ABSTRACT Introduction: A challenging situation in proximal hypospadias is the presentation of patients with successful urethroplasty but with persistent or recurrent ventral curvature (VC) after multiple hypospadias repair. Materials and Methods: We present a 13 year-old boy with 7 previous surgeries (long TIP, Duplay, meatoplasty) to treat hypospadias presenting with 60 degrees of VC, in spite of a well-accepted coronally neomeatus. We degloved the penis and artificial erection clearly appointed corporal disproportion causing curvature. We disconnected urethra from corpora. After excision of remnant fibrotic tissue, there was a residual curvature so a lenghtening corporoplasty with dermal graft from groin was performed. We have adjusted the urethral meatus position into a proximal penile shaft. We used a buccal mucosa graft placed in an inverted U-shape position planning a second stage urethroplasty (1). An indwelling silicone Foley tube was left for one week. The patient was discharged the day after surgery. Results: The aspect after corporoplasty proved satisfactory curvature correction. Patient had an excellent outcome and is scheduled for a second-stage after 6 months. Discussion: Snodgrass and Bush (2) reported that on 73 patients with an average of 2.7 operations for proximal shaft to perineal hypospadias; of which, 83% had VC at re-operation averaging 50°. We do believe that some good results with minimal dorsal plicature may recur in adolescence and therefore when these procedures may be considered, they should be performed by classic Nesbit technique (3). Otherwise, the choice for primary ventral lengthening should be taken. Conclusion: Severe curvature associated with hypospadias should undergo a major procedure at early stage to avoid decompensation after dorsal plicature in adolescence. We had a very satisfactory result, the patient awaits the second stage procedure (Figure-1). Figure 1 End aspect after complete healing of buccal mucosa. Notice that penis is straight and second stage will be performed after 6 months of interval.

ABSTRACT Butyric acid has been studied and utilized intensively in broiler chicken production in order to substitute growth-promoting antibiotics. However, the comprehensive literature on this topic makes it difficult to understand overall results, since there is a noticeable number of studies with conflicting conclusions. Although several research studies have shown that butyric acid may increment broiler chicken’s performance, several other studies show the opposite. This work aimed to organize information to understand, through a meta-analysis, whether butyric acid can be used as a performance-enhancing additive for broiler chickens, and whether it can replace growth-promoting antibiotics. It was clear from the results that the effect of butyric acid depends on the microbiological challenge that broilers receive. When broilers are raised without health challenge, butyric acid and even antibiotics do not influence growth performance. However, when broilers are challenged, butyric acid provided an increase in weight gain and a significant improvement in feed conversion, matching the results of antibiotics. We conclude that butyric acid improves broiler performance and can be used to replace growth-promoting antibiotics.

ABSTRACT Background: COVID-19 has been associated with persistent symptoms and functional changes, especially in those surviving severe disease. Methods: We conducted a prospective multicenter study in patients with severe COVID-19 to determine respiratory sequelae. Patients were stratified into two groups: ward admission (WA) and intensive care unit (ICU) admission. In each follow-up visit, the patients where inquired about cough and dyspnea, and performed spirometry, lung volumes, carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and respiratory muscle strength (MIP and MEP). Results of pulmonary function tests at 45 days and 6 months after hospital admission were compared using paired analysis. Results: 211 patients were included, 112 in WA and 99 in ICU. Dyspnea persisted in 64.7% in the WA and 66.7% in the ICU group after 6 months. Lung function measures showed significant improvement between 45 days and 6 months, both in WA and ICU groups in VC, FVC, FEV1, total lung capacity, and 6MW distance measures. The improvement in the proportions of the altered functional parameters was significant in the ICU group for VC (44.2% 45 d; 20.8% 6 m; p = 0,014), FVC (47.6% 45 d; 28% 6 m; p = 0,003), FEV1 (45.1% 45 d; 28% 6 m; p = 0,044), DLCO (33.8% 45 d; 7.7% 6 m; p < 0,0001). Conclusion: Six months follow-up of patients with the severe forms of COVID-19 showed significant improvement in the lung function measures compared to 45 days post hospital discharge. The difference was more evident in those requiring ICU admission.

