ABSTRACT In the Brazilian Cerrado biome, there are wetlands locally known as “Veredas”, which are swampy plains between hills and rivers. Since the 1970’s, the Cerrado biome has been gradually converted to livestock, crop, or forestry production. Until now, very few studies were conducted to evaluate the baseline contents of trace elements in Cerrado wetland soils. Due to their position in the landscape (bottom lands), the wetlands are potentially susceptible to contamination by runoff and/or leaching from surrounding areas at higher altitudes. This work evaluated the As, Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe contents in soils from six wetlands (undisturbed and disturbed) in the Minas Gerais Triangle region, Brazil. In each wetland, we collected topsoil samples (0.00-0.20 m layer) and subsurface samples (0.40-0.70 m layer) at different landscape positions in the wetlands (upper, middle, and bottom positions). The soil samples were air-dried, ground, and sieved through 2-mm mesh. Afterwards, the soil digestion was performed according to the USEPA 3051A protocol, and the trace elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (flame or graphite furnace atomization). Water samples were also collected monthly from September 2014 to September 2015 to determine the elemental composition by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The contents of all soil trace elements studied were below the threshold values established by Brazilian guidelines. The soil trace element (cations and/or oxyanions) distributions varied according to soil depth and organic matter content. Our findings contribute to the sparse inventory of Brazilian Cerrado wetlands regarding trace-element contents.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de doses de selenato e selenito na biofortificação de arroz (Oryza sativa) com Se, bem como a influência dessas formas de Se nos teores de P, S, Fe e Zn nos grãos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em vasos com 4 dm³ de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, de textura média, em arranjo fatorial 5x2, com cinco doses de Se (0, 0,75, 1,50, 3,0 e 6,0 mg dm-3) e duas formas de Se (selenato e selenito). Observou-se que o selenato proporcionou maior eficiência na absorção de Se pelas raízes, aproveitamento pela planta, translocação para a parte aérea e teor desse elemento nos grãos. A aplicação do selênio na adubação altera os teores de P, S e Zn, mas não afeta os de Fe nos grãos de arroz.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of doses of selenate and selenite on rice (Oryza sativa) biofortification with Se, as well the influence of these forms of Se in the levels of P, S, Fe, and Zn in grains. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in pots with 4 dm³ of a sandy clay loam Latosol, with medium texture, in a 5x2 factorial arrangement with five doses of Se (0, 0.75, 1.50, 3.0, and 6.0 mg dm-3) and two forms of Se (selenate and selenite). Selenate provided greater efficiency of root uptake of Se, plant-use efficiency, translocation from roots to shoots, and content of this element in rice grains. The application of Se during fertilization influences the levels of P, S, and Zn, but does not affect those of Fe in rice grains.

The present work aimed to characterize an aluminum industry by-product in natura (L.A. nat) and after phosphate and thermal pretreatments; evaluate the adsorption/desorption capacity of Cd and Pb by this L.A. nat form and after the aforementioned pretreatments, comparing them with an in natura iron mining by-product (L.F. nat). The L.A. nat presented a high pH as well as a high Na concentration and also an oxide-rich mineralogy. Pretreatment of the by-product had no significant effect upon Cd and Pd adsorption/desorption. The L.A. nat performed better than the L.F. nat as an Cd and Pb adsorbent.

