Nesse trabalho são investigados os efeitos causados por um óleo parafínico sobre o comportamento físico-químico de dutos de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD). Os efeitos causados nos dutos de PEAD foram avaliados em função do tempo e da temperatura de exposição através de análises gravimétrica e termogravimétrica e por espectroscopia no infravermelho. Os dados gravimétricos puderam ser satisfatoriamente descritos pela Lei de Fick. Os resultados de FTIR indicaram que não ocorreram modificações estruturais importantes no PEAD exposto a esse óleo e que o processo de envelhecimento do PEAD foi do tipo físico, já que nenhuma alteração na estrutura química do polímero foi detectada.

The effects caused by a paraphinic oil on the physicochemical behavior of high-density polyehtylene pipes were investigated, as a function of time and temperature. These effects were evaluated by thermogravimetric and gravimetric analysis and by FTIR. The gravimetric data were satisfactorily described using the Fick's law, and the FTIR results showed that no main structural modifications have occurred after exposure of the HDPE pipes to this oil. From the results obtained it was concluded that physical aging was occurring, since the chemical structure of the polymer was not altered.

The development of an eco-friendly material that could reduce CO² emission and that could aggregate value to a natural fiber, setting man at the countryside and raising the income of populations from poor regions is a challenge. Lignocellulosic fibers are cheap and are a readily available reinforcement, requiring only a low degree of industrialization for their processing. The main drawback of using cement composites reinforced with lignocellulosic fibers is that the fibers can be mineralized inside the alkaline environment. In this work, Portland cement was partially replaced by metakaolinite in order to produce a matrix free from calcium hydroxide, avoiding thus the problem of fiber mineralization. Cement composites reinforced with 2, 4 and 6% of short curaua fibers, were manufactured. The composites were submitted to four pointing bending tests in order to determine their mechanical behavior. The results obtained were compared with those found for cement composites reinforced with sisal fibers.

Avaliaram-se as características da interface fibra/matriz em compósitos de poliéster reforçado com fibra de coco. Esta avaliação foi realizada através de medidas da tensão interfacial de cisalhamento e também por observação microestrutural da área de contato fibra de coco/resina poliéster. A partir de ensaios de arrancamento de fibras de coco embutidas em cápsulas de resina poliéster analisou-se por microscopia eletrônica de varredura regiões das fibras que se romperam ou sofreram escorregamento ao serem extraídas da resina. Os resultados revelaram uma tensão de cisalhamento interfacial similar a de outras fibras lignocelulósicas e mostraram também uma razoável adesão interfacial decorrente da natureza heterogênea das fibras de coco, o que facilita a impregnação pela resina.

The characteristics of the fiber/matrix interface in polyester composites reinforced with coir fibers have been evaluated. This was carried out both, by measuring the interfacial shear strength and by microstructural observation of the coir fibers/polyester resin contact area. Tests of coir fiber extraction from resin sockets allowed an analysis by scanning electron microscopy of regions where the fibers underwent rupture or suffered pullout during extraction. The results showed interfacial shear strength similar to other lignocellulosic fibers. Moreover, a reasonable interface adhesion was obtained owing to the heterogeneous nature of the coir fibers, which facilitates the resin impregnation.

Compósitos de fibras naturais lignocelulósicas reforçando matriz polimérica já estão sendo utilizados em diversos campos de interesse aplicado. Isto tem incentivado pesquisas científicas e tecnológicas tanto em fibras tradicionais, como o sisal e a juta, quanto naquelas, como as do curauá, que apresentam características promissoras. Até hoje, entretanto, os estudos sobre o comportamento de compósitos poliméricos de curauá utilizaram fibras curtas, descontínuas e aleatoriamente orientadas. Em conseqüência, a resistência mecânica obtida foi relativamente baixa. No presente trabalho investigou-se as propriedades de compósitos de matriz poliéster reforçada com até 30% em peso de fibras contínuas e alinhadas de curauá. Estes compósitos foram ensaiados em flexão e a superfície de fratura observada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados mostram resistência superior à obtida por outros pesquisadores em compósitos com fibras curtas e não-orientadas. Observações microestruturais revelaram efetiva adesão das fibras à matriz, o que contribuiu para o desempenho mecânico dos compósitos.