La contaminación del suelo por aceite residual automotriz (ARA) que es una mezcla de hidrocarburos (HC), que impide la actividad microbiana del reciclaje de elementos necesarios para la vida y afecta negativamente su fertilidad. La bioestimulación (BIS) es una estrategia para eliminar el ARA a un nivel que permite la recuperación de su fertilidad a un valor inferior al máximo de 4400 ppm de la NOM-138-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2012 (NOM-138). El objetivo de este trabajo fue la BIS un suelo impactado por 17000 ppm de ARA por enriquecimiento independiente: con solución mineral (SM), lombricomposta (LC) y P. vulgaris o abono verde (AV). La recuperación del suelo se determinó mediante la: liberación de CO2 por oxidación del ARA, por la población bacteriana oxidante de ARA (BOARA) y la concentración de ARA por Soxhlet, los datos experimentales se analizaron con Tukey-error estándar. Los resultados revelaron que la BIS de suelo impactado por 17000 ppm de ARA con la SM lo decreció hasta 4386 ppm, en tanto que con la LC lo disminuyo a 3766 ppm en 6 meses, ambos valores numéricos inferiores al máximo aceptado por la NOM-13, estadísticamente diferentes con los 8596 ppm en suelo bioestimulado mediante P. vulgaris o AV y los 16000 ppm de ARA en el suelo sin bioestimular o control negativo. Se concluye que la BIS, es específica acorde a la complejidad de los HC como el ARA, que se eliminó con la SM y la LC según la NOM-138 para la recuperación de la fertilidad del suelo.

Soil impacted by waste motor oil (WMO) inhibits microbial activity for recycling the basic elements of life an affecting negatively its fertility. Biostimulation is a way to recover soil by eliminating WMO at a value lower than 4400 ppm permitted by an environmental rule called NOM-138-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2012. The aim of this research was the biostimulation of soil polluted by WMO in different in depending ways with the mineral solution (MS), or vermicompost (VC) with Phaseolus vulgaris o green manure (GM). Recovering soil was determined by the production of CO2 from WMO´s oxidation, by measuring the WMO oxidizing bacterial population (WMOOB) and WMO´s concentration by Soxhlet; experimental data were analyzed with standard Tukey-error. The results showed that biostimulation of soil impacted by 17000 ppm of WMO with MS decreased it until 4386 ppm, but better biostimulation with VC which reducing WMO until 3766 ppm in 6 months, both values lower than the maximum accepted by the NOM 138, and statistically different compared to soil BIS by P. vulgaris or GM with 8596 ppm of WMO and the 17000 ppm of WMO from soil non-BIS or negative control. This concludes that biostimulation could be specific depending on hydrocarbon´s complex as WMO was eliminated by MS and VC according to NOM-138 for recovering soil´s fertility.

Abstract Ascorbic acid (vitamin C: VC) is an antioxidant that participates in the regulatory processes involved in the development of ovarian structures and fertility. However, supplementation of VC to dairy cattle to improve fertility has received little attention. However, reduced fertility in dairy cattle associated with high genetic merit for milk production and heat stress, which also diminish blood VC concentrations, suggest a potentially beneficial role for VC supplementation. The objectives of this review are to contribute to the current knowledge regarding the relationship between VC and fertility and to share many experiences that support the relevance of VC supplementation to improve dairy cattle reproductive performance.

Resumen El ácido ascórbico (vitamina C: VC) es un antioxidante que participa en los procesos reguladores que intervienen en el desarrollo de las estructuras ováricas y en la fertilidad. No obstante, la suplementación del ganado lechero con VC para mejorar la fertilidad ha recibido poca atención. Sin embargo, la reducción de la fertilidad del ganado lechero asociada al elevado mérito genético para la producción de leche y al estrés por calor, que igualmente reducen las concentraciones de la VC en la sangre, sugiere que la VC desempeña un papel benéfico potencial. Los objetivos de esta revisión son contribuir al conocimiento actual sobre la relación entre la VC y la fertilidad y compartir aquellas experiencias que apoyan la relevancia de la suplementación con VC para mejorar el rendimiento reproductivo del ganado lechero.

Abstract In this research, color, content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity were analyzed in collections of guajillo chili native from Durango and Zacatecas, Mexico. The experimental design was completely randomized with four repetitions. The study was carried out at the Autonomous University Chapingo, Texcoco, State of Mexico. The variables evaluated were color, vitamin C (VC), total anthocyanins (AT), total phenols (FT), as well as antioxidant capacity (CA). No significant variation was found for brightness and color chromaticity; however, the °hue was lower in collection 25 (33.77°). With respect to the content of bioactive compounds, collections 19 and 25 stand out for their high content of VC (200.02 and 196.19 mg ascorbic acid100 g-1 ps, respectively). The 96.6% of the collections (29/30) showed similar values of AT and FT, whose values were between 1 and 1.97 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside 100 g-1 as well as from 72.00 to 129.54 mg gallic acid 100 g-1 ps, respectively. Additionally, the CA in 26/30 of the collections showed values between 4 991 and 10 607 mol eq Trolox g-1; however, they were greater than collections 8, 20, 21 and 28 (3 068, 3 063, 2 559 and 2 054 μmol eq Trolox g-1, respectively). On the other hand, the greater variability between collections was due to the concentration of VC, AT and FT, in addition to showing a positive linear correlation with CA, which represents an opportunity for genetic selection and breeding.