A poluição do solo com elementos-traço tem sido motivo de preocupação nos últimos anos, o que justifica melhor conhecimento da disponibilidade desses elementos no ambiente, visando amenizar seus efeitos em áreas contaminadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de um subproduto da indústria de alumínio como amenizante de solos contaminados com Cd e Pb. Foram utilizados um Neossolo Quartzarênico (930 g kg-1 de areia, 20 g kg-1 de silte e 50 g kg-1 de argila) e um Latossolo Vermelho (360 g kg-1 de areia, 100 g kg-1 de silte e 540 g kg-1 de argila) contendo 15 % de solo contaminado com Cd e Pb. Foram feitas cinco repetições testando-se o efeito da aplicação do subproduto in natura a 0; 0,25; 0,50; 1,00; e 2,00 %. Para comparação, utilizaram-se calcário, silicato e turfa a 0,25; 0,50; e 2,00 %, respectivamente, e cada um dos solos sem contaminação. Cultivou-se B. decumbens, fazendo coletas de lixiviado e determinando o pH e a CE. As concentrações de Cd e Pb foram avaliadas no lixiviado não-filtrado e filtrado (0,45 µm). Avaliaram-se a produção de matéria seca de raízes (MSR) e da parte aérea (MSPA) e as quantidades de Cd e Pb em ambas após digestão nitroperclórica. Os amenizantes contribuíram para aumentar o pH dos lixiviados do Neossolo Quartzarênico e do Latossolo Vermelho, tendo este último apresentado menores valores de condutividade eletrolítica quando comparado ao primeiro. Os teores de Cd nos lixiviados filtrados (fração solúvel) foram os mesmos dos lixiviados não-filtrados, enquanto os de Pb apresentaram diferenças. As produções de MSR e MSPA aumentaram com o aumento das taxas de aplicação do subproduto, e a quantidade de Cd na MSPA da B. decumbens foi maior que a de Pb.

Soil pollution with trace elements has been of great concern in the last years due to the increase in contaminated areas, which calls for a better understanding of trace element availability and environmental remediation. This study evaluated the performance of an aluminum industry by-product as soil amendment in Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils. Samples of a sandy (50 g kg-1 clay) and a clayey (540 g kg-1 clay) soil were mixed with polluted soil (15 %) with high Cd and Pb concentrations and then treated with increasing doses: 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 % (dry weight basis) - of an Al industry by-product. Additional treatments for comparison purposes consisted of: lime, a silicate by-product and turf, at rates of 0.25, 0.50, and 2.00 % respectively, as well as the non-contaminated soils. Plant and soil parameters were evaluated as follows: i) root and shoot dry matter production of Brachiaria decumbens and the respective Cd and Pb concentrations; and, ii) soil Cd and Pb concentrations, as well as the pH and the electrolytic conductivity (EC) of soil leachates. Cadmium and lead concentrations were measured in both unfiltered and 0.45 µm- filtered leachates, and Cd and Pb amounts in the plant roots and shoots were measured after nitric-perchloric digestion. Metal analysis were performed by either flame or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Increasing the application rates of the Al industry by-product caused an increase in pH of the leachates and yielded higher EC values in the sandy than in the clayey soil. Unlike Cd, the Pb concentration differed between filtered and non-filtered soil leachates. The Al industry by-product favored the root and shoot dry matter production of B. decumbens and reduced Cd concentrations in the latter (mg kg-1) while the Pb concentration was not significantly altered.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a retenção e a dessorção competitivas dos ânions nitrato, sulfato, silicato e fosfato na fração argila gibbsítica de um Gleissolo Melânico. Amostras da fração argila foram agitadas em tubos de centrífuga com solução de NaCl 30 mmol c L-1 contendo estes ânions em quantidades equivalentes a 30% das respectivas capacidades máximas de retenção exibidas pela argila. Para fins comparativos, as amostras foram agitadas com a mesma solução contendo 1 mmol c L-1 de cada um dos ânions citados. Os tubos foram centrifugados e determinaram-se as concentrações aniônicas nos sobrenadantes. A dessorção foi realizada agitando-se a fração argila remanescente nos tubos de centrífuga com a solução de NaCl, quantificando-se os ânions liberados. Em outro ensaio, com o silício e o fósforo previamente adsorvidos à gibbsita, adicionou-se, na seqüência, o fósforo e o silício intercalados para avaliar a capacidade de dessorver o ânion previamente adsorvido. O fosfato foi preferencialmente adsorvido em relação aos demais ânions estudados e a aplicação prévia de silício reduziu a fixação de fosfato. Desse modo, a aplicação de silício previamente à de fósforo favorece a fitodisponibilidade deste em solos altamente intemperizados.

