Abstract The Puerto Pizarro mangrove is part of the Tumbes mangrove, the largest in Peru; it is also the mangrove with the greatest anthropic impact in the region; in this area, no studies have been carried out on the status of its population of Rhizophora mangle, the most important mangrove species in the Peruvian mangroves. The objective of this research was to establish the structural characteristics of R. mangle in the Puerto Pizarro mangrove. The study was carried out by subdividing the research area into three zones (A, B and C), in which 41 plots of 1 ha each were selected, in each plot a sub-area of 0.25 ha (50 m x 50 m) was taken). In these sub-areas, mangrove trees of the species Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicennia germinans were evaluated regarding their structural characteristics: diameter at breast height (DBH), height, basal area, density, frequency, dominance and index value of ecological importance (IVI). It was found that R. mangle had a greater DAP, height and basal area than the other species; also, higher density, frequency, dominance and relative IVI (adjusted to 100%) than the other species with values of 51.5%, 100%, 82.6% and 53.3%, respectively. The research findings allow us to conclude that the population of R. mangle in the Puerto Pizarro mangrove is a mature population, with a predominance of stems and latizales. However, its structural characteristics are not homogeneous throughout the Puerto Pizarro area, since zone A, with less anthropic impact and lower salinity, has R. mangle trees with better structural characteristics than those in zones B and C in which there is greater anthropic activity and greater salinity.

Resumen El manglar de Puerto Pizarro forma parte del manglar de Tumbes, el más grande del Perú; es también el manglar con mayor impacto antrópico en la región; en este no se han realizado estudios sobre el estado de su población de Rhizophora mangle, la especie de mangle más importante de los manglares peruanos. Esta investigación buscaba establecer las características estructurales de R. mangle en el manglar de Puerto Pizarro. El estudio se realizó subdividiendo el área de investigación en tres zonas (A, B y C), en las cuales se seleccionaron 41 parcelas de 1 ha cada una, en cada parcela se tomó una sub-área de 0,25 ha (50 m x 50 m). En estas sub-áreas se evaluaron los árboles de mangle de las especies Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa y Avicennia germinans respecto a sus características estructurales diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP), altura, área basal, densidad, frecuencia, dominancia e índice de valor de importancia ecológica (IVI). Se encontró que R. mangle presentó un mayor DAP, altura y área basal que las otras especies; así también, mayor densidad, frecuencia, dominancia e IVI relativos (ajustados al 100%) que las otras especies con valores de 51,5%, 100%, 82,6% y 53,3%, respectivamente. Los hallazgos de la investigación permiten concluir que la población de R. mangle del manglar de Puerto Pizarro es una población madura, con predominancia de fustales y latizales. En Puerto Pizarro, sus características estructurales no son homogéneas, ya que la zona A, con menor impacto antrópico y menor salinidad, presenta árboles de R. mangle con mejores características estructurales que los de las zonas B y C, donde hay mayor actividad antrópica y mayor salinidad.

ABSTRACT Cuban educational policy is focused on a process of transformations for its improvement, where curricular changes take place at different levels. The application of study programs faces the challenge of applying a new conception for the treatment of content from developmental didactics. The objective of this article is to socialize the improvement in the practice of teaching the subject History of the Contemporary World at the pre-university level. The result presented was based on the theoretical study and the systematization of lived experiences about how the teaching-learning process developing this subject was conceived and the possibilities of being perfected, based on the diagnosis. The educational context in which the study took place was the "Eduardo García Delgado" Urban Pre-University Institute, Trinidad municipality, Sancti Spíritus province. An essentially qualitative methodology was followed, where the theoretical methods of analysis-synthesis and inductive-deductive and the empirical methods of document review, systematization of experiences, survey and interview were used. The results obtained allowed us to reach the conclusion that, with the application of the developmental teaching strategies, based on the diagnosis that considered the potentialities and shortcomings, it was possible to meet the objectives of the aforementioned subject, so that the students understood contemporary historical processes, phenomena and events in a comprehensive manner, from an economic, social, political, philosophical and cultural vision, to critically assess them and assume a revolutionary position regarding their concrete manifestations.