Resumen En esta investigación se analizó el color, contenido de compuestos bioactivos y la capacidad antioxidante en colectas de chile guajillo nativas de Durango y Zacatecas, México. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, Estado de México. Las variables evaluadas fueron el color, vitamina C (VC), antocianinas totales (AT), fenoles totales (FT), así como la capacidad antioxidante (CA). No se encontró variación significativa para brillantez y cromaticidad de color; sin embargo, el °hue fue menor en la colecta 25 (33.77°). Con respecto al contenido de compuestos bioactivos, se destacan las colectas 19 y 25 por su alto contenido de VC (200.02 y 196.19 mg ácido ascórbico100 g-1 ps, respectivamente). El 96.6% de las colectas (29/30) mostraron valores similares de AT y FT, cuyos valores estuvieron entre 1 y 1.97 mg cianidina-3-glucosido 100 g-1 así como de 72.00 a 129.54 mg acido gálico 100 g-1 ps, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, la CA en 26/30 de las colectas mostraron valores entre 4 991 y 10 607 mol eq Trolox g-1; sin embargo, fueron mayores a las colectas 8, 20, 21 y 28 (3 068, 3 063, 2 559 y 2 054 mol eq Trolox g-1, respectivamente). Por otro lado, la mayor variabilidad entre colectas fue producto de la concentración de VC, AT y FT, además de mostrar una correlación lineal positiva con la CA, lo que representa una oportunidad para la selección y mejoramiento genético.

Abstract: Introduction: Described for the first time in 1822, being the treatment in acute the method of choice since the chronic injuries results in more complex procedures by the presence of fibrosis and muscular retraction. Material and methods: Report of 19 cases with injury after physical activity, averaging age 30 years and range 20-48 years. Average follow-up of 41 months, carrying out functional evaluations pre and post-operatively of CONSTANT, UCLA, SST and ASES, immobilization in internal rotation for five weeks. Results: They showed improvement in the scales SST, CONSTANT, UCLA and ASES, being made with the U of Mann-Whitney for related samples, stablishing the value of p in 0.05 in all tests. CONSTANT preoperative values range from 32 to 93, UCLA ranges from 10 to 34, aces from 11.6 to 80 and SST from 0 to 9; CONSTANT postoperative values ranging from 73 to 96, UCLA with a range of 15 to 35, ASES with a range of 55 to 100 and SST ranging from 6 to 12. Discussion: The use of this technique presented functional results, we consider has low level of difficulty, low risk of neurovascular injury, cosmetic and present functional recovery.

Resumen: Introducción: Descrita por primera vez en 1822, siendo el tratamiento en agudo el de preferencia, ya que el tardío resulta en procedimientos más complejos por la presencia de fibrosis y retracción muscular. Material y métodos: Reporte de 19 casos con lesión posterior a actividad física, con un promedio de edad de 30 años y rango de 20-48 años de edad, con un seguimiento promedio de 41 meses, se realizaron evaluaciones funcionales pre- y postoperatoriamente de CONSTANT, UCLA, SST y ASES, inmovilización en rotación interna por cinco semanas. Resultados: Presentaron mejoría evaluada con las escalas SST, CONSTANT, UCLA y ASES, se realizaron comparaciones con U de Mann-Whitney para muestras relacionadas, fijándose el valor de p en 0.05 en todas las pruebas. Valores preoperatorios CONSTANT rango de 32 a 93, UCLA rango de 10 a 34, ASES de 11.6 a 80 y SST de 0 a 9; valores postoperatorios CONSTANT con rango de 73 a 96, UCLA con rango de 15 a 35, ASES con rango de 55 a 100 y SST con rango de 6 a 12. Discusión: El uso de esta técnica arrojó resultados funcionales, consideramos que tiene bajo nivel de dificultad, bajo riesgo de lesión neurovascular, cosmético y presenta recuperación funcional.

