared with AASNU and SC. mPFA in the LCx was not different between AASU, AASNU, and SC (-72.41 [77.17-70.37] vs. -80.13 [86.22-72.23] vs. -78.29 [80.63-72.29] HU, respectively, p=0.163). AASU compared with AASNU and SC, had higher IL-1, (0.975 [0.847-1.250] vs. 0.437 [0.311-0.565] vs. 0.530 [0.402-0.780] OD, respectively, p=0.002), IL-6 (1.195 [0.947-1.405] vs. 0.427 [0.377-0.577] vs. 0.605 [0.332-0.950] OD, p=0.005) and IL-10 (1.145 [0.920-1.292] vs. 0.477 [0.382-0.591] vs. 0.340 [0.316-0.560] OD, p<0.001). TNF-α was not different between the AASU, AASNU, and SC groups (0.520 [0.250-0.610] vs. 0.377 [0.261-0.548] vs. 0.350 [0.182-430]), respectively. Conclusion Compared with ASSNU and controls, AASU have higher mPFA and higher systemic inflammatory cytokines profile suggesting that AAS may induce coronary atherosclerosis through coronary and systemic inflammation.

Resumo Fundamento O uso abusivo de esteroides anabólicos androgênicos (EAA) tem sido associado à doença arterial coronariana (DAC). A atenuação de gordura pericoronária (AGp) é um marcador de inflamação coronária, a qual exerce um papel chave no processo aterosclerótico. Objetivo Avaliar AGp e perfil inflamatório em usuários de EAA. Método Vinte indivíduos que realizavam treinamento de força, usuários de EAA (UEAA), 20 não usuários de EAA (NUEAA), e 10 indivíduos sedentários controle (SC) foram avaliados. Inflamação coronária foi avaliada por atenuação de gordura pericoronária média (AGPm) artéria coronária direita (ACD), artéria descendente anterior esquerda (ADA) e artéria circunflexa (ACX). Interleucina (IL)-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-10, e TNF-alfa foram avaliados por densidade ótica (DO) em um espectrofotômetro com um filtro de 450 nm. Um p<0,05 indicou significância estatística. Resultados Os UEAA apresentaram maior AGPm na ACD [-65,87 (70,51-60,70) vs. -78,07 (83,66-72,87) vs.-78,46 (85,41-71,99] unidades Hounsfield (HU), respectivamente, p<0,001) e AGPm na ADA [-71,47 (76,40-66,610 vs. -79,32 (84,37-74,59) vs. -82,52 (88,44-75,81) HU, respectivamente, p=0,006) em comparação aos NUEAA e CS. A AGPm na ACX não foi diferente entre os grupos UEAA, NUEAA e CS [-72,41 (77,17-70,37) vs. -80,13 (86,22-72,23) vs. -78,29 (80,63-72,29) HU, respectivamente, p=0,163). Em comparação aos NUEAA e aos CS, o grupo UEAA apresentaram maiores níveis de IL-1 [0,975 (0,847-1,250) vs. 0,437 (0,311-0,565) vs. 0,530 (0,402-0,780) DO, respectivamente, p=0,002), IL-6 [1,195 (0,947-1,405) vs. 0,427 (0,377-0,577) vs. 0,605 (0,332-0,950) DO, p=0,005) e IL-10 [1,145 (0,920-1,292) vs. 0,477 (0,382-0,591) vs. 0,340 (0,316-0,560) DO, p<0,001]. TNF-α não foi diferente entre os grupos UEAA, NUEAA e CS [0,520 (0,250-0,610) vs. 0,377 (0.261-0,548) vs. 0,350 (0,182-430)]. Conclusão Em comparação aos NUEAA e controles, os UEAA apresentam maior AGPm e maior perfil de citocinas inflamatórias sistêmicas, sugerindo que os EAA podem induzir aterosclerose por inflamação coronária e sistêmica.

Abstract Introduction: Adequate and continuous airway management by health professionals is fundamental to ensure patient safety and protection. Among several techniques, laryngoscopy for orotracheal intubation is considered a basic skill, so it is taught and learned in medical school and used during the future years of professional practice. However, in some clinical scenarios, physical and anatomical characteristics can make laryngoscopy exceedingly difficult. In the last decade, some new devices have emerged to apply indirect or video-assisted imaging systems, so-called videolaryngoscopes. They have shown great efficiency in difficult intubation cases and have improved teaching and training. Our study introduced a videolaryngoscope, the McGrathTM MAC, in the regular laryngoscopy training rotation for 3rd-year undergraduate medical students and evaluated whether there was any associated optimization of the students’ performance. Method: Students from two different classes and years (2017 and 2018) were randomly divided into two groups and received theoretical and practical training in the techniques of Direct Laryngoscopy (DL) and Videolaryngoscopy (VL). The students in each group applied the manoeuvres and simulated three tracheal intubation attempts on mannequins. They were evaluated for their success rate on the first attempt, the time required to finalize the intubation, and the visualization of the glottic structures according to the classification of Cormack-Lehane (C&L). Results: Two hundred and four students with an average age of 21 ± 2 years participated in the study; the groups were similar. There was a significant difference between the VL and DL groups in the 1st attempt success rate (97% and 89.4%, respectively, p = 0.0497 - 95% CI), but such a difference was not seen for the other attempts or regarding the number of oesophageal intubations (3% and 7.7%). The students in the VL group were faster than those in the DL group in all intubation attempts; in parallel, the vast majority of the VL group reported excellent visualization conditions, with 75% of the attempts classified as Cormack-Lehane grade 1. Conclusion: The introduction of a videolaryngoscope in medical students’ training improved the visualization of anatomical structures and allowed tracheal intubation maneuvers to be performed faster and with a higher success rate on the first attempt. Thus, under the conditions of this prospective study, the videolaryngoscope had a positive impact on training and proved to be a promising tool for teaching laryngoscopy.

