ABSTRACT: The objective was to evaluate the animal production and ingestive behavior of the steers fed different supplements during the growth phase in Aruana grass, and the influence of this supplementation on production performance in feedlot phase. The treatments consisted of three supplements during the growing phase: mineral salt (0.12 g/kg of body weight - BW), low intake energy-protein supplement (1.26 g/kg of BW), and medium intake (3.76 g/kg of BW). Forage canopy characteristics, animal production, and animal behavior on pasture were evaluated in a completely randomized design with three replicates (paddocks). The titanium dioxide marker was used to determine the intake and apparent digestibility during the pasture phase. The production performance in feedlot was evaluated in a completely randomized design with eight replicates (animals). Twenty-four Aberdeen Angus steers (15 ± 1.5 months old; 364.8 ± 21.7 kg BW) were used. At the end of the growth phase the animals were confined and fed a single diet. Dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of forage and intake were not influenced by the treatments. The average daily gain was higher for the medium intake supplement in pasture phase. The apparent digestibility of NDF (P = and chewing rate were higher for the medium intake supplement. The average daily gain and fat thickness of carcasses were higher for the medium intake supplement in the feedlot phase. The supplements of medium intake increase animal productivity during the growing phase on pastures and cattle’s finishing performance in intensive production systems.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção animal e o comportamento ingestivo de novilhos alimentados com diferentes suplementos durante a fase de crescimento em capim Aruana, e a influência desta suplementação sobre o desempenho produtivo durante a fase de terminação em confinamento. Os tratamentos consistiram de três suplementos durante a fase de crescimento: sal mineral (0,12 g/kg do peso corporal - PC), suplemento energético-proteico de baixo consumo (1,26 g/kg do PC) e suplemento energético-proteico de médio consumo (3,76 g/kg do PC). As características do dossel forrageiro, a produção animal e o comportamento ingestivo em pastos de capim Aruana foram avaliados utilizando um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com três repetições (piquetes). O marcador externo dióxido de titânio foi utilizado para determinar o consumo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes na fase de pastagem. O desempenho em confinamento foi avaliado utilizando-se um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com oito repetições (animais). Vinte e quatro novilhos Aberdeen Angus (15 ± 1,5 meses de idade; 364,8 ± 21,7 kg de peso corporal médio inicial) foram utilizados. Ao final da fase de recria, os animais experimentais foram confinados e alimentados com uma dieta única. Os teores de matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra de detergente neutro (FDN) da forragem, bem como o consumo destas frações não foram alterados pelos tratamentos. O ganho médio diário foi superior para o suplemento de ingestão média na fase de pastagem. A digestibilidade da FDN e a taxa de ruminação na fase pastagem foram mais elevadas para o suplemento de média ingestão. O ganho médio diário e a espessura de gordura das carcaças foram mais elevados para o suplemento de ingestão média na fase de acabamento em confinamento. Suplementos de ingestão média aumentam a produtividade animal durante a fase de crescimento em pastagens e o desempenho em confinamento de bovinos provenientes de sistemas intensivos de produção.