Resumo O presente estudo averiguou se as diferenças nas circunstâncias (esteira vs. pista) de avaliação da velocidade crítica (VC) interferem no valor e na relação com a desempenho em 3000 metros (v3000m) e, assim, indicar a especificidade de cada valor como parâmetro de treinamento para esta distância. Sete corredores (15,3±1,4 anos) submeteram-se a um teste progressivo máximo (incrementos de 1,0 km×h-1×min-1, até a exaustão) para avaliação do V̇O2max e velocidade aeróbia máxima (vV̇O2max). A seguir, a VC foi estimada a partir do desempenho de corrida em três diferentes intensidades do exercício, em cada ambiente de avaliação, registrando-se o tempo-limite (tLim) nas distâncias de 900, 2100 e 3300 metros na pista, e à 90, 95 e 115% vV̇O2max em esteira. Ajustes lineares, pelo método “stepwise”, forneceram os parâmetros VC em esteira (VCESTEIRA) e pista (VCPISTA), que foram comparados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. O coeficiente de dispersão ajustado à amostra (R2aj) averiguou a variância de v3000m com VCPISTA, VCESTEIRA e vV̇O2max. Em todas as análises adotou-se .≤0,05. No teste progressivo, o V̇O2max atingiu 54,2±5,2 mLO2∙kg-1∙min-1 e a vV̇O2max foi 16,8±1,9 km×h-1. Não se observaram diferenças entre VCESTEIRA e VCPISTA (14,0±1,8 vs. 12,3±3,2 km∙h-1, P=0,46). Houveram correlações entre v3000m com VCESTEIRA (R2aj ~0,94), VCPISTA (R2aj~0,99) e vV̇O2max (R2aj ~0,90), todas com P=0,001. Conclui-se que o contexto de avaliação não interfere na consistência do valor de VC. Porém, quanto à relação com v3000 metros, a VCPISTA apresenta melhor especificidade, tornando-a mais autêntica que VCESTEIRA para a prescrição do treino e monitoramento do desempenho.

Abstract The present study aiming to verify the interference of different conditions (treadmill vs. track) on critical velocity (CV) values, as well as on the correlation to the 3000-meter performance (v3000m), and thus infer about the specificity of each values as training parameter for this distance. Seven runners (15.3±1.4 years) were submitted to a maximal progressive test (1.0 km×h-1 increments per minute until exhaustion) to assess V̇O2max and maximal aerobic velocity (vV̇O2max). Subsequently, CV was estimated from three running performances at each test condition, with exercise intensities adjusted for different time limits (tLim) at 900, 2100 and 3300 meters in track or at 90, 95 and 115% of vV̇O2max in treadmill. From linear adjustments, using stepwise method, CV was assessed on treadmill (CVTREADMILL) and track (CVTRACK), and both compared by the Mann-Whitney test. The sample-adjusted dispersion coefficient (R2adj) analyzed the variance of v3000m with CVTRACK, CVTREADMILL and vV̇O2max. In all analyses, significance was set at P≤0.05. In progressive test, V̇O2max reached 54.2±5.2 mLO2×kg-1×min-1 and vV̇O2max reached 16.8±1.9 km×h-1. No differences were observed between CVTREADMILL and CVTRACK (14.0±1.8 vs. 12.3±3.2 km×h-1, P=0.46). Correlations were observed for v3000m with CVTREADMILL (R2adj ~0.94), CVTRACK (R2adj ~0.99) and vV̇O2max (R2adj ~0.90), all showing P=0.001. It could be concluded that no influence was observe on the ability to achieve identical CV values from different assessment conditions. The correlation to the v3000 meters suggested better specificity of CVTRACK than CVTREADMILL for training prescription and performance control.

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to evaluate the yield and physicochemical quality of the fruit in seven experimental lines of cherry tomato in response to three levels (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 dS m-1) of electrical conductivity (EC) of Steiner's nutrient solution. The experimental design was completely randomized with six replicates. Yield, number of fruits per cluster (NFPC), average fruit weight (AFW), color, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C (VC), total phenols (TF), lycopene (Ly) and antioxidant capacity (AC) were evaluated. EC levels of 2.5 and 3.0 dS m-1 showed statistically the highest values of firmness (1.23 and 1.14 N mm-1), TSS (7.04 and 7.08 °Brix), TA (0.49 and 0.50% citric acid), VC (13.91 and 8.91 mg 100 g-1), Ly (9.17 and 10.75 mg 100 g-1) and AC (45.96 and 52.21 mm TEAC g-1). Among genotypes, H13-39 recorded the highest yield and AFW, with values of 9.47 kg m-2 and 38.35 g, respectively. Additionally, L-ChNg1 and L-ChNg2 presented the fruit with the highest firmness, while H13-26 had those with the highest TA and VC. With the exception of H13-39, L-ChNg1 and L-ChNg2, the rest of the genotypes were characterized by a high AC (55.53-60.60 mm TEAC g-1). However, H13-39 and L-ChNg1 had the highest Ly content. The modification of the EC of Steiner's nutrient solution kept the evaluated yield components unchanged, but it affected the physicochemical quality of the fruit among genotypes. This allowed identifying outstanding experimental lines with potential for commercial use.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el rendimiento y calidad fisicoquímica del fruto en siete líneas experimentales avanzadas de tomate cherry, como respuesta a tres niveles (2,0; 2,5; y 3,0 dS m-1) de conductividad eléctrica (CE) de la solución nutritiva de Steiner. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con seis repeticiones. Se evaluó el rendimiento, número de frutos por racimo (NFPR), peso promedio de fruto (PPF), color, firmeza, sólidos solubles totales (SST), acidez titulable (AT), vitamina C (VC), fenoles totales (FT), licopeno (Li) y capacidad antioxidante (CA). Los niveles de CE de 2,5 y 3,0 dS m-1 mostraron estadísticamente la mejor firmeza (1,23 y 1,14 N mm-1), SST (7,04 y 7,08°Brix), AT (0,49-0,50% ácido cítrico), VC (13,91 y 8,91 mg 100 g-1), Li (9,17 y 10,75 mg 100 g-1) y CA (45,96-52,21 mm TEAC g-1). Entre genotipos, H13-39 fue la de mayor rendimiento y PPF con 9,47 kg m-2 y 38,35 g, respectivamente. Adicionalmente L-ChNg1 y L-ChNg2 presentaron los frutos más firmes y H13-26 los de mayor AT y VC. Con excepción de H13-39, L-ChNg1 y L-ChNg2, el resto de genotipos se caracterizaron por su alta CA (55,53-60,60 mm TEAC g-1). Sin embargo, H13-39 y L-ChNg1 presentaron los mayores contenidos de Li. La modificación de la CE de la solución nutritiva de Steiner mantuvo sin cambios a los componentes de rendimiento evaluados, pero afectó la calidad fisicoquímica del fruto entre genotipos. Esto permitió observar líneas experimentales sobresalientes y con potencial para su aprovechamiento comercial.

