Abstract Bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (BMP-2) and retinoic acid (RA) are osteoinductive factors that stimulate endogenous mechanisms of bone repair which can be applied on management of osseous defects in oral and maxillofacial fields. Objective Considering the different results of RA on osteogenesis and its possible use to substitute/potency BMP-2 effects, this study evaluated the outcomes of BMP-2, RA, and BMP-2+RA treatments on in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and the signaling pathway(s) involved. Material and Methods ASCs were treated every other day with basic osteogenic medium (OM) alone or supplemented with BMP-2, RA, or BMP-2+RA. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was determined using the r-nitrophenol method. Extracellular matrix mineralization was evaluated using von Kossa staining and calcium quantification. Expression of osteonectin and osteocalcin mRNA were determined using qPCR. Smad1, Smad4, phosphorylated Smad1/5/8, BMP-4, and BMP-7 proteins expressions were analyzed using western blotting. Signaling pathway was evaluated using the IPA® software. Results RA promoted the highest ALP activity at days 7, 14, 21, and 28, in comparison to BMP-2 and BMP-2+RA. BMP-2+RA best stimulated phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 protein expression at day 7 and Smad4 expression at days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Osteocalcin and osteonectin mRNA expressions were best stimulated by BMP-2+RA at day 7. Matrix mineralization was most improved by BMP-2+RA at days 12 and 32. Additionally, BMP-2+RA promoted the highest BMP signaling pathway activation at days 7 and 14, and demonstrated more activation of differentiation of bone-forming cells than OM alone. Conclusions In summary, RA increased the effect of BMP-2 on osteogenic differentiation of human ASCs.

Bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (BMP-2) is a potent local factor, which promotes bone formation and has been used as an osteogenic supplement for mesenchymal stem cells. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of a recombinant BMP-2 as well as the endogenous BMP-4 and BMP-7 in the osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in medium supplemented with ascorbate and β-glycerophosphate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Human ASCs were treated with osteogenic medium in the presence (ASCs+OM+BMP-2) or absence (ASCs+OM) of BMP-2. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was determined and the extracellular matrix mineralization was evaluated by Von Kossa staining and calcium quantification. The expressions of BMP-4, BMP-7, Smad1, Smad4, and phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 were analyzed by western blotting. Relative mRNA expressions of Smad1, BMP receptor type II (BMPR-II), osteonectin, and osteocalcin were evaluated by qPCR. Results: ASCs+OM demonstrated the highest expression of BMP-4 and BMP-7 at days 21 and 7, respectively, the highest levels of BMPR-II mRNA expression at day 28, and the highest levels of Smad1 mRNA at days 14 and 28. ASCs+OM+BMP-2 demonstrated the highest levels of Smad1 mRNA expression at days 1, 7, and 21, the highest expression of Smad1 at day 7, the highest expression of Smad4 at day 14, the highest ALP activity at days 14 and 21, and expression of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 at day 7. ASCs+OM and ASCs+OM+BMP2 showed similar ALP activity at days 7 and 28, similar osteonectin and osteocalcin mRNA expression at all time periods, and similar calcium depositions at all time periods. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that human ASCs expressed endogenous BMP-4 and BMP-7. Moreover, the supplementation of ASCs with BMP-2 did not increase the level of osteogenic markers in the initial (ALP activity), intermediate (osteonectin and osteocalcin), or final (calcium deposition) phases, suggesting that the exogenous addition of BMP-2 did not improve the in vitro osteogenesis process of human ASCs.

Recesión gingival es definida como la localización apical del margen gingival en relación a la unión cemento - esmalte, siendo predominante en la cara vestibular de los dientes. Además de provocar una desarmonía en la estética, puede causar sensibilidad destinaría. Para el tratamiento de recesiones gingivales han sido propuestas técnicas que pueden ser agrupadas en injertos pediculados, injertos libres y regeneración de tejidos guiada. El objetivo de este trabajo es relatar el caso clínico de un paciente con recesiones gingivales generalizadas. Luego de la anamnesis y examen clínico, se atribuye la etiología de las recesiones al cepillado incorrecta y trauma oclusal. Se realizó una adecuada instrucción de higiene bucal y ajuste oclusal. Se procedió a la aplicación de nitrato de potasio al 5% por dos meses, sin embargo, él paciente se quejaba de sensibilidad y del aspecto estético. Para el recubrimiento de las raíces expuestas fueron realizadas las técnicas de colgajo posicionado coronalmente asociado y no asociado al injerto conjuntivo subepitelial. Luego de un año los dientes muestran ausencia de sangramiento y sensibilidad destinaría, con profundidad de sondaje normal (<3mm). Los resultados de esta técnica se muestran satisfactorios, atendiendo las expectativas del paciente.

Gingival recession is defined as the apical location of the gingival in relation to the cement-enamel junction, being predominant in buccal aspect. Other than causing esthetic disharmony, it can cause dentine sensitive. To treat gingival recession, the following techniques can be employed: pedicle gingival graft, free gingival graft, and guided tissue regeneration. The purpose of this study is to present a case report with generalized gingival recession. After anamneses and clinical exam, the etiology of the gingival recession was indicated as incorrect oral hygiene and occlusal trauma. The patient receive adequate oral hygiene instruction and the occlusion was adjusted. Five percent potassium nitrate was applied locally for two months, however, the patient still complained of dentine sensitivity and lack of esthetics. For root coverage, coronal positioned flaps were conduct with or without free subepithelial connective tissue. One year later the teeth presented absence of bleeding and dentine sensitive, with normal probe depth (<3mm). The results of this techniques fulfilled the patients esthetic need and eliminated the dentinal sensitivity.