ABSTRACT The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of the use of legume (Arachis pintoi) or nitrogen fertilization on animal performance, characteristics of carcass and meat, and fatty acids profile of crossbred steers on Megathyrsus maximus cv. Aruana pasture, overseeded with temperate grasses. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments and three replicates. The experiment was carried out from June to October (127 d). The treatments were: Low-N: 100 kg of N/ha; Medium-N: 200 kg of N/ha; and Legume: Arachis pintoi + 100 kg of N/ha. The pasture with higher nitrogen fertilization (N200) showed a more significant forage mass yield. The mixed grass with legumes presented a higher concentration of saturated fatty acids and saturated:unsaturated ratio in the meat. However, the grass pastures resulted in a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids in the meat. The other pasture variables, and characteristics of carcass and meat were not influenced by the treatments. The increase in nitrogen fertilization, from 100 to 200 kg/ha, and Arachis pintoi mixed with Aruana grass pasture overseeded with black oat and ryegrass does not affect the daily weight gain and the carcass and meat characteristics of the steers. The grass-legume mixture decreases the total concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in meat without influencing the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Abstract The aim was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of wheat bulgur in the diet on intake, digestibility, N balance and ruminal parameters in cannulated lambs. Four castrated Santa Ines×Dorper lambs, cannulated in the rumen, (45 ± 9 kg) were housed in metabolism crates. They were randomly distributed in a 4×4 Latin Square,10-day adaption, a 6-day sampling period. The base diet was composed by ryegrass hay and concentrate, in a 40:60 roughage:concentrate ratio and four inclusions of wheat bulgur on the total diet: 0, 190, 380 and 570 g/kg dry matter. The inclusion of wheat bulgur did not affect the intake of non-structural carbohydrates. The intake of dry matter, fiber, crude protein, organic matter and crude fat decreased linearly (P<0.05). The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber decreased linearly (P=0.001). The N retained and the excreted in urine were not affected by wheat bulgur inclusion. Fecal excretion, total excretion and absorbed N, decreased linearly (P<0.05). There was no change on pH, ammonia, soluble carbohydrates and protozoa population in rumen. Increasing of wheat bulgur in the diet of lambs decrease the nutrient intake and fiber digestibility without affecting the digestibility of other compounds, ruminal parameters, and the protozoa count.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of beef cattle with two levels of energy-protein supplementation of low-consumption on African Bermudagrass pasture, overseeded in winter with oat and ryegrass, with or without irrigation. Twenty-four castrated Angus steers (11 months old and had an initial average of 220 kg body weight (BW)) were used in experimental area of 3.6 ha. The experiment was completely randomized in a 2×2 factorial design, with three replicates. The evaluation period was 249 days (July/2019 to March/2020). The treatments were: irrigated pasture with supplementation of 1 g/kg BW or 2.7 g/kg BW and non-irrigated pasture with 1 g/kg BW of supplement or 2.7 g/kg BW. The grazing method was continuous with a variable stocking rate. Irrigation provided pastures with better chemical composition in winter and spring. Irrigation increased the daily accumulation rate in winter (84.6 vs. 45.9 kg DM/ha/day), providing a greater stocking rate (1,702 vs. 1,385 kg/ha) and, consequently, body weight gain per hectare. Supplementation of 2.7 g/kg BW provided a greater stocking rate in winter (1,652 vs. 1,435 kg/ha) and spring (3,096 vs. 2,811 kg/ha), not changing in summer. The association of irrigation and supplementation of 2.7 vs. 1.0 g/kg BW improves the intake pattern by the animal in summer without changing productivity parameters. Irrigation increases productivity and the nutritional value of pasture with higher livestock production per area in periods of water deficit. The supply of 2.7 vs. 1.0 g/kg BW provides a greater stocking rate and body weight gain per hectare.

Abstract The objective of this work was to compare the zootechnical performance of Dorper x Santa Inês crossbred lambs finished in grazing systems on Megathyrsus maximus Aruana cultivar pasture, with and without shading, and in a feedlot. Twenty-four non-castrated lambs were used in a completely randomized experimental design, with the three following treatments with eight replicates each: 'Aruana' pasture without shading + supplement; 'Aruana' pasture with shading + supplement; and feedlot, with diet containing ryegrass hay and concentrate at a 20:80 ratio. The treatments did not influence lamb age at slaughter, birth weight, leg compactness, true yield, and main cut yield, except that of breast tip + flank that was lower for the pasture with shading. However, average daily gain, body condition score, live weight at slaughter, carcass compactness index, cold carcass and empty body weights, and cold carcass yield differed between treatments, showing higher values in the feedlot. Termination in the feedlot increases the zootechnical performance of Dorper x Santa Inês sheep and favors a lower age at slaughter, as well as a greater weight of the main commercial cuts, but not their yield.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o desempenho zootécnico de cordeiros mestiços Dorper x Santa Inês terminados em sistemas de pastejo sobre pastagem de Megathyrsus maximus cultivar Aruana, com e sem sombreamento, e em confinamento. Utilizaram-se 24 cordeiros não castrados em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com os três seguintes tratamentos, com oito repetições cada um: pastagem de 'Aruana' sem sombreamento + suplemento; pastagem de 'Aruana' com sombreamento + suplemento; e confinamento, com dieta contendo feno de azevém e concentrado na proporção de 20:80. Os tratamentos não influenciaram a idade dos cordeiros até ao abate, o peso ao nascer, a compacidade da perna, o rendimento verdadeiro e o rendimento dos cortes principais, exceto o da ponta do peito + flanco que foi menor na pastagem com sombreamento. Entretanto, o ganho médio diário, o escore de condição corporal, o peso vivo ao abate, o índice de compacidade da carcaça, os pesos da carcaça fria e do corpo vazio, e o rendimento de carcaça fria diferiram entre os tratamentos, com valores superiores no confinamento. A terminação em confinamento aumenta o desempenho zootécnico de ovinos Dorper x Santa Inês e favorece a menor idade ao abate, bem como o maior peso dos principais cortes comerciais, mas não o seu rendimento.