Abstract: Data from 241 interviews collected in 2013 was analyzed to characterize populations of pigs (Mexican Hairless Pig (MH), Cuino Pig (CU) and Crossbred Pig (UD)). Variables were body weight (BW), head length (HL), body length (BL), thoracic perimeter (CG), height at withers (HW), croup width (RW), number of nipples (TC), dense or sparse hair (HD), presence or absence of tusks (TU), short or long snout (ST), upright or floppy ears (ER), calm or restless temperament (TM), proportionality index (PI), body index (BI) and relative weight index (RWI). Analyses were carried out with GLM and GENMOD of SAS. Models included state and population. Population was significant (P<0.05) for BW, BL, CG, HW, RW, TU, TM, PI, BI and RWI. Coefficients of variation (VC) showed the minor and major values for BW (18.8 %) and CG (27.8 %). VC were 13.0, 14.6 and 45.8 % for PI, BI and RWI. Least squares means for MH, CU and UD were: 48.06±6.17a, 35.93±3.04b and 61.11±7.42a kg (BW); 77.81±3.65ab, 69.56±2.02a and 88.52±4.93b cm (BL); 80.55±3.98ab, 71.72±2.20a and 93.23±5.37b cm (CG); 56.88±2.45ab, 51.26±1.36a and 60.32±3.31b cm (HW); 57±4a, 71±19b and 62±34a % (HD); 68±31ab, 70±14a and 61±27b% (TU); 65±30 a, 56±12b and 62±3a% (TM). The MH and UD populations were similar in morphometry and different from the CU population. The CU population showed lower weight, smaller size and calmer temperament. The characterization of these populations is important for designing strategies for their conservation and efficient use.

Resumen: Para caracterizar a las poblaciones del cerdo Pelón Mexicano (PPM), cerdo Cuino (PCU) y cerdos cruzados (PCI) se analizó información de 241 entrevistas realizadas durante 2013. Las variables analizadas fueron: peso corporal (Peco), longitud de cabeza (Loca), longitud del cuerpo (Locu), circunferencia del pecho (Circu), altura a la cruz (Acruz), ancho de pelvis (Anpe), número de pezones (Nupe), pelo denso o escaso (Cape), presencia o ausencia de colmillos (Colm), hocico corto o largo (Hoc), orejas erguidas o no erguidas (Posio), temperamento tranquilo o inquieto (Tem), índice de proporcionalidad (IP), índice corporal (IC) e índice de peso relativo (IPR). Los datos se analizaron con GLM y GENMOD del SAS. Los modelos estadísticos incluyeron Estado y Población. Población influyó (P<0.05) Peco, Locu, Circu, Acruz, Cape, Colm, Tem IP, IC e IPR. Los coeficientes de variación (CV) mostraron a Peco y Anpe como las características con menor y mayor variación (18.8 y 27.8 %). Para IP, IC e IPR los CV fueron 13.0, 14.6 y 45.8 %. Las medias de cuadrados mínimos para PPM, PCU y PCI fueron 48.06±6.17a, 35.93±3.04b y 61.11±7.42a kg (Peco); 77.81±3.65ab, 69.56±2.02a y 88.52±4.93 b cm (Locu); 80.55±3.98ab, 71.72±2.20a y 93.23±5.37b cm (Circu); 56.88±2.45ab, 51.26±1.36a y 60.32±3.31b cm (Acruz); 57±4a, 71±19 b y 62±34a% (Cape); 68±31 ab, 70±14a y 61±27b% (Colm); 65±30a, 56±12b y 62±3a% (Tem). PPM y PCI fueron similares en morfometría pero diferentes de PCU. La población PCU mostró menor peso, menor talla y temperamento más inquieto. Caracterizar a estas poblaciones es importante para diseñar estrategias para su conservación y uso eficiente.

