Abstract Agricultural by-products are relevant sources of valuable bioactive compounds, such as fiber, which its regular ingestion is associated with health benefits. This study evaluated the chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of ice cream using the sugarcane bagasse as a partial fat replacer and fiber-enrichment component. Three ice cream formulations containing 15% (T1); 20% (T2) and 25% (T3) of sieved dried bagasse fiber were produced and compared against a control ice cream (C) without including the by-product. Fat content reduction was 53.40%, 78.88% and 81.99%, respectively; and, the total dietary fiber values increased 14.2%, 19.0% and 24.3%, respectively. Microbiological parameters of all ice cream formulations complied with the requirements established in the Ecuadorian standard for ice creams - NTE INEN 706:2013 and the limits for the mold and yeast count included in the Argentine Food Code. Compared with the control sample (C), formulation T1 did not show a significant statistical difference (p > 0.05) for four out of the five sensory parameters assessed (appearance, texture, flavor, and general acceptance, except taste) using a 9-point structured hedonic scale. The bagasse fiber resulted in a promising food ingredient suitable for reducing fat content and increasing fiber value.

Resumo Os subprodutos agrícolas são fontes relevantes de compostos bioativos valiosos, como a fibra, cuja ingestão regular está associada a benefícios à saúde. Este estudo avaliou as propriedades químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais de sorvetes utilizando o bagaço de cana como substituto parcial de gordura e componente enriquecido com fibras. Três formulações de sorvete contendo 15% (T1), 20% (T2) e 25% (T3) de fibra de bagaço desidratada peneirada foram produzidas e comparadas com um sorvete controle (C) sem incluir o subproduto. A redução do teor de gordura foi de 53,40%, 78,88% e 81,99%, respectivamente; os valores de fibra alimentar total aumentaram em 14,2%, 19,0% e 24,3%, respectivamente. Os parâmetros microbiológicos de todas as formulações de sorvetes atenderam aos requisitos estabelecidos na norma equatoriana para sorvetes - NTE INEN 706:2013 e os limites para a contagem de bolores e leveduras do Código Alimentar Argentino. Comparada com a amostra controle (C), a formulação T1 não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa (p > 0,05) para quatro dos cinco parâmetros sensoriais avaliados (aparência, textura, sabor e aceitação geral, exceto sabor) usando uma escala hedônica de 9 pontos. A fibra do bagaço resultou em um ingrediente alimentar promissor, adequado para reduzir o teor de gordura e aumentar o valor da fibra.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes manejos com dejeto líquido de suíno (DLS) e bovino (DLB) na produtividade de matéria seca e de grãos da cultura do trigo e o potencial de estimativa dessa variação com os índices de vegetação NDVI (índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada) e NDRE (índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada pelo red-edge). O experimento foi conduzido em Frederico Westphalen, RS, no delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 7, com quatro repetições, sendo duas fontes (DLS e DLB) e sete formas de aplicação superficial e subsuperficial, com e sem o uso de dicianodiamida (DCD), ficando assim distribuídos: testemunha sem aplicação de dejetos e DCD; testemunha sem aplicação de dejetos e DCD, porém apenas escarificada com a máquina de injeção; aplicação dos dejetos em superfície; aplicação dos dejetos em superfície com DCD; injeção dos dejetos em subsuperfície; injeção dos dejetos em subsuperfície com DCD; e aplicação de NPK na forma mineral. No florescimento da cultura do trigo, realizou-se a coleta de matéria seca e as leituras de NDVI e NDRE, e por fim, quantificou-se a produtividade de grãos. Constatou-se que, para DLS e DLB, os melhores resultados em produtividade de matéria seca e de grãos foram para os manejos com injeção em subsuperfície e com injeção em subsuperfície com DCD respectivamente. Dos índices de vegetação, apenas o NDVI foi eficiente em estimar as variações no manejo para a fonte DLB para a produtividade de matéria seca e de grãos do trigo.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different managements with pig slurry (PS) and cattle slurry (CS) on wheat dry matter and grain yields, and the potential to estimate this variation with the NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and NDRE (normalized difference red edge index) vegetation indices. The experiment was conducted in Frederico Westphalen-RS, Brazil, in a randomized block experimental design, in a 2 x 7 factorial scheme with four replicates and seven forms of surface and subsurface application, with and without the use of the dicyandiamide (DCD) nitrification inhibitor, distributed as follows: control without application of slurry and DCD; control without application of slurry and DCD, but scarified only with the injection machine; surface application; surface application with DCD; subsurface injection; subsurface injection with DCD; and application of NPK in mineral form. At flowering of the wheat crop, dry matter was collected and readings of NDVI and NDRE were taken, and finally grain yield was quantified. For PS and CS, best results of dry matter and grain yields were found in managements with subsurface injection and subsurface injection with DCD, respectively. Among the vegetation indices, only NDVI was efficient to estimate variations in the management using CS for wheat dry matter and grain yields.