RESUMEN La política educacional cubana está centrada en un proceso de transformaciones para su perfeccionamiento, donde tienen lugar cambios curriculares en los diferentes niveles. La aplicación de los programas de estudio enfrenta el reto de aplicar una nueva concepción para el tratamiento de los contenidos desde una didáctica desarrolladora. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo socializar el perfeccionamiento en la práctica de la impartición de la asignatura Historia del Mundo Contemporáneo en el nivel preuniversitario. El resultado presentado se basó en el estudio teórico y la sistematización de experiencias vividas acerca de cómo se concibió el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje desarrollador de esta asignatura y las posibilidades de ser perfeccionado, a partir del diagnóstico. El contexto educativo en que tuvo lugar el estudio fue el Instituto Preuniversitario Urbano "Eduardo García Delgado", municipio Trinidad, de la provincia Sancti Spíritus. Se siguió una metodología esencialmente cualitativa, donde se emplearon los métodos teóricos análisis- síntesis e inductivo-deductivo y los empíricos revisión de documentos, sistematización de experiencias, encuesta y entrevista. Los resultados a los que se arribó permitieron llegar a la conclusión de que, con la aplicación de las estrategias didácticas desarrolladoras, basadas en el diagnóstico que consideró las potencialidades y carencias, fue posible cumplir los objetivos de la referida asignatura, para que los estudiantes comprendieran los procesos, fenómenos y hechos históricos contemporáneos de manera integral, desde una visión económica, social, política, filosófica y cultural, para valorarlos críticamente y asumir una posición revolucionaria frente a sus manifestaciones concretas.

RESUMO A política educacional cubana está focada num processo de transformações para o seu aperfeiçoamento, onde ocorrem mudanças curriculares em diferentes níveis. A aplicação de programas de estudo enfrenta o desafio de aplicar uma nova concepção de tratamento de conteúdos a partir de uma didática desenvolvimentista. O objetivo deste artigo é socializar a melhoria na prática de ensino da disciplina História do Mundo Contemporâneo no nível pré-universitário. O resultado apresentado baseou-se no estudo teórico e na sistematização de experiências vividas sobre como foi concebido o processo de ensino-aprendizagem desenvolvendo esta disciplina e as possibilidades de ser aperfeiçoado, a partir do diagnóstico. O contexto educacional no qual o estudo foi realizado foi o Instituto Pré-Universitário Urbano "Eduardo García Delgado", município de Trinidad, província de Sancti Spíritus. Seguiu-se uma metodologia essencialmente qualitativa, onde foram utilizados os métodos teóricos de análise-síntese e indutivo-dedutivo e os métodos empíricos de revisão documental, sistematização de experiências, inquérito e entrevista. Os resultados obtidos permitiram-nos chegar à conclusão de que, com a aplicação das estratégias de ensino desenvolvimental, baseadas no diagnóstico que considerou as potencialidades e deficiências, foi possível cumprir os objetivos da referida disciplina, para que os alunos compreendessem a história histórica contemporânea. processos, fenómenos e acontecimentos de forma abrangente, a partir de uma visão económica, social, política, filosófica e cultural, para os avaliar criticamente e assumir uma posição revolucionária relativamente às suas manifestações concretas.

ABSTRACT Secondary metabolites of Capsicum spp. have biological activity, which can be modified by external factors as the amount of incident light and soil water availability during crop growing, and by internal factors as fruit ripeness level. The study aim was to determine by HPLC method the phytochemical profile of C. annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill (AMA and GAR genotypes) and C. frutescens L. (PIP genotype) grown under open sky and 70% shade during dry and rainy harvest season. Phytochemicals were affected by genotype, light level, harvest season, and fruit ripeness level. Phytochemicals number changed among genotypes: PIP > AMA> GAR. In immature fruits AMA (4.74 mg g-1) and GAR (3.83 mg g-1) had highest capsaicin content; and PIP (0.43 (g g-1), AMA (0.18 (g g-1) and GAR (0.14 (g g-1) in lutein content in all harvest seasons and light level conditions studied. In mature fruits, PIP had the highest capsaicin (5.77 mg g-1) and β-carotene (0.45 (g g-1) content. Gallic and syringic acids were major constituents of phenolics acids, and quercetin and rutin for flavonoids. Mature and immature fruits from 70% shade showed the quercetin highest content (108.4-160.02 (g g-1), increasing during dry season (180.9-1368.6 (g g-1). Gallic acid (789.3-1076.7 (g g-1) and rutin (114.0 (g g-1) increased in AMA immature fruits when grown under open sky. Ferulic acid was not detected in GAR under any of the conditions studied. In AMA, ferulic, protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were detected only in rainy season fruits in both light levels. The harvest season and shading level of these Capsicum spp. should be considered when evaluating the biological activity of chili peppers fruits extracts in tropical crops.