This research was carried out with the objective of studying the performance of some morphophysiological indicators after grazing P. purpureum cv. Cuba CT-115 used as biomass bank. A completely randomized sampling was used and a total of 15 tufts were collected (experimental unit) immediately after grazing and every 15 days until to complete each growth cycle. The treatments consisted on the age of the grass regrowth from the moment the animals exit the paddock (zero time) and according to the biomass bank technology. During the first year and for each resting cycle the regrowth age influenced (P<0.001) on the plant height. For more of the cycles the length and width of leaves, and the leaf area increased (P<0.001) with the age and the higher values were in the cycles with more favorable climatic conditions for growth and leaf expansion, reaching the leaf area values of 246 cm² for the fourth cycle of the first year and 204 cm² for the fifth cycle of the second year. It was also determined the total yield performance with the regrowth age and growth indexes as Culture Growth Rate (CGR) and Net Assimilation Rate (NAR).The results showed that the growth cycles of the studied crop have an specific response pattern in function of the regrowth age and climatic characteristics. The CGR and the NAR have specific response for each cycle and are appropriate indicators for the analysis and characterization of grass growth. It was also proven that the increase of dry matter yield is done with low efficiency (NAR) from the high Culture Growth Rate is reached. It is recommended to incorporate the growth indexes studied in this research as novel tool for the management of other grasses and forage species

Este trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de estudiar el comportamiento de algunos indicadores morfofisiológicos después del pastoreo de P. purpureum vc. Cuba CT-115 empleado como banco de biomasa. Se empleó un muestreo completamente aleatorizado y se tomaron 15 macollas (unidad experimental) inmediatamente después del pastoreo y cada 15 días hasta completar cada ciclo de crecimiento Los tratamientos consistieron en la edad de rebrote del pasto a partir del momento de salida de los animales del potrero (tiempo cero) y de acuerdo con la tecnología de banco de biomasa. Durante el primer año y para cada ciclo de reposo la edad de rebrote influyó (P<0.001) en la altura de la planta. Para la mayoría de los ciclos el largo y ancho de las hojas, y el área foliar se incrementaron (P<0.001) con la edad y los mayores valores se presentaron en los ciclos con condiciones climáticas más favorables para el crecimiento y la expansión foliar, alcanzando el área foliar valores de 246 cm² para el ciclo cuatro del primer año y 204 cm² para el ciclo cinco del segundo año. También se determinó el comportamiento del rendimiento total con la edad de rebrote y de índices de crecimiento como la Tasa de crecimiento del Cultivo (TCC) y la Tasa de Asimilación Neta (TAN). Los resultados mostraron que los ciclos de crecimiento del cultivo estudiado tienen un patrón de respuesta específico en función de la edad de rebrote y de las características climáticas. La TCC y la TAN tienen respuesta específica para cada ciclo y son indicadores adecuados para el análisis y caracterización del crecimiento del pasto. Además se comprobó que el incremento del rendimiento de materia seca se realiza con una menor eficiencia (TAN) a partir de que se alcanza la máxima Tasa de Crecimiento del Cultivo. Se recomienda incorporar los índices de crecimiento estudiados en este trabajo como herramienta novedosa para el manejo de otras especies de pastos y forrajes

The effects of the dietary substitution of dry corn by high-moisture corn grain silage (HMCGS) were evaluated on the performance, nutrient digestibility and serum biochemical parameters of broilers reared in an alternative production system and submitted to different environmental temperatures. A total of 288 one-day-old male Cobb chicks were distributed according to a randomized block design in a 3x4 factorial arrangement: three environmental temperatures (hot, thermoneutral or cold) and four levels of HMCGS in substitution of dry corn (0%, 20%, 40% or 60%). The acid analysis showed that the evaluated HMCGS contained average percentage values of ethanol, lactic acid, and acetic acid (expressed in 100% of dry matter) of 0.7690, 2.7320 and 0.0249%, respectively. Propionic and butyric acids were not detected. Dry corn and HMCGS presented pH values of 5.8 and 3.3, respectively. The inclusion of HMCGS reduced dietary pH, as shown by the values of 5.7, 5.4, 5.1 and 4.8 recorded for the diets containing 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% of HMCGS, respectively. There was no significant interaction between diets and environmental temperature. HMCGS may replace up to 40% dry corn in broiler diets when performance, triglyceride levels, and HDL-cholesterol ratio is considered, and up to 60% when nutrient digestibility is evaluated. High environmental temperature impairs broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, and serum biochemistry, demonstrating the influence of environmental temperature on broiler metabolism and performance.