Polymeric matrix composites reinforced with natural lignocellulosic fibers are now being used in many fields of practical interest. This has motivated scientific and technological investigations on both, traditional fibers, such as sisal and jute, as well as those, like curaua, which present promising characteristics. Until today, however, the works performed on the behavior of curaua reinforced polymeric composites used short, discontinuous and randomly oriented fibers. As a consequence the attained mechanical strength was relatively small. In the current work the properties of polyester matrix composites reinforced with up to 30 wt. % of continuous and aligned curaua fibers was investigated. These composites were bend tested and the fracture surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed strength values higher than those obtained by other researchers in curaua composites with short and non-oriented fibers. Microstructural observations revealed an effective adhesion between the fibers and the matrix, which contributed to the mechanical performance of the present composites.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de desenvolver e validar modelos em que a ordem de influência dos íons nos valores da condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação do solo (CEes) fosse identificada. As coletas foram realizadas em duas áreas com bananeiras cultivadas sob irrigação (água subterrânea e superficial) e em áreas de vegetação nativa localizadas na Chapada do Apodi, Ceará, sendo uma em Quixeré e a outra no Distrito de Irrigação Jaguaribe Apodi (DIJA), em Limoeiro do Norte. A pesquisa ocorreu no período de dezembro de 1999 a dezembro de 2000 e setembro a dezembro de 2001. Foram retiradas 312 amostras de solo e, por meio das análises do extrato de saturação do solo, foram determinados as CEes e os íons Na+, Cl-, Ca2++Mg2+ e K+. Posteriormente, foram desenvolvidas equações lineares múltiplas, relacionando a CEes com os íons estudados. Os modelos estatísticos desenvolvidos apresentaram valores simulados bem próximos dos observados, o que indica boa acuracidade de tais modelos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, em Quixeré, o íon Cl- exerce maior influência nos altos valores das CEes, seguido dos íons Ca2++Mg2+, exceto para a camada de 30-60 cm, em que o íon Na+ aparece após o Cl-. Já no DIJA, o Cl- foi predominante na camada de 0-30 cm, seguido por Ca2++Mg2+ e o Na+ na de 30-60 cm, seguido pelo Cl-.

The main objective of this study was to develop and to evaluate models in order to identify the influence of ions on the values of electrical conductivity of saturation extracts (CEes). The samples were colleted in areas under irrigated banana trees (with subsurface and surface water) and native forest areas. Samples were taken in two areas in the Apodi Plateau, State of Ceara. One area was in Quixeré County and the other was at the Jaguaribe Apodi Irrigation District - DIJA, in Limoeiro do Norte County. Research was done during two periods, one from December 1999 to December 2000 and the other from September to December 2001. The 312 soil samples were taken to the laboratory for analyses of extract saturation for determination of CE and the ions Na+, Cl-, Ca2++Mg2+ and K+. A stepwise regression analysis model was tested, using CEes as the dependent variable and analyzed ions as the independent variables in all tested models. Results obtained through statistical models showed that the ion Cl- had greater influence in the elevation of the CEs values followed by the ions Ca2++Mg2+ in Quixeré. In the soil of the DIJA area, for layers of 30-60 cm, the most important ion was Na+ followed by Cl-.The linear models for the several layers, for both areas, presented a good accuracy, as the simulated values were very close to those observed.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that overweight adolescents have higher plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) levels than non-overweight adolescents and to explore the association between plasma tHcy levels with folate, vitamin B12 and some risk factors for CVD in both groups. Methods: A case-control study conductec with 239 adolescentes aged 15-19 years in the city of São Paulo, Brazil; 86 overweight and 153 non-overweight frequency matched by age, gender, pubertal and socioeconomic status. tHcy, folate, vitamin B12, lipid profile, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance were measured. Results: No significant differences were found in tHcy, folate and vitamin B12 levels between overweight and non-overweight groups. The geometric means of tHcy were elevated in both groups (overweight: 11.8 µmol/L; non-overweight: 11.6 µmol/L) higher for boys than for girls (P ≤ 0.001). Folate deficiency was identified in 68.6% of total studied population. Triacylglycerol, LDL cholesterol, insulin resistance were higher and HDL cholesterol was lower in overweight that non-overweight adolescents. In the multiple linear regression model, in overweight group, tHcy was independently associated with age (P = 0.041), sex (P = 0.004) and folate (P = 0.022) and in non-overweight group, with age (P = 0.049), sex (P < 0.001), folate (P = 0.018) and vitamin B12 (P = 0.030). Conclusions: Obesity was not a determinant factor of tHcy levels. Age, sex and folate were independent determinants of plasma tHcy levels. The high prevalence of folate deficiency may have been responsible for the elevated tHcy levels in these adolescents, increasing the risk for future development of CVD.