Objective: Patients' opinion about prevalence of pharmaceutical services available in a community pharmacy among patients living in a rural area of the United Kingdom. The secondary objective was to identify appropriate action(s) to enhance patients' awareness of pharmaceutical services in rural areas. Methods: A self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was distributed to patients visiting a community pharmacy in Eye, Suffolk, United Kingdom between July and August, 2015. The main inclusion criterion was living in a rural area. Comparisons were performed using chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results: The study included 103 respondents: 70 women (69.0%) and 33 men (32.0%), aged 16-85 years. Most respondents declared the primary tasks of a community pharmacy were dispensing medicines (86.4% of respondents) and repeat dispensing (72.8% of respondents). Additionally, 23.3% of respondents treated minor ailments at the pharmacy, including bacterial/viral infections, minor injuries, stomach problems, and allergies. The Medicines Use Review service was the only advanced service used in this pharmacy (12.6% of respondents), primarily by men. Younger patients were more familiar with the term of pharmaceutical care (p<0.05; OR=0.33). Conclusions: Only a few pharmaceutical services are utilized by people living in rural areas in the UK, namely prescription dispensing, repeat dispensing, and sale of medications that support self-care for minor ailments. We found an overall poor awareness of the expanded variety of pharmaceutical services encouraged by the community pharmacy contract introduced in the UK in 2005. Therefore, politicians, pharmacists, and pharmacy experts should actively promote these advanced pharmaceutical services in rural areas.

A tolerância de peixes de água doce à salinidade e os níveis adequados de náuplios de Artemia na alimentação durante a larvicultura são de extrema importância para a padronização dos manejos em ambientes de criação intensiva. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi estimar a salinidade letal (SL50) para larvas de jundiá Rhamdia quelen e determinar o efeito da salinidade e da concentração de presas vivas na larvicultura intensiva. No primeiro ensaio, larvas ao final do período lecitotrófico (1,1±0,8mg) foram submetidas às salinidades de 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 e 20g de sal/L por um período de 96h. No segundo experimento, as larvas de jundiá, no início da alimentação exógena (1,2±0,3mg), foram submetidas a três salinidades (água doce 0, 2 e 4g de sal/L) e três concentrações de presas vivas (início: 300, 500, 700 náuplios de Artemia/larvas/dia, sendo esse montante aumentado a cada cinco dias). O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x3, por um período de 15 dias. No experimento 1, as larvas de jundiá submetidas às salinidades de 10, 15 e 20g de sal/L morreram após 12, duas e uma hora de exposição, respectivamente. As SL50 de 72 e 96h foram estimadas em 9,93 e 4,95g de sal/L, respectivamente. No final do teste de toxicidade, não houve diferença na sobrevivência entre as salinidades de 0, 2 e 4g de sal/L. No experimento 2, não foi observado efeito da interação entre salinidade e concentração de presas para o peso e o comprimento. Quanto maior a quantidade de presas, maior o crescimento das larvas. A sobrevivência apresentou interação entre os fatores. O aumento da salinidade proporcionou uma diminuição da sobrevivência, independentemente da concentração de presas. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a SL50 diminuiu com o aumento do tempo de exposição à água salinizada e que a larvicultura da espécie pode ser realizada em salinidades de até 2g de sal/L, com concentração de presas vivas diária inicial de 700 náuplios de Artemia/larva.