Resumen Registramos dos casos de leucismo en la paloma de collar Asiática (Streptopelia decaocto) en dos localidades del norte de México. Ambos individuos fueron los primeros registros de leucismo en esta especie para los estados de Nuevo León y Durango. Los dos ejemplares presentaban la mayor parte del cuerpo con plumaje blanco, patas rosadas y pico grisáceo (comparado con los individuos normales), pero mantuvieron los ojos con su color característico. Ambos individuos fueron observados solo una vez y en solitario.

Abstract We observed two cases of leucism in the Eurasian Collared-Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) in two localities of Northern Mexico. Both individuals were the first leucistic records for this species in Nuevo Leon and Durango states. The two specimens had most of the body with white plumage, pinkish legs, and grayish beak (compared to normal individuals), but maintained the characteristic color in the eyes; and were observed only once and as solitary individuals.

Abstract Objective: to describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of a patient with superior mesenteric artery syndrome or Wilkie syndrome combined with the nutcracker syndrome or left renal vein compression syndrome in a tertiary referral center in a Latin American country. Case description: a 25-year-old male patient from the United States who attended for a year of weight loss and intestinal obstruction episodes of unknown etiology after multiple imaging studies. Endoscopic studies were performed without findings. While in the recovery room, he developed abdominal pain requiring admission to the emergency service. The CT enterography showed dilation of the colon loops and small intestine with a decrease of the aortomesenteric (AOM) angle and the gastrointestinal series with the filiform passage of the contrast medium. Conservative management was attempted as initial therapy with intolerance to enteric nutritional support. Finally, we initially opted for surgical treatment, with a slow recovery process, but in the end, with a resolution of symptoms and weight gain. Conclusion: Wilkie syndrome is a rare disease and a diagnostic challenge in patients with weight loss and abdominal pain. We described a superior mesenteric artery compression case in which diagnosis was achieved with multiple diagnostic strategies and complete resolution after surgical treatment. The decreased aortomesenteric angle may compress the superior mesenteric artery and the left renal vein. In this case, it resulted in a combined Wilkie and nutcracker syndrome.

Resumen Objetivo: describir la presentación clínica, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento quirúrgico de un paciente con síndrome de la arteria mesentérica superior o síndrome de Wilkie combinado con síndrome de cascanueces o síndrome de compresión de la vena renal izquierda, en un centro de alta complejidad de un país latinoamericano. Descripción del caso: paciente masculino de 25 años, procedente de Estados Unidos, quien consultó por un año de pérdida de peso y episodios de obstrucción intestinal de etiología desconocida tras múltiples estudios de imagen. Se le realizaron estudios endoscópicos sin hallazgos; en la sala de recuperación desarrolló dolor abdominal que requirió ingreso al servicio de urgencias. La enterotomografía mostró dilatación de asas de colon e intestino delgado, con disminución del ángulo aortomesentérico y la serie gastrointestinal con paso filiforme del medio de contraste. Se intentó el manejo conservador como terapia inicial, con intolerancia al soporte nutricional entérico. Finalmente, se optó por el tratamiento quirúrgico, con un proceso de recuperación tórpido inicialmente, pero al final con resolución de los síntomas y aumento de peso. Conclusión: el síndrome de Wilkie es una enfermedad rara y un desafío diagnóstico en pacientes con pérdida de peso y dolor abdominal. Describimos un caso de compresión de la arteria mesentérica superior en el que se logró el diagnóstico con múltiples estrategias diagnósticas y resolución completa luego del tratamiento quirúrgico. La disminución del ángulo aortomesentérico puede comprimir la arteria mesentérica superior, así como la vena renal izquierda, que en ese caso resultó en un síndrome combinado de Wilkie y de cascanueces.

Resumen Durante varias décadas, se ha alertado sobre ciertas faltas éticas en ingenieros respecto a corrupción en diferentes obras, que llevan a colapsos y la muerte de personas, poniendo en tela de juicio la ingeniería y afectando el desarrollo social de las comunidades. La ética es una responsabilidad educativa, el debate ético debe darse dentro y fuera del aula, pues estudios realizados en diferentes universidades, indican que la ética sigue siendo una asignatura pendiente en los programas de ingeniería. El presente estudio busca aportar a la innovación educativa para la enseñanza de la ética en la ingeniería a través de revisión documental y entrevistas a estudiantes y profesores. Se encontró que la educación de la ética en la ingeniería debe incluirse en el currículo como un factor importante en la formación de ingenieros, desde una dimensión práctica, que incluya el estudio de casos, dilemas morales, y basada en problemas aplicados al entorno.

Abstract For several decades, there have been warnings about certain ethical faults in engineers regarding corruption in different works, which lead to collapses and the death of people, calling engineering into question and affecting the social development of communities. Ethics is an educational responsibility, the ethical debate must take place inside and outside the classroom, since studies carried out in different universities indicate that ethics continues to be a pending subject in engineering programs. This study seeks to contribute to educational innovation for the teaching of ethics in engineering through documentary review and interviews with students and teachers. It was found that the education of ethics in engineering should be included in the curriculum as an important factor in the training of engineers, from a practical dimension, which includes the study of cases, moral dilemmas, and based on problems applied to the environment.