Objetivo: Probar la hipótesis de que los adolescentes con sobrepeso tienen mayores concentraciones plasmáticas de homocisteína total (tHcy) que los adolescentes sin sobrepeso, y explorar la asociación entre las concentraciones plasmáticas de tHcy con folato, vitamina B12 y algunos factores de riesgo de ECV en ambos grupos. Métodos: Estudio de casos-control realizado en 239 adolescentes de edades entre los 15-19 años, de la ciudad de Sao Paulo, Brasil; 86 tenían sobrepeso y 153 no, emparejados por edad, sexo, estado puberal y socioeconómico. Se midieron tHcy, folato, vitamina B12, perfil lipídico, glucosa, insulina y resistencia a insulina. Resultados: no se hallaron diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de tHcy, folato ni vitamina B12 entre los grupos con y sin sobrepeso. Las medias geométricas de tHcy estaban elevadas en ambos grupos (sobrepeso: 11,8 µmol/l; sin sobrepeso: 11,6 µmol/l), y fueron mayores en los chicos que las chicas (P ≤ 0,001). Se identificó la deficiencia de folatos en el 68,6% de la población total estudiada. El triacilglicerol, el colesterol-LDL y la resistencia a insulina fueron mayores en el grupo de adolescentes con sobrepeso, y el colesterolHDL fue superior en el grupo sin sobrepeso. En el modelo de regresión linear múltiple, en el grupo con sobrepeso, la tHcy se asoció, de forma independiente, con la edad (P = 0,041), el sexo (P = 0,004) y el folato (P = 0,022) y, en el grupo sin sobrepeso, con la edad (P = 0,049), el sexo (P < 0,001), el folato (P = 0,018) y la vitamina B12 (P = 0,030). Conclusiones: la obesidad no fue un factor determinante de las concentraciones de tHcy. La edad, el sexo y el folato fueron determinantes independientes de las concentraciones plasmáticas de tHcy. La prevalencia elevada de deficiencia de folato podría haber sido responsable de las concentraciones elevadas de tHcy en estos adolescentes, aumentando el riesgo de desarrollo futuro de ECV.

The influence of the fiber used as reinforcement in resin matrix composite materials submitted to repeated low energy impacts is analyzed. The aramid, glass and carbon fiber composites were submitted to drop weight tests from 0.5m and from 1m. The number of impact events necessary to cause failure was recorded, and the fracture characteristics of each composite were analyzed by optical microscopy and X-rays radiography. The results obtained showed that carbon fiber composites have better performance than the glass and aramid composites. This behavior was partially attributed to the higher elastic energy absorption of carbon fibers that delays the propagation of delamination, and fiber breakage. The failure mode of glass fiber composites was dominated by the higher number of glass fibers per surface area of the composites. The worst behavior shown by aramid composites was attributed to the intrinsic anisotropy of aramid fibers.

OBJECTIVE - To determine the prevalence of hyperhomocystinemia in patients with acute ischemic syndrome of the unstable angina type. METHODS - We prospectively studied 46 patients (24 females) with unstable angina and 46 control patients (19 males), paired by sex and age, blinded to the laboratory data. Details of diets, smoking habits, medication used, body mass index, and the presence of hypertension and diabetes were recorded, as were plasma lipid and glucose levels, C-reactive protein, and lipoperoxidation in all participants. Patients with renal disease were excluded. Plasma homocysteine was estimated using high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS - Plasma homocysteine levels were significantly higher in the group of patients with unstable angina (12.7±6.7 µmol/L) than in the control group (8.7±4.4 µmol/L) (p<0.05). Among males, homocystinemia was higher in the group with unstable angina than in the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant (14.1±5.9 µmol/L versus 11.9±4.2 µmol/L). Among females, however, a statistically significant difference was observed between the 2 groups: 11.0±7.4 µmol/L versus 6.4±2.9 µmol/L (p<0.05) in the unstable angina and control groups, respectively. Approximately 24% of the patients had unstable angina at homocysteine levels above 15 µmol/L. CONCLUSION - High homocysteine levels seem to be a relevant prevalent factor in the population with unstable angina, particularly among females.