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: El tratamiento de los pacientes con fibrilación auricular no valvular (FANV) que requieren implante de stents coronarios es un desafío. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar si el cierre de la orejuela izquierda (COI) podría ser una opción posible y beneficiosa para estos pacientes. Para ello, se analiza el impacto del COI más tratamiento antiagregante plaquetario (AP) en comparación con la combinación de anticoagulantes orales (ACO), incluidos los ACO directos, y tratamiento AP en los resultados a largo plazo de estos pacientes Métodos: Se analizaron los resultados de 207 pacientes con FANV sometidos consecutivamente a implante de stents coronarios. Recibieron ACO 146 pacientes (74 acenocumarol, 71 ACO de acción directa) y en 61 se realizó COI. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 35 meses. Los pacientes también recibieron tratamiento AP por prescripción de su cardiólogo. El estudio recibió la debida supervisión ética. Resultados: La edad (media: 75,7 años) y el antecedente de accidente vascular cerebral fueron similares en ambos grupos, aunque el grupo de COI presentó más características desfavorables (antecedente de enfermedad de las arterias coronarias [CHA2DS2-VASc], antecedente de hemorragias significativas [BARC ≥ 2] y HAS-BLED). La aparición de acontecimientos adversos graves (muerte, accidente vascular cerebral, accidente isquémico transitorio, hemorragia grave) y cardiovasculares graves (muerte de causa cardiaca, accidente vascular cerebral, accidente isquémico transitorio, infarto de miocardio) fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de ACO que en el de COI: 19,75 frente a 9,06% (HR = 2,18; p = 0,008) y 6,37 frente a 1,91% (HR = 3,34; p = 0,037), respectivamente. Conclusiones: La combinación de COI y tratamiento AP en pacientes con FANV conlleva mejor pronóstico clínico a largo plazo que el tratamiento con ACO y terapia AP, a pesar de las características basales desfavorables del grupo de COI.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: The treatment of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) who need coronary stenting is challenging. The objective of the study was to determine whether left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) could be a feasible option and benefit these patients. To this end, we studied the impact of LAAO plus antiplatelet drugs vs oral anticoagulants (OAC) (including direct OAC) plus antiplatelet drugs in these patients' long-term outcomes. Methods: The results of 207 consecutive patients with NVAF who underwent coronary stenting were analyzed. A total of 146 patients were treated with OAC (75 with acenocoumarol, 71 with direct OAC) while 61 underwent LAAO. The median follow-up was 35 months. Patients also received antiplatelet therapy as prescribed by their cardiologist. The study received the proper ethical oversight. Results: Age (mean 75.7 years), and the past medical history of stroke were similar in both groups. However, the LAAO group had more unfavorable characteristics (history of coronary artery disease [CHA2DS2-VASc], and significant bleeding [BARC ≥ 2] and HAS-BLED). The occurrence of major adverse events (death, stroke/transient ischemic events, major bleeding) and major cardiovascular events (cardiac death, stroke/transient ischemic attack, and myocardial infarction) were significantly higher in the OAC group compared to the LAAO group: 19.75% vs 9.06% (HR, 2.18; P = .008) and 6.37% vs 1.91% (HR, 3.34; P = .037), respectively. Conclusions: In patients with NVAF undergoing coronary stenting, LAAO plus antiplatelet therapy produced better long-term outcomes compared to treatment with OAC plus antiplatelet therapy despite the unfavorable baseline characteristics of the LAAO group.

