The aim of the present study was to provide new spirometry reference equations in a sample of the Brazilian population for the following parameters: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, peak of expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow at 50% (FEF50%), 75% average vital capacity (FEF25-75%), and average forced expiratory flow time (FEFT). This was a prospective study using results from chest radiographs, electrocardiograms, and questionnaires to investigate the participants' respiratory symptoms, sedentarism, and comorbidities (Charlson comorbidity index). From December 2010 to July 2014, individuals were randomly selected from various locations in the state of Rio de Janeiro. All individuals were examined by a single technician in the morning at the laboratory, and performed the spirometry with the same spirometer. Spirometry values were tabulated for the creation of three equation models: linear regression, logarithmic regression, and logarithms through a method that incorporates the lambda, median, and coefficient of variation (LMS method). Initially, 7003 individuals from both genders were contacted, and 454 were recruited. The data from the new equations were compared with one Brazilian and eight international equations, resulting in a high correlation (r>0.9). The values derived from the LMS method and linear regression were very similar (P>0.5), and both could be used to acquire the reference values for Brazilian spirometry. Data derived from the equations of this study were different from the current Brazilian equation, which could be justified by the different method used.

Foi objetivo deste trabalho efetuar: (i) uma análise descritiva das idades de todos os participantes nas provas de Natação Pura Desportiva nos Jogos Olímpicos de Pequim 2008 e; (ii) uma análise comparativa das idades com base no sexo. Foram analisadas 1101 inscrições (588 masculinas e 513 femininas) em todas as provas dos Jogos Olímpicos de Pequim 2008: 50 metros livres (L50), 100 metros livres (L100), 200 metros livres (L200), 400 metros livres (L400), 800 metros livres (L800, apenas sexo feminino) 1500 metros livres (L1500, apenas sexo masculino), 100 metros costas (C100), 200 metros costas (C200), 100 metros bruços (B100), 200 metros bruços (B200), 100 metros mariposa (M100), 200 metros mariposa (M200). Foram consultadas as listas finais de resultados disponibilizadas no site oficial dos Jogos Olímpicos de Pequim 2008 para identificação das identidades e idade cronológica dos nadadores. A idade cronológica (dia, mês, ano) foi convertida em idade decimal no dia de realização das eliminatórias de cada prova. Da análise quartílica, verifica-se uma tendência para a mediana da idade decimal, bem como a variância, diminuírem com o aumento da distância nadada em todos os estilos em ambos os sexos. Verificaram-se variações significativas de acordo com o sexo na idade decimal nas provas de L400 (p = .01), L1500/L800 (p = .02), C100 (p < .01), C200 (p < .01), B100 (p = .02), B200 (p = .04), M100 (p = .05) e M200 (p < .01). Em todos esses casos, a idade decimal foi significativamente superior nos nadadores do que nas nadadoras.

The aim of this paper was to: (i) describe the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games swimmer’s ages and; (ii) compare ages according to swimmer’s gender. It was analyzed 1101 inscriptions (588 men and 513 women) for all swimming events held at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games: 50 meters freestyle (L50), 100 meters freestyle (L100), 200 meters freestyle (L200), 400 meters freestyle (L400), 800 meters freestyle (L800, only women) 1500 meters freestyle (L1500, only men), 100 meters backstroke (C100), 200 meters backstroke (C200), 100 meters breaststroke (B100), 200 meters breaststroke (B200), 100 meters butterfly (M100), 200 meters butterfly (M200). The final result lists was consulted at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games official internet site, collecting the swimmer’s name and chronological age for each event. Afterwards, chronological age was converted into decimal age at the day of the event heats. From the quartile analysis became clear that there was a tendency for the age median and variance to decrease from the shorter to the longest events for both genders. There were significant variations in the age, according to gender at the L400 (p = .01), L1500/L800 (p = .02), C100 (p < .01), C200 (p < .01), B100 (p = .02), B200 (p = .04), M100 (p = .05) and M200 (p < .01). For all these events, decimal age was higher for men than for women.