The tolerance of freshwater fish to salinity and the adequate levels of Artemia nauplii in the feeding regime during larviculture are of extreme importance to the standardization of management practices in intensive production environments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the lethal salinity (LS50) of the silver catfish Rhamdia quelen larvae and determine the effect of salinity and the concentrations of live prey in intensive larviculture of this species. In the first trial, larvae at the end of the lecithotrophic period (1.1±0.8mg) were subjected to salinities of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20g of salt/L for a period of 96h. In the second experiment, the catfish larvae starting the exogenous feed (1.2±0.3mg) were subjected to three salinities (freshwater 0, 2 and 4g of salt/L) and three concentrations of live prey (starting at: 300, 500, 700 Artemia nauplii/larvae/day, this amount being increased every five days). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 3x3 factorial scheme, for a period of 15 days. In experiment 1, the catfish larvae subjected to the salinities of 10, 15 and 20g of salt/L died after 12, 2 and 1h of exposure, respectively. The LS50 at 72 and 96 h were estimated at 9.93 and 4.95g of salt/L, respectively. At the end of the toxicity test, there was no difference in the survival among the salinities of 0, 2 and 4g of salt/L. In experiment 2 no significant interaction was observed between salinity and the concentration of prey for weight and length. The increased quantity of prey increased the growth of the larvae. The rise in the salinity correlated to a decrease in survival, regardless of the prey concentration. Thus, it is concluded that the LS50 decreased with the increase in time of exposure to saltwater, and that the larviculture of this specie can be conducted in salinities of up to 2g salt/L, with a daily prey concentration starting at 700 Artemia/larvae.

Banana (Musa paradisiaca) is a fruit consumed throughout Mexico due to its nutritional value, availability all year round and its relatively low price. Average yearly production from 2000 to 2010 was 2 111 800 t, and total consumption was 2 137 909 t, a per capita consumption of 19.7 kg. The objective of this study was to analyze the domestic banana market from 1971 to 2010 and make projections to 2017 using an econometric simultaneous equations model, which was estimated with two-stage least squares using the SYSLIN procedure of SAS. The analysis of the results showed that banana supply and demand elasticities for all of its determining factors were very inelastic, except for harvested area, whose coefficient was 0.96. This is the variable that gives the most impulse to the banana supply in México satisfy to the demand.

El plátano (Musa paradisiaca) es una fruta de consumo generalizado en México debido a su valor nutritivo, disponibilidad todo el año y su precio relativamente bajo. La producción promedio de 2000 a 2010 fue 2 111 800 t y el consumo total y per cápita de 2 037 909 t y 19.7 kg. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el mercado nacional del plátano de 1971 a 2010 y efectuar proyecciones hasta el 2017 mediante un modelo econométrico de ecuaciones simultáneas, el cual se estimó con mínimos cuadrados en dos etapas con el procedimiento SYSLIN de SAS. El análisis de los resultados mostró que las elasticidades de la oferta y la demanda de plátano para todos sus factores determinantes fueron muy inelásticas, con excepción de la superficie cosechada, cuyo coeficiente fue 0.96. Esta variable es la que más impulsa a la oferta de plátano en México para responder a la demanda.