Resumen Antecedentes: Capsicum spp. crecen en ambientes con diferente radiación incidente, lo que podría modificar el crecimiento de las plantas y la concentración de fitoquímicos en frutos. Hipótesis: El sombreado afecta positivamente la fenología y el rendimiento de frutos, disminuye los contenidos de fenoles (TPC), flavonoides (FLV), proantocianidinas (PAN) y carotenoides (CAT) en frutos de Capsicum silvestres. Especies de estudio: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum: amashito (AMA) and garbanzo (GAR), y C. frutescens (Pico Paloma, PIP) Sitio y años de estudio: Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico; 2020 y 2021. Métodos: Las semillas fueron tratadas con ácido giberélico (GA3) (500 mg L-1 ) por 24 h antes de siembra. Las plántulas fueron trasplantadas a campo abierto y bajo dos niveles de sombreado (35 y 70 %), bajo un diseño de parcelas divididas con cuatro repeticiones. TPC, FLV, PAN y CAT fueron determinados en frutos por espectrofotometría UV-vis. Resultados: El sombreado aceleró los procesos fenológicos desde la primera bifurcación del tallo, y disminuyó el tiempo para maduración de frutos desde antesis. El sombreado incrementó el rendimiento en el genotipo AMA, pero redujo TPC, FLV, y CAT en frutos; estos metabolitos incrementaron su contenido a campo abierto. Conclusiones: La sombra redujo la duración de estados fenológicos incluyendo el período de maduración de frutos, y aumentó la altura de planta en Capsicum spp. El incremento en rendimiento por efecto de sombreado solo se observó en el genotipo AMA. El contenido de fitoquímicos en frutos se reduce con el sombreado.

Abstract Background: Capsicum spp. grow in environments with different incident radiation, that could modify the plant growth and the concentration of phytochemicals in fruits. Hypothesis: Shading positively affects phenology and fruit yield, decreases the total contents of phenols (TPC), flavonoids (FLV), proanthocyanidins (PAN) and carotenoids (CAT) in fruits of wild Capsicum species. Studied species: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum: amashito (AMA) and garbanzo (GAR), and C. frutescens (Pico paloma, PIP) Study site and dates: Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico; 2020 and 2021. Methods: Seeds were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) (500 mg L-1) for 24 h prior to seeding. The seedlings were transplanted in an open field and under two levels of shade (35 and 70 %) under a subsplit plot design with four replicates. TPC, FLV, PAN and CAT were determinate in immature and ripe fruits by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Results: Shade accelerated the phenological processes from the first bifurcation of the stem, and decreased the fruits ripening time from anthesis of the genotypes studied. Shade only increased the yield of the AMA genotype and reduced the contents of TPC, FLV, and CAT; however, these metabolites increased under open field conditions. Conclusions: The shade reduced the duration of phenological stages including the ripening period of fruits, and increased the plant height of the Capsicum spp. The increase in yield by shading effect only was observed in AMA genotype. The content of phytochemicals in Capsicum fruits is reduced by shading levels.

Abstract: Variable-order fractional derivatives can be considered as a natural and analytical extension of constant fractional-order derivatives. In variable-order derivatives, the order can vary continuously as a function of either dependent or independent variables of differentiation, such as time, space, or even independent external variables. The main contribution of this paper is the use of fractional orders that vary in time for a new class of chaotic systems. This paper also studies the synchronization between a new class of variable-order fractional hyperjerk chaotic systems. The Grünwald-Letnikov’s definition of fractional derivative is implemented to solve variable-order fractional problems. In addition, considering the bifurcation diagram, a periodic function was proposed to vary the order of the derivative. The chaos synchronization will be carried out via an active control approach. Regarding the results and focusing on synchronization, it can be observed that the error converges asymptotically to zero. Finally, the theoretical work agrees satisfactorily with the numerical results.