O estudo da eficiência propulsiva é um dos assuntos mais interessantes para os investigadores em natação pura desportiva, já que apresenta uma relação directa no comportamento biofísico do nadador e na sua performance. Apesar de ser uma variável que tem sido bastante estudada em nadadores de elevado nível competitivo, não há nenhuma investigação sobre esta temática em jovens nadadores não experts. Assim, o objectivo deste estudo foi: (i) estimar a eficiência propulsiva em nadadores não experts; (ii) identificar os factores biomecânicos e antropométricos que estão associados à eficiência propulsiva e; (iii) identificar a associação entre a eficiência propulsiva e a performance. Vinte e oito nadadores não experts, praticantes regulares de natação numa Escola Municipal participaram neste estudo. Foram avaliados a eficiência propulsiva, parâmetros biomecânicos, antropométricos e a performance de nado. Os principais resultados encontrados mostram que a eficiência propulsiva de nadadores não experts é inferior à descrita na literatura para nadadores de outros níveis competitivos e que não há diferenças significativas entre os dois sexos. Foi também verificado que vários parâmetros biomecânicos, antropométricos, assim como, a performance estão associados com a eficiência propulsiva.

Propulsive efficiency is one of the most interesting issues for competitive swimming researchers, has it presents significant relationships with the swimmer’s biophysical behavior and his/her performance. Although propulsive efficiency is a variable that has been quite studied in elite swimmers, there is no research on this issue in young and non-expert swimmers. Thus, the aim of this study was to: (i) estimate the propulsive efficiency on non-expert swimmers; (ii) identify biomechanical and anthropometrical parameters that are associated with propulsive efficiency; (iii) identify the association between the propulsive efficiency and swim performance. Twenty-eight non-expert swimmers participated on this study. It was assessed the propulsive efficiency, biomechanical and anthropometrical parameters, as well as, the swim performance. The propulsive efficiency of non-expert swimmers is lower than data reported in the literature to higher competitive levels swimmers and there are no significant differences between boys and girls. It was also noted that several biomechanical and anthropometrical parameters, as well as, the swim performance are associated with the propulsive efficiency.

Usualmente o potencial de Morse é estudado em contextos de mecânica quântica. Por outro lado, ele é relativamente pouco aplicado em problemas clássicos. Neste trabalho uma solução completa é encontrada para as equações de movimento clássicas para uma partícula submetida a esse potencial. Exemplos numéricos são apresentados para alguns valores fixos dos parâmetros.

Usually the Morse potential is studied in the quantum mechanics context. On the other hand, there are relatively few applications for classical problems. In this work, a complete solution for the classical equation of motion is found for a particle subject to this potential. Numerical examples are presented for a fixed set of parameters.

The production of large quantities of paint sludge is a serious environmental problem. This work evaluates the use of pyrolysis reaction as a process for deactivating paint sludge that generates a combustible gas phase, a solvent liquid phase and an inert solid phase. These wastes were classified into three types: water-based solvent (latex resin) and solvents based on their resins (alkyd and polyurethane). An electrically heated stainless steel batch reactor with a capacity of 579 mL and a maximum pressure of 30 atm was used. Following the reactor, a flash separator, which was operated at atmospheric pressure, partially condensed and separated liquid and gas products. Pressure and temperature were monitored on-line by a control and data acquisition system, which adjusted the heating power supplied to the pyrolysis reactor. Reactions followed an experimental design with two factors (reaction time and temperature) and three levels (10, 50 and 90 minutes; 450, 550 and 650°C). The response variables were liquid and solid masses and net heat of combustion. The optimal operational range for the pyrolysis process was obtained for each response variable. A significant reduction in total mass of solid waste was obtained.

Três animais de cada espécie (Bos indicus, Bos taurus e Bubalus bubalis) foram inoculados, via oral, com 2×10(5) oocistos de Toxoplasma gondii. Seis outros animais, dois de cada espécie, foram mantidos como testemunhas. A resposta de anticorpos avaliada por meio da reação de imunofluorescência indireta iniciou-se a partir do quinto dia pós-inoculação (DPI) nos zebuínos e bubalinos, e no sétimo DPI nos taurinos. Os títulos sorológicos nos taurinos permaneceram elevados até o final do experimento (70º DPI), alcançando níveis máximos (1:16.384) entre o 42º e 49º DPI. Nos zebuínos e bubalinos o maior título de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma foi de 1:256. A resposta de anticorpos mais ou menos acentuada não está necessariamente relacionada à sensibilidade ao T. gondii.