The objective was to compare the carbon nitrogen vermicompost as substrate in the production and nutrient concentration of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). There were three initial relationships compost C/N 45, 35 and 26, for these two organic matters were used; maize straw (PM) and cow manure (EB).At the end of the vermicomposting process we harvested vermicompost (VC) and obtained C/N ratios of 21, 27 and 13 respectively. For the nutritional evaluation of vermicompost we designed a factorial experiment (3 x 2) with three C/N ratios, with and without the addition of organic effluents (derived from vermicomposting process) in a completely randomized design with 10 replications. Peppermint seedlings were placed in pots containing a mixture of vermicompost: perlite (3:1, v: v). 73 days after transplanting (DAT) nitrates were determined (NO-3) and potassium (K +) with mobile Ionomers Horiba®, then the plants were harvested and quantified the fresh and dry weight of leaves, stems and roots, dry matter rates and the proportion of shoots and roots. Plants grown in the VC 13 had the highest concentration ofNO-3 (12 750 ppm), and K+ (10, 100 ppm) also favoring the development of the crop which is reflected in Total Biomass (16.97 g) compared to the plants grown in VC 21 and 27. Vermicompost with initial C/N 26 produces a material which can be used as substrate for the cultivation of fresh consumption mint or dry.

El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar la relación carbono nitrógeno del vermicompost como sustrato en la producción y concentración nutrimental de menta (Menta piperita L.). Se realizaron tres compostas con relaciones iniciales de C/N 45, 35 y 26, para ello se utilizaron dos materiales orgánicos paja de maíz (PM) y estiércol de bovino (EB). Al final del proceso de vermicompostaje se cosechó el humus de lombriz o vermicompost (VC) y se obtuvo relaciones C/N 21, 27 y 13 respectivamente. Para la evaluación nutrimental del vermicompost se diseñó un experimento factorial (3 x 2), con tres relaciones C/N, con y sin la incorporación de efluentes orgánicos (derivados del proceso de vermicompostaje), en un diseño completamente al azar con 10 repeticiones. Las plántulas de menta se colocaron en macetas con una mezcla de vermicompost:agrolita (3:1, v:v). 73 días después del trasplante (DDT) se determinó nitratos (NO-3) y potasio (K+) con los ionómetros portátiles Horiba®, posteriormente se cosecharon las plantas y se cuantificó peso fresco y seco de hojas, tallos y raíz, índices de materia seca y la proporción de la parte aérea y raíz. Las plantas desarrolladas en el VC 13 presentaron la mayor concentración de NO-3 (12 750 ppm) y K+ (10,100 ppm) además favoreció el desarrollo del cultivo que se refleja en Biomasa Total (16.97 g) en comparación con las plantas que crecieron en VC 21 y 27. Vermicompost con rel C/N inicial de 26 produce un material que puede ser utilizado como sustrato en el cultivo de menta para consumo en fresco o en seco.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar el efecto de las bajas temperaturas sobre la actividad enzimática y capacidad antioxidante en menta (Mentha piperita L.). Se cuantificó su comportamiento en almacenamiento a 6 y 10ºC con respecto a un testigo (temperatura ambiente), para esto, se condujo un experimento en laboratorio durante el ciclo primavera-verano de 2011 en la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, México. Se evaluó la actividad enzimática de peroxidasa (POD), polifenol oxidasa (PFO), superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y catalasa (CAT), de igual forma se determinó la capacidad antioxidante (CA), contenido de fenoles totales (FT) y de vitamina C (VC). La temperatura de 10ºC incrementó la actividad enzimática de POD de 194,72 a 306,29 U/g de PF; así como la actividad antioxidante de 262,57 a 327,32 mm TEAC/g de PF. Por otra parte, a 6 y 10ºC aumentaron los contenidos de FT y VC, inverso a lo sucedido con la actividad de SOD que disminuyó de 53,68 a 26,22 U/g de PF. El tratamiento a temperatura ambiente favoreció una mayor actividad de PFO (90,02 U/g de PF). La refrigeración incrementó la actividad enzimática de POD, el contenido de FT y VC. Por otro lado, la actividad de SOD disminuyó y la CA fue mayormente afectada por la temperatura de almacenamiento a 10ºC.