Resumen Introducción La COVID-19 impulsó el desarrollo de estrategias alternativas para la enseñanza de habilidades clínicas. La telesimulación utiliza los recursos de un centro de simulación y las telecomunicaciones para proporcionar entornos de aprendizaje en sitios distantes. En la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Westhill se diseñaron prácticas con telesimulación para desarrollar habilidades clínicas en estudiantes de medicina. Objetivo Conocer la satisfacción de los estudiantes con un programa para desarrollar habilidades clínicas con telesimulación. Método Estudio descriptivo y transversal a través de una encuesta; la cual, fue respondida de forma voluntaria y anónima por los estudiantes de medicina que participaron en un programa de telesimulación de septiembre 2020 a septiembre 2021. La encuesta fue diseñada con base en la “Satisfaction with Simulation Experience Scale”. El cuestionario se envió a 225 estudiantes a través de Google Forms MR para medir su satisfacción con el programa. Resultados 143 estudiantes respondieron la encuesta. En una escala tipo Likert de 1 a 5, la satisfacción de los estudiantes fue de 3.89 ± 1.21. El 80% afirmó que logró participar activamente con la atención de un paciente estandarizado durante la telesimulación. El 76% dijo que la exploración física, presentada mediante recursos multimedia y telemedicina, fue suficiente para integrar el diagnóstico. El 69% estuvo de acuerdo en que la telesimulación complementa adecuadamente las rotaciones en entornos clínicos reales (áreas de hospitalización, consultorios, hospitales, quirófanos, salas de urgencias, etc.). Conclusiones La telesimulación es una buena experiencia educativa, es bien recibida por los estudiantes y puede ser una herramienta eficaz para el desarrollo de algunas habilidades clínicas.

Abstract Introduction COVID-19 prompted alternative strategies for teaching clinical skills. Telesimulation uses telecommunication resources to provide learning environments at distant sites. At Westhill University School of Medicine, practices with telesimulation were designed to develop clinical skills in medical students. This study assessed student satisfaction. Objective To know students’ satisfaction with a telesimulation program to develop clinical skills. Method This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. A survey was answered voluntarily and anonymously by medical students who participated in a telesimulation program from September 2020 to September 2021. The survey was designed based on the “Satisfaction with Simulation Experience Scale” and, was sent to 225 medical students through Google Forms TM to measure satisfaction with the program. Results 143 students answered the survey. On a scale of 1 to 5 (Likert format), the students' satisfaction was 3.89 ± 1.21. 80% claimed they were able to actively participate in patient care simulation. 76% said that physical examination, presented by multimedia resources and telemedicine, was sufficient to integrate diagnosis. 69% agreed that telesimulation adequately complements clinical rotations in real clinical environments. Conclusions Students appreciate telesimulation. In the current educational context, telesimulation is an effective tool to develop some clinical skills.

Resumen: El objetivo fue analizar la rentabilidad del proyecto de instalación de techos verdes extensivos en viviendas ubicadas en un clima tropical húmedo, considerando el efecto de diversos parámetros sobre la relación beneficio costo y el periodo de recuperación de la inversión. Los beneficios ambientales se estimaron a partir del análisis de ciclo de vida, mientras que el análisis de costos unitarios permitió determinar el efecto de la disponibilidad de materiales sobre los costos de instalación. El análisis monetizó dos beneficios ambientales: el ahorro de energía eléctrica y la captura de carbono, a partir del valor presente neto de los costos de instalación, mantenimiento, desmantelamiento y disposición final. Se determinó que la relación beneficio-costo varía entre 1.1 y 3.8 con periodos de recuperación de 3.4 a 8.9 años, en función de la disponibilidad de materiales, los indicadores económicos, las acciones de mantenimiento y la recompensa potencial con bonos de carbono al propietario.

Abstract: The objective was to analyze the profitability of the project for the installation of extensive green roofs on houses located in a humid tropical climate, considering the effect of various parameters on the benefit-cost ratio and the payback period of the investment. The environmental benefits were estimated from the life cycle analysis, while the unit cost analysis allowed determining the effect of material availability on installation costs. The analysis monetized two environmental benefits: electricity savings and carbon sequestration, based on the net present value of installation, maintenance, dismantling and disposal costs. The benefit-cost ratio was found to range from 1.1 to 3.8 with payback periods of 3.4 to 8.9 years, depending on the availability of materials, economic indicators, maintenance actions and the potential reward with carbon credits to the owner.