Three animals of each species (Bos indicus, Bos taurus and Bubalus bubalis) were oral inoculated with 2.0×10(5) sporulated Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Six other animals, two of each species, were kept as control. The antibody response by indirect fluorescent antibody test begun on day fifth after inoculation in B. indicus and B. bubalis and on day seventh after inoculation in B. taurus. The serological titles maintained high up to the final of the experiment on day 70th after inoculation in B. taurus and reached the maximum levels (1:16,384) between the 42nd and 49th day after inoculation. In zebu and buffalo, the highest title of anti-Toxoplasma was 1:256. Higher or lower antibody response is not related to T. gondii sensitivity.

Com a finalidade de verificar o comportamento do algodoeiro herbáceo, cultivar IAC-17, bem como o controle de plantas daninhas e aspectos competitivos do complexo floristico infestante sobre a cultura, na presença dos herbicidas diuron e sethoxydim, foi realizado um ensaio no município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. O solo do local experimental, Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo, apresenta textura argilosa, com 1,38% de carbono orgânico e de baixa fertilidade natural. O diuron foi aplicado em pré-emergência nas doses de 0,0; 0,8; 1,6 e 2,4 kg/ha e o sethoxydim, em pós-emergência, nas doses de 0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 g/ha. O ensaio foi instalado em blocos ao acaso, com 21 tratamentos em esquema fatorial (4 x 5 + 1), sendo 20 deles envolvendo o controle químico, resultantes de todas as combinações das doses desses herbicidas e uma testemunha relativa onde o controle foi realizado com o uso da enxada. Avaliaram-se várias características do crescimento e desen vol vimento da cul tura, tai s como área fol iar, índice de área folia r, ren dimento de algodão em rama, altura da plant a, diâmetro do caule etc.; e, por meio de mét odos sin ecológico s, a densidade populac ional e peso da fitomassa hidratada epí gea das esp éci es daninhas dominant es, e o total de todas as espécies. O diuron exerceu um elevado contro le de lat ifo liadas, como botão-de -ouro (Galin soga parvif lora Cav.) e picão-preto (Biden spilosa L.), nas doses de 1,6 e 2,4 kg/ ha. O sethoxydim mesmo na menor dose testada (150 g/h a) controlou totalmente o capim-marmelada (Brachiaria planta ginea (Link.) Hitch) . Nenhum dos herbicidas controlou a falsa -serralha (Emilia sonc hi folia DC.), porém referida planta daninha não reduziu o crescimento da cultura, mostrando- se de baixa força de competição. As plantas daninhas que apresentaram maiores forças de competição foram o botão-de-ouro, por apresentar maior densidade populacional, e o capim-marmelada, por ser de maior agressividade.

To verify the behavior of the c. IAC -17, as well as, the control of weeds and competitive aspects of the infesting floristic complexes over the cotton culture under the presence of the herbicides, diuron and sethoxydium, atrial was contucted in Viçosa, Minas Gerais. The soil at the experimental site, Podzolic Red-yellow, had a clay texture wi th 1,38% of organic carbon an low natural fertility. Diuron was applied at pre -emergence time at the rates of 0, 0; 0, 8; 1,6 and 2,4 kg a.i. /ha and sethoxyd im at post-emergence at the rates of 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 g a.i./ha. The trial was setup in a randomized blocks design with 2 1 treament sunder a factorial scheme (x 5 + 1) . Out of them, 20 composed all the combinations with different dosis of the two herbicides under study plus a relative control weeded with the aind of a mattock. Several traits concerning growth and plant development were evaluated, such as leaf area, leaf area in dex, seed -cotton yield, plant height, stem diameter. By means of syn ecological methods, th e population density, hydrated epigeous phytomase of dominant weed species, and the total of all species were evaluated. Diuron exerted a high control overlati foliates such as Galinsoga parviflora Cav . and Bidens pilosa L., at the rates of 1, 6 an d 2,4 kg a. i. /ha, seth oxydim, even using the lowvest tested rate (150 g. a. i. /h a) fully controled Brachiaria plantaginea (Link.) Hitch. None of th e herbicides was able to control Emilia sonchifolia DC. Th is species although being considered an important weed did not affect the normal crop development because of its low competition ability. The weeds showing highes trates of competition were G. parviflora (due to high population density) an d B. plantaginea, because of its greater aggresivity.