The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of low temperatures over the enzymatic activity and antioxidant capacity in mint (Mentha piperita L.), behavior was quantified during storage at 6 and 10°C with respect to a control treatment (at room temperature), for this purpose, a laboratory experiment was conducted during a spring-summer cycle of 2011 at the University Autonomous of Chapingo, Texcoco, Mexico. The activity of enzymes, such as peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), was determined; as well as the antioxidant capacity (AC), total phenol (TP) and vitamin C (VC) content. The main result found is that the enzymatic activity of POD increased from 194,72 to 306.29 U/g of FW (fresh weight) at 10°C; the antioxidant activity also increased from 262,57 to 327,32 mm TEAC/g of WF at the same temperature. On the other hand, at 6°C and 10°C the contents of WF and VC increased, but the effect on the activity of SOD was inverse as it decreased from 53,68 to 26,22 U/g of WF. The treatment room temperature contributes to an increased activity of the PPO (90,02 U/g of WF). The use of refrigeration increased enzymatic activity of POD, PT contents and VC. Also it was found that the SOD activities decreased and the AC was greatly affected at a 10°C storage temperature.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações da mecânica respiratória e do volume corrente (VC) em lactentes sibilantes em ventilação espontânea após a realização da técnica de expiração lenta e prolongada (ELPr). MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo lactentes com história de sibilância recorrente e sem exacerbações nos 15 dias anteriores. Para a avaliação da função pulmonar, os lactentes foram sedados e posicionados em decúbito dorsal com máscara facial acoplada a um pneumotacógrafo. As variáveis da respiração corrente - VC e FR - e da mecânica respiratória - complacência do sistema respiratório (Csr), resistência (Rsr) e constante de tempo (psr) - foram mensuradas antes e após a realização de três sequências consecutivas de ELPr. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 18 lactentes, com média de idade de 32 ± 11 semanas. Houve um aumento significante no VC após ELPr (79,3 ± 15,6 mL vs. 85,7 ± 17,2 mL; p = 0,009), assim como uma redução na FR (40,6 ± 6,9 ciclos/min vs. 38,8 ± 0,9 ciclos/min; p = 0,042). Entretanto, não houve alterações significantes nos valores da mecânica respiratória (Csr: 11,0 ± 3,1 mL/cmH2O vs. 11,3 ± 2,7 mL/cmH2O; Rsr: 29,9 ± 6,2 cmH2O • mL-1 • s-1 vs. 30,8 ± 7,1 cmH2O • mL-1 • s-1; e psr: 0,32 ± 0,11 s vs. 0,34 ± 0,12 s; p > 0,05 para todos). CONCLUSÕES: Essa técnica de fisioterapia respiratória é capaz de induzir alterações significativas no VC e na FR de lactentes com sibilância recorrente, mesmo na ausência de exacerbações. A manutenção das variáveis da mecânica respiratória indica que a técnica é segura para ser aplicada nesse grupo de pacientes. Estudos com lactentes sintomáticos são necessários para quantificar os efeitos funcionais da técnica.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in respiratory mechanics and tidal volume (V T) in wheezing infants in spontaneous ventilation after performing the technique known as the prolonged, slow expiratory (PSE) maneuver. METHODS: We included infants with a history of recurrent wheezing and who had had no exacerbations in the previous 15 days. For the assessment of the pulmonary function, the infants were sedated and placed in the supine position, and a face mask was used and connected to a pneumotachograph. The variables of tidal breathing (V T and RR) as well as those of respiratory mechanics-respiratory system compliance (Crs), respiratory system resistance (Rrs), and the respiratory system time constant (prs)-were measured before and after three consecutive PSE maneuvers. RESULTS: We evaluated 18 infants. The mean age was 32 ± 11 weeks. After PSE, there was a significant increase in V T (79.3 ± 15.6 mL vs. 85.7 ± 17.2 mL; p = 0.009) and a significant decrease in RR (40.6 ± 6.9 breaths/min vs. 38.8 ± 0,9 breaths/min; p = 0.042). However, no significant differences were found in the variables of respiratory mechanics (Crs: 11.0 ± 3.1 mL/cmH2O vs. 11.3 ± 2.7 mL/cmH2O; Rrs: 29.9 ± 6.2 cmH2O • mL-1 • s-1 vs. 30.8 ± 7.1 cmH2O • mL-1 • s-1; and prs: 0.32 ± 0.11 s vs. 0.34 ±0.12 s; p > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: This respiratory therapy technique is able to induce significant changes in V T and RR in infants with recurrent wheezing, even in the absence of exacerbations. The fact that the variables related to respiratory mechanics remained unchanged indicates that the technique is safe to apply in this group of patients. Studies involving symptomatic infants are needed in order to quantify the functional effects of the technique.