The objective of this work was to quantify the competitive retention and desorption of nitrate, sulfate, silicate and phosphate anions on gibbsitic clay fraction of a Melanic Gleisol. Samples of clay fraction were shaken in centrifuge tubes with 30 mmol c L-1 NaCl solution containing these anions in quantities equivalent to 30% of the respective maximum adsorption capacity exhibited by clay. For comparative purposes, samples were also shaken with the same solution containing 1 mmol c L-1 of each mentioned anion. The tubes were centrifuged and the anionic concentrations in supernatants were determined. The dessorption was performed by shaking the residual clay fraction in centrifuge tubes with NaCl solution and quantifying the released anions. In another experiment, with the silicon phosphorus previously adsorbed to gibbsite, P and Si were added in the sequence, intercalated for evaluating the capacity of desorpting the previously adsorbed anion. The phosphate was preferentially adsorbed in relation to the other studied anions and the previous silicon application reduced the phosphate fixation. The silicon application previously to phosphate favours the bioavailability of P in highly weathered soils.

O efeito poluente de elementos-traço no ambiente depende, principalmente, da capacidade dos colóides do solo em sorvê-los e mantê-los retidos com alta energia. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a adsorção e dessorção de Cd, Cu e Pb em amostras do horizonte A de Latossolo Vermelho e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo com textura semelhante e mineralogia contrastante. Para isso, foram construídas isotermas de adsorção desses três metais, individual e simultaneamente, por meio da reação das amostras de solo suspensas em Ca(NO3)2 5 mmol L-1 (pH ajustado para 5,5), com soluções dos metais nas concentrações de 0; 0,01; 0,05; 0,10; 0,15; e 0,75 mmol L-1. Posteriormente, procedeu-se aos ensaios de dessorção dos elementos previamente adsorvidos em solução de Ca(NO3)2 5 mmol L-1. O modelo de isoterma de Langmuir (P < 0,01) se ajustou aos dados obtidos e ambos os solos apresentaram maior capacidade máxima de adsorção para Cu e Pb, comparados ao Cd. A adsorção simultânea reduziu a adsorção dos três metais, sendo as maiores reduções observadas para o Cd. Houve baixa dessorção dos metais adsorvidos, indicando a ocorrência de histerese. O menor poder competitivo de Cd, evidenciado pela redução da sua capacidade máxima de adsorção na presença dos outros metais, torna esse elemento altamente preocupante em solos tropicais mais intemperizados, como os Latossolos.

The pollution effect of trace elements in the environment depends mainly on the capacity of soil colloids to sorb and maintain them in high energy bonds. This study evaluated the adsorption of Cd, Cu, and Pb in A-horizon samples of Red Latosol and Red-Yellow Latosol (Udox), with similar texture and contrasting mineralogy. For this purpose, isotherms of adsorption, monoelement and multielement were built, based on the soil sample reaction in 5 mmol L-1 Ca(NO3)2 solution adjusted to pH 5.5, with metal concentrations of 0; 0.01; 0.05; 0.10; 0.15; and 0.75 mmol L-1. Desorption was then analyzed in 5 mmol L-1 Ca(NO3)2 solution. The isotherms were adjusted to the Langmuir model (P < 0.01). The maximum adsorption capacity of Cu and Pb was higher than of Cd in both soils. The simultaneous adsorption reduced the adsorption maximum capacity of the three metals. Cd was most reduced, indicating the lower competitive power than Cu and Pb. There was low reversibility of the adsorbed metals, indicating occurrence of hysteresis. The low competitive power of Cd, as indicated by the reduced maximum adsorption capacity in the presence of the other two metals, is alarming in weathered tropical soils, such as Oxisols.