Abstract: Massive amounts of data are generated every day from all kinds of sources, from numerical data generated by sensors to veiled messages on social networks. Transforming these data into properly organized pieces of information and transforming it into resources for decision-making is complicated, not only because of the speed and volume at which it is produced, but due to the fact the high complexity of the context in which it is generated. Often, the first step in analyzing the data is to separate it into categories that correspond to segments of interest in that context. However, in many real cases, the limits of these segments and even the number of existing segments is unknown. Clustering techniques allow defining the classes of entities in a data set with sufficient relevance. However, those techniques usually work only with numerical data. Surveys are a very useful tool for collecting data in ill-defined contexts, but these data usually contain values that are not only numerical but of a very diverse nature. This paper presents a modification to the Isodata method to process data with mixed numerical and categorical values. The resulting algorithm is tested by analyzing the results of the 2021 Stack Overflow developer survey. The results obtained in the clustering of such data are sound and show that the Isodata method, with the proposed adaptations, can be successfully employed to discover patterns in complex mixed data.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate hypothalamic-pi- tuitary-gonadal (HPG) axis alterations at 1 and 12 months after kidney transplan- tation (KT) and their association with in- sulin resistance. Methods: A retrospective clinical study was conducted in a tertiary care center in kidney transplantation recipients (KTRs) aged 18- 50 years with primary kidney disease and stable renal graft function. LH, FSH, E2/T, and HOMA-IR were assessed at 1 and 12 months after KT. Results: Twenty-five KTRs were included; 53% were men, and the mean age was 30.6±7.7 years. BMI was 22.3 (20.4-24.6) kg/m2, and 36% had hypogonadism at 1 month vs 8% at 12 months (p=0.001). Re- mission of hypogonadism was observed in all men, while in women, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism persisted in two KTRs at 12 months. A positive correlation between go- nadotrophins and age at 1 and 12 months was evident. Fifty-six percent of patients had insulin resistance (IR) at 1 month and 36% at 12 months (p=0.256). HOMA-IR showed a negative correlation with E2 (r=- 0.60; p=0.050) and T (r=-0.709; p=0.049) at 1 month, with no correlation at 12 months. HOMA-IR at 12 months after KT correlated positively with BMI (r=0.52; p=0.011) and tacrolimus dose (r=0.53; p=0.016). Conclusion: Successful KT restores the HPG axis in the first year. Hypogonadism had a negative correlation with IR in the early pe- riod after KT, but it was not significant at 12 months.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar as alterações do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gonadal (HHG) em 1 e 12 meses após transplante renal (TR) e sua associação com a resistência à insulina. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo clínico retrospectivo em um centro de cuidados terciários em receptores de transplante renal (RTR) com idade entre 18-50 anos com doença renal primária e função do enxerto renal estável. LH, FSH, E2/T e HOMA-IR foram avaliados em 1 e 12 meses após o TR. Resultados: foram incluídos 25 RTR; 53% eram homens e a média de idade foi de 30,6±7,7 anos. O IMC foi de 22,3 (20,4-24,6) kg/m2 e 36% apresentaram hipogonadismo em 1 mês vs 8% aos 12 meses (p=0,001). A remissão do hipogonadismo foi observada em todos os homens, enquanto nas mulheres, o hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico persistiu em dois RTR aos 12 meses. Ficou evidente uma correlação positiva entre gonadotrofinas e idade em 1 e 12 meses. Cinquenta e seis por cento dos pacientes apresentaram resistência à insulina (RI) em 1 mês e 36% aos 12 meses (p=0,256). O HOMA-IR mostrou uma correlação negativa com E2 (r=-0,60; p=0,050) e T (r=-0,709; p=0,049) em 1 mês, sem correlação em 12 meses. O HOMA-IR aos 12 meses após TR correlacionou-se positivamente com o IMC (r=0,52; p=0,011) e a dose de tacrolimus (r=0,53; p=0,016). Conclusão: O TR bem-sucedido restaura o eixo HHG no primeiro ano. O hipogonadismo apresentou uma correlação negativa com a RI no período inicial após o TR, mas essa correlação não foi significativa aos 12 meses.

ABSTRACT This report presents a description of the behavior of certain climatic variables, as well as some factors that regulate climate variability in the region, with the aim of providing authoritative scientific information on the state of the climate in Cuba, as well as the phenomena most relevant meteorological and climatic events that occurred during the year. In 2022, the average annual temperature exceeded the historical average for the period 1961 - 1990 (25.5 °C) by 0.88 ◦C. In such a way that it constituted the third highest since 1951 to date, which once again contributes to accentuate the upward trend observed since previous years. During the year the average relative annual level reached the highest value in its entire history with 30.85 cm. This sustained increase and widespread increase until 2022 may be giving rise to increasing pressures on coastal ecosystems. Extreme weather events continue to be one of the main causes of significant damage and losses to the economy. In 2022, Cuba was simultaneously affected by a tropical cyclone, Hurricane Ian, and by a drought that is expected to continue until next year.