ABSTRACT Our objective was to identify the best fit mathematical models for in vitro gas production kinetics using rumen fluid and forage plants commonly used in ruminant feed to obtain better estimates of parameters that describe the rumen fermentation. Four mathematical models were tested, two unicompartmental (M1 = first order, M2 = Gompertz) and two bicompartmental (M3 = M1 + M2; M4 = M2 + M2). Two temperate grasses were evaluated, as well as four tropical grasses and three temperate forage legumes. The fit of the models was verified by the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICcr) and the difference among AICcr values (Δr), likelihood probability (Wr), and relative likelihood (ERr). Temperate forages reached maximum gas production between 48 and 72 h. In the tropical forages, it occurred only after 72 h. In profiles in which M3 was the best choice, the values of parameters Vf 1 were higher than those of Vf 2, and k1 values were higher than k2 values. The only exception was for Tifton 85 profile, whose Vf 2 value was higher than Vf 1. The model M3 has a better fit for tropical forages with higher fiber content and lower levels of nonfibrous carbohydrates and crude protein. The model M1 has a better fit for forage with higher nonfibrous carbohydrate contents and low lignin content.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência produtiva de ovelhas Corriedale de diferentes condições e estruturas corporais ao parto, mantidas em pastagem natural e/ou cultivada hibernal. Ao parto, as fêmeas foram classificadas em médias (frame = 50 a 57,5 kg) e grandes (frame = 57,6 a 62 kg) quanto ao tamanho e em média (2 a 3 pontos) ou alta (3,5 a 4,5 pontos) quanto ao escore de condição corporal. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (dois grupos de estruturas corporais x duas classes de escore de condição corporal). Ovelhas com frame médio foram mais leves em relação às grandes ao parto (39,97 vs 48,16 kg, respectivamente) e ao desmame (43,10 vs 50,22 kg, respectivamente). As eficiências produtivas ao parto e ao desmame não diferiram entre ovelhas médias (46,91 e 44,24 kg) e grandes (47,83 e 45,69 kg), respectivamente. Ovelhas com condição corporal média ao parto quando comparadas com ovelhas de condição corporal alta não apresentaram diferenças significativas para eficiência produtiva ao parto (46,89 vs. 47,82 kg) e ao desmame (44,10 vs. 45,83 kg). O tamanho animal e o escore de condição corporal ao parto não influenciam a eficiência produtiva dos rebanhos ovinos sob pastejo.

Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate the productive efficiency of Corriedale sheep of different conformation traits, reared on natural and/or cultivated winter pastures. At calving, the females were classified as medium (frame = 50 to 57.5 kg) and large (frame = 57.6 to 62 kg) regarding the size and as average (2 to 3 points) or high (3.5 to 4.5 points) regarding the body condition score. The experimental design was entirely randomized in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (two groups of body weights x two classes of body condition at calving). Sheep with medium body structure were lighter compared to large ones at calving (39.97 vs 48.16 kg, respectively) and at weaning (43.10 vs 50.22 kg, respectively). The production efficiency at calving and at weaning did not differ between medium (46.91 and 44.24 kg) and large sheep (47.83 and 45.69 kg), respectively. Sheep with average body condition at calving compared with sheep with high body condition showed no significant differences for productive efficiency at calving (46.89 vs. 47.82) and at weaning (44.10 vs. 45.83). The animal size and the body condition score at calving did not influence the production efficiency of sheep herds on grazing.

El uso de cultivares microtérmicas es una alternativa para la alimentación ganadera en época de escasez forrajera durante el período frío al Sur de Brasil. El conocimiento de la morfogénesis de estas plantas es esencial para la elección de qué cultivar se debe utilizar en cada ambiente productivo. Bajo esta premisa, fue determinado la morfogénesis de los cultivares diploides y tetraploides de raigrás bajo corte. Los tratamientos consistieron en tres cultivares diploides (Comum- RS, Pronto® y Corquest®) y cuatro cultivares tetraploides (INIA Titan®, Winter Star®, KLM 138® y Banquet II®), ubicados en casas de cultivo en un diseño completamente aleatorio con seis repeticiones. Mediante el análisis de varianza y comparación de medias mediante la prueba de Tukey (P<0,05 ), se analizó la morfogénesis foliar: tasa de aparición (TA), tasa de expansión (TE), tasa de senescencia (TS) filocrón (Ph) y duración de vida de las hojas (DVH). Los cultivares estudiados presentaron diferencias en la morfogénesis, lo cual indica que son adecuados para los diferentes sistemas de producción. El cultivar Banquet II fue el que presentó las mayores tasas de aparición y de expansión de hojas, aunque debido a su hábito de crecimiento postrado presentó el menor número de cortes. El cultivar KLM 138, debido a su alto filocrón y duración de vida de hojas mostró una menor renovación de hojas, lo que permitiría intervalos más largos entre defoliaciones. INIA Titan® y Pronto® mostraron rápido rebrote después de los cortes, que han influído en el alto número de ellos.