Vinte e sete espécies de dípteros caliptrados (Muscidae e Sarcophagidae) foram capturados no período de dezembro de 1993 a novembro de 1994, com armadilhas orientadas pelo vento (W.O.T.) contendo isca de fígado em putrefação, no jardim zoológico da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. As espécies capturadas em maior abundância foram Musca domestica (57,84%), Peckia chrysostoma (28,16%), Ophyra aenescens (17,11%), Oxysarcodexia thornax (17,82%), Synthesiomyia nudiseta (13,05%) e Oxysarcodexia diana (14,52%).

Twenty-seven species of calyptrate muscoids (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) were collected from December 1993 to November 1994 with wind oriented traps (W.O.T.) baited with decomposing beef liver at the Rio de Janeiro Zoo. The most abundant species found were Musca domestica (57.84%), Peckia chrysostoma (28.16%), Ophyra aenescens (17.11%), Oxysarcodexia thornax (17.82%), Synthesiomyia nudiseta (13.05%), and Oxysarcodexia diana (14.52%).

Relatamos os aspectos clínicos e eletrofisiológicos preliminares de um paciente hospitalizado que possivelmente apresenta crises de epilepsia parcial contínua (Kojevnikov). Discutimos as diferentes etiologias dessa condição e salientamos a possível forma idiopática, nesse caso.

We report on the preliminary clinical and electrophysiological aspects of an in-patient possibly presenting epilepsia partialis continua (Koshevnikov). We discuss the different etiologies and emphasize on the possible idiopathic form in this case.

Neste trabalho o efeito da adição de 2 a 7% em peso de um copolímero tribloco estireno-b-etileno-co-butileno-b-estireno (SEBS) em uma blenda polipropileno/poliestireno de alto impacto (PP/HIPS) 70:30 foi determinado. As propriedades em tração e impacto, temperatura de amolecimento Vicat e morfologia da blenda PP/HIPS (70:30) em função da concentração de SEBS foram determinadas. As blendas foram processadas em extrusora dupla-rosca contra-rotativa interpenetrante e as amostras moldadas por compressão. Os resultados mostraram que, embora a adição do SEBS tenha promovido um aumento muito leve na resistência tênsil e no módulo elástico, observou-se um expressivo aumento no alongamento na ruptura e na resistência ao impacto das blendas; a temperatura Vicat das blendas foi superior à do HIPS e que a adição do SEBS promoveu uma redução significativa do tamanho de partícula, indicando que o SEBS exerceu um efeito emulsificante e estabilizador na morfologia das blendas investigadas. Resultados otimizados foram obtidos para a composição contendo 5% de SEBS, o que foi atribuido à uma maior compatibilidade entre as fases.

In this work the effect of a 2-7% w/w styrene-b-ethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene triblock copolymer (SEBS) addition on the properties of a 70:30 polypropylene/high impact polystyrene (PP/HIPS) polymer blend was investigated. Tensile and impact properties, the Vicat temperature and blend morphology were determined as a function of SEBS content. Processing was carried out in a twin-screw intermeshing counter-rotating extruder and the samples were compression moulded. Our results indicate that the SEBS addition, albeit promoting very slight increases on tensile strenght and modulus, led to increases on the elongation at break and impact strenght of the blends, and the Vicat temperature of the blends was higher than that of HIPS. The SEM analysis showed that SEBS addition promotes a significant reduction on particle size, which was taken as an indication that SEBS exerted an emulsifying and stabilizing effect on the morphology of the PP/HIPS blend under investigation. The best overall properties were obtained at 5 wt.% SEBS content.