RESUMEN En este reporte se presenta una descripción del comportamiento de determinadas variables climáticas, así como de algunos factores que regulan la variabilidad del clima en la región, con el objetivo de proporcionar información científica autorizada sobre el estado del clima en Cuba, así como de los fenómenos meteorológicos y climáticos más relevantes ocurridos durante el año. En el 2022 la temperatura media anual superó a la media histórica del periodo 1961 - 1990 (25.5 °C) en 0.88 ◦C. De manera tal que constituyó la tercera más alta desde 1951 hasta la fecha, lo que contribuye una vez más a acentuar la tendencia al incremento observada desde años anteriores. Durante el año el nivel medio anual relativo, alcanzó el valor más alto de toda su historia con 30.85 cm. Este incremento sostenido y generalizado aumento hasta el 2022 pueden estar dando lugar a crecientes presiones sobre los ecosistemas costeros. Los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos siguen siendo uno de los principales causantes de importantes de daños y pérdidas en la economía. En el 2022, Cuba fue afectada simultáneamente por una baja tropical, el huracán Ian y por una sequía que se prevee continúe hasta el próximo año.

Resumen Las cuencas hidrográficas integran una serie de procesos y características medioambientales que se expresan en la morfometría de las redes de drenaje. El análisis morfométrico resulta clave para la comprensión del funcionamiento del sistema hidrológico de una cuenca. Su uso resulta práctico en zonas con limitada información climatológica y falta de conocimiento sobre el funcionamiento del sistema hidrológico. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal caracterizar la geomorfología de las subcuencas Grijalva y Usumacinta en el sureste de México usando sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) y una serie de parámetros morfométricos asociados a características generales, al relieve, a la red de drenaje y a la forma de estas subcuencas a fin de analizar y comprender el comportamiento hidromorfológico. Los resultados obtenidos muestran cierto contraste entre ambas cuencas en torno al parámetro de número de escurrimientos, lo cual tiene implicaciones en lo relativo a la energía y a la capacidad y magnitud de la captación de agua de la subcuenca y de la red fluvial de ambas subcuencas. En este contexto, se busca contribuir al conocimiento local y al fortalecimiento de la toma de decisión en los ámbitos de ordenamiento territorial, protección civil, infraestructura y políticas públicas.

Abstract Watersheds integrate a series of processes and environmental characteristics that are expressed in the morphometry of drainage networks. Morphometric analysis is key to understanding the functioning of the hydrological system of a basin. Its use is practical in areas with limited climatological information and a lack of knowledge about the functioning of the hydrological system. The main objective of this work is to characterize the geomorphology of the Grijalva and Usumacinta sub-basins in southeastern Mexico using geographic information systems (GIS) and a series of morphometric parameters associated with general characteristics, relief, drainage network, and the form of these sub-basins to analyze and understand hydromorphological behavior. The results obtained show some contrast between both basins around the parameter of the number of runoffs, which has implications in terms of energy and the capacity and magnitude of water collection of the sub-basin and the river network of both sub-basins. In this context, it is expected to contribute to local knowledge and the strengthening of decision-making in the areas of territorial planning, civil protection, infrastructure, and public policies.