Due to the low forage production from native pasture in the winter season in southern Brazil, the use of cool season cultivars pasture grown is an alternative for livestock feed this time of year. The morphogenic knowledge of these plants is essential for decision making in choosing which cultivar should be used in each production environment. With this concern, the aim of this research was to determine, under defoliation, in green house, ryegrass morphogenesis traits of diploid and tetraploid cultivars. Seven treatments were evaluated: three diploid cultivars (Comum-RS, Pronto® and Conquest®) and four tetraploids (INIA Titan®, Winter Star®, KLM 138® and Banquet II®), with six replications in a completely randomized design. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test (P<0.05). Variables evaluated were: leaf expansion rate (LER), senescence rate (SR), leaf appearance rate (LAR), phyllochron (Ph) and leaf lifetime (LL). Significant differences occurred (P<0.0001) for all variables. The materials studied exhibited variability in morphogenesis, defines that the same shall be indicated for different production systems. Banquet II® cultivar, depending on the height pre-cut used and its growth habit, showed reduced number of cuts and higher rates of expansion and leaf appearance. KLM 138® cultivar for its phyllochron and leaf lifetime has lower renewal of leaves in canopy and allows longer intervals between defoliation. INIA Titan® and Pronto® showed rapid regrowth after cutting, which infl uenced the high number of them.

No Sul do Brasil, a utilização de pastagens cultivadas hibernais surge como alternativa para alimentação pecuária em épocas de escassez de forragem. O conhecimento morfogênico destas plantas é essencial na hora de escolher qual cultivar deve ser utilizada em cada ambiente produtivo. Portanto, objetivouse determinar as características morfogênicas de cultivares diploides e tetraploides de azevém, em regime de desfolha. Os tratamentos constaram de três cultivares diplóides (Comum-RS, Pronto® e Conquest®) e quatro tetraplóides (INIA Titan®, Winter Star®, KLM138® e Banquet II®), alocadas em casa de vegetação, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições. Por análise de variância e comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey (P<0,05), foram analisadas as características morfogênicas: taxa de aparecimento de folhas (TAF), taxa de expansão (TEF) e senescência de folhas (TSF), filocrono (Ph) e tempo de vida das folhas (TVF). As cultivares apresentaram diferenças quanto às características morfogênicas, definindo que as mesmas devem ser indicadas para diferentes sistemas produtivos. A cultivar Banquet II®, em função da altura pré-corte utilizada e de seu hábito de crescimento, possibilitou reduzido número de cortes, tendo apresentado a maiores taxas de expansão e de aparecimento de folhas. Já a cultivar KLM 138®, por seu filocrono e tempo de vida da folha, apresentou menor renovação de folhas no dossel forrageiro, o que permite maiores intervalos entre desfolhas. INIA Titan® e Pronto® apresentaram rápido rebrote após os cortes, o que influenciou no elevado número dos mesmos.

Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a influência de espécies em consórcio com azevém sobre a composição botânica e estrutural e o valor nutritivo dos pastos em um sistema de transição agroecológica. Foi avaliada a cultura do azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) consorciada com aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.), trevo-branco (Trifolium repens L.) e amendoim-forrageiro (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & Gregory). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e três repetições. O primeiro pastejo foi realizado 21 dias após a emergência das plantas nas pastagens de azevém + aveia-preta e azevém + amendoim-forrageiro e 28 dias após a emergência na pastagem de azevém + trevo-branco. O segundo pastejo na pastagem de azevém + aveia-preta ocorreu 30 dias após o primeiro pastejo, enquanto nas demais pastagens ocorreu 37 dias depois. As taxas de acúmulo de matéria seca (MS) do início do período de exclusão até o pico de produção de MS foram de 77,7; 75,0 e 71,3 kg/ha/dia de MS para as pastagens consorciadas com trevo-branco, amendoim-forrageiro e aveia-preta, respectivamente. A razão folha/colmo até o segundo pastejo foi elevada em todas as pastagens. A redução dos teores de PB conforme os dias de exclusão no pasto de azevém + aveia-preta é menor que nos pastos de azevém consorciado com trevo-branco ou amendoim-forrageiro.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of species intercropped with ryegrass on the botanical and structural composition and the nutritional values of pastures in an agroecological transition system. It was evaluated ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) intercropped with black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and forage peanut (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & Gregory). It was used a complete random design with three treatments and three repetitions. The first grazing was done 21 days after emergence of the plants on the pastures with ryegrass and black oats and ryegrass and forage peanuts and 28 days after emergence on the pasture of ryegrass + white clover. The second grazing, on the pasture with ryegras + black oats, occurred 30 days after the first one, whereas on the other pastures, grazing occurred 37 days later. The rates of dry matter (DM) accumulation, from the beginning of period of exclusion until maximal production of dry matter were: 77.7; 75.0 and 71.3 kg/ha/day of DM for the pastures intercropped with white clover, forage peanut and black cover, respectively. Leaf/culm ratio until second grazing, was high on all pastures. Reduction on contents of crude protein according to exclusion days on ryegrass + black oat pasture is lower than on pastures of ryegrass intercropped with white clover or forage peanut.