ABSTRACT. Black spot (Asperisporium caricae) is one of the main foliar fungal diseases of papaya crops. This disease acts directly on leaves and fruits causing leaf area reduction and fruit deterioration. The quantification of diseases is a fundamental part of the disease management and control process; therefore, a scale is required to help quantify black spot disease. The objective of this work was to propose a standardized methodology to quantify black spot severity in papaya leaves. A scale was developed considering the maximum and minimum values of the disease in the field that included eight levels of severity: 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 2.3, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0%. Without the aid of a scale the disease is often overestimated, with absolute errors of approximately 75%. When the scale was used, 100% of the evaluators showed improved accuracy and precision, and absolute error was reduced to the 10% range. The scale also provided good repeatability and high reproducibility. The use of the scale provided an improvement in the R2 values, with mean values of 93 and 92 in the second and third evaluations, respectively, demonstrating that the scale is useful for different aspects of the pathosystem of A. caricae, such as for determining the efficiency of fungicides, characterization of varietal resistance, construction of the disease progression curve, and estimation of damage.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify condom use and drug consumption in migrants, as well as the association between these variables. Method: A systematic search was carried out for articles published in Spanish and English (2017-2022), in PubMed, EBSCO, WEB of SCIENCE, Elsevier, Scielo, Redalyc, with eligible studies reporting on condom use and drug consumption, and their association. Results: The search strategy found 147 articles with the combination of terms and other sources. After excluding articles by title, abstract, and finding that they had the study variables, eight articles were included for qualitative analysis and only three met the criteria for quantitative analysis. Conclusion: Drug consumption favors inconsistent condom use, increasing the risk of acquiring an STI, and can lead to other mental health issues derived from the use of these substances.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar el uso del condón y el consumo de drogas en migrantes, así como la asociación entre estas variables. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de artículos publicados en español e inglés (2017–2022), en PubMed, EBSCO, WEB of SCIENCE, Elsevier, Scielo, Redalyc, siendo que los estudios elegibles informaron sobre el uso del condón y el consumo de drogas, y su asociación Resultados: Con la estrategia de búsqueda se identificaron 147 artículos con la combinación de términos y de otras fuentes. Después de la eliminación de artículos por título, resumen, identificar que cuenten con las variables de estudio, se incluyeron ocho artículos para el análisis cualitativo y únicamente tres cumplieron con los criterios para el análisis cuantitativo. Conclusión: El consumo de drogas favorece el uso inconstante del condón, y esto incrementa el riesgo de adquirir alguna ITS, además de otras cuestiones de salud mental derivadas del consumo de estas sustancias.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar o uso de preservativo e o consumo de drogas em migrantes, bem como a associação entre essas variáveis. Método: Foi realizada uma busca sistemática de artigos publicados em espanhol e inglês (2017-2022), em PubMed, EBSCO, WEB of SCIENCE, Elsevier, Scielo, Redalyc, com estudos elegíveis relatando o uso de preservativos e consumo de drogas, e sua associação. Resultados: Com a estratégia de busca foram identificados 147 artigos com a combinação de termos e outras fontes. Após eliminar os artigos por título, resumo e identificar que continham as variáveis do estudo, oito artigos foram incluídos para análise qualitativa e apenas três atenderam aos critérios para análise quantitativa. Conclusão: O consumo de drogas estimula o uso inconsistente do preservativo, o que aumenta o risco de aquisição de uma IST, além de outros problemas de saúde mental decorrentes do consumo dessas substâncias.

Abstract Objective: To study the impact of age and the interval between disease diagnosis and death on the organotropism of SARS-CoV-2. Method: Patients underwent post-mortem biopsies from lungs, Waldeyer ring, heart, liver, kidneys and bone marrow between 2020–2021. SARS-CoV-2 organotropism was mapped by using molecular RT-PCR analyses for SARS-CoV2 targeting the Envelope gene (E), the RNA Polymerase Gene (RdRp), and the Nucleocapsid gene (N). Statistical and linear regression analysis was performed to study the impact of age and illness duration in SARS-CoV-2 organotropism. Results: We performed 158 postmortem biopsies in 21 patients, with a mean age of 76 years old. The mean interval between the diagnosis of the infection to the death was 23 days. The RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 100% of lung biopsies, 76%–82% of Waldeyer’s ring biopsies, 55% of heart biopsies, 40% of kidney biopsies, 33% of liver and 25% of bone marrow biopsies. Patients who died before the day 9, presented extensive visceral dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Most of the patients older than 80 years (90%) presented visceral dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, while among younger patients, only 3/11 patients presented visceral dissemination of the virus. The relationship between “age” and “illness duration” and multitropism of the virus was statistically significant (p< 0.001). Conclusion: Disease interval and age were factors that were significantly associated with RT-PCR positive results in multiple organs. Critical COVID-19 patients have multiorganic viral dissemination in early stages. In the critical older patients, multiorganic viral dissemination is the rule. Level of evidence: 4. Case Series.