The Novillo Gneiss is one of several exposures of Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.0-1.2 Ga) basement in eastern Mexico interpreted to be outcrops of a single crustal block (Oaxaquia) that has figured prominently in continental reconstructions for the late Precambrian-Paleozoic. Exposed within the Sierra Madre Oriental near Ciudad Victoria, the Novillo Gneiss comprises two major Mesoproterozoic igneous suites that intrude rare metasedimentary rocks. The older suite, previously dated at 1235-1115 Ma, principally comprises garnet K-feldspar augen gneiss and granite gneiss with arc/back-arc geochemical affinities. The younger suite (charnokitic gneiss, anorthositic metagabbro) has been dated at 1035-1010 Ma and is interpreted to be part of an anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-granite assemblage. Both suites are intruded by two sets of amphibolite dikes, the earlier of which predates metamorphism under granulite facies conditions at ca. 990±5 Ma, whereas the later set is of low grade and was emplaced at ca. 546 Ma. New structural data in both major igneous suites are dominated by the presence of a composite NW-trending, steeply dipping metamorphic banding/foliation (S1) axial planar to rare isoclinal folds, and a lineation defined by stretched, 12:2:1, K-feldspar augen and quartz ribbons developed under high-grade metamorphic conditions. The irregular contacts between leucosome and mesosome boundaries may be a remnant of earlier, pre-S1 migmatization. These are overprinted by tight-isoclinal F2 sheath folds associated with a moderately ESE-plunging clinopyroxene mineral lineation that bisects the great circle distribution of S- and Z-shaped asymmetrical F2 fold axes, indicating oblique sinistral, top-to-NW relative movement. The L1 lineations also have a great circle distribution suggesting that inhomogeneous stretching in the foliation rotated L1 towards L2. Syntectonic fabrics are overprinted by a granoblastic granulite facies mineralogy followed by retrograde amphibolite and greenschist facies fabrics, the latter associated with the fault that juxtaposes the Novillo Gneiss and the Paleozoic Granjeno Schist. A ca. 350 Ma leucogranite intruded along this fault was deformed at ca. 313 Ma. This tectonothermal history is closely comparable to that of the Oaxacan Complex (southern Mexico), supporting the existence of a coherent Oaxaquia. The absence of the later amphibolite dikes in the Oaxacan Complex likely reflects its relative paleogeography at the time of dike emplacement.

El Gneis Novillo es uno de los varios afloramientos de basamento Mesoproterozoico (ca. 10-1.2 Ga) en el este de México que han sido interpretados como pertenecientes a un único bloque cortical (Oaxaquia), el cual ha figurado de manera prominente en las reconstrucciones continentales del Precámbrico tardío-Paleozoico. Aflorando en la Sierra Madre Oriental, cerca de Ciudad Victoria, el Gneis Novillo consta de dos suites ígneas mesoproterozoicas mayores que intruyen escasas rocas sedimentarias. La suite más antigua, fechada previamente en 1235-1115 Ma, consiste principalmente de augen gneis de granate y feldespato potásico con afinidad geoquímica de arco/retroarco. La suite más joven (gneis charnokítico, metagabro anortosítico) ha sido fechada en 1035-1010 Ma y se interpreta como parte de un ensamble de anortositamangerita-charnockita-granito. Ambas suites son intruidas por dos conjuntos de diques anfibolíticos, de los cuales el más temprano antecede al metamorfismo en condiciones de facies granulíticas fechado en ca. 990±5 Ma, mientras que el conjunto más tardío es de bajo grado y se emplazó a ca. 546 Ma. Nuevos datos estructurales de ambas suites ígneas mayores indican que predomina la presencia de bandeamiento/foliación (S1) metamórfico de plano axial con rumbo NW e inclinación de ángulo alto con escasos pliegues isoclinales; la lineación está definida por feldespato potásico y listones de cuarzo alargados, 12:2:1, desarrollada bajo condiciones metamórficas de alto grado. Los contactos irregulares de las fronteras entre el leucosoma y el melanosoma pueden ser un remanente de migmatización más temprana, pre-S1. Estos son sobrepuestos por ‘sheath folds’ isoclinales cerrados F2, asociados con una lineación mineral de clinopiroxeno con buzamiento moderado al ESE que bisecta las distribuciones de las guirnaldas de los ejes de pliegues asimétricos F2 con forma S y Z, indicando movimiento relativo oblicuo sinestral con movimiento de las capas del techo hacia el NW. La distribución de las guirnaldas de las lineaciones L1 sugiere un alargamiento inhomogéneo que rotó la foliación L1 hacia L2. Las fábricas sintectónicas son sobrepuestas por una mineralogía granoblástica de facies granulítica seguida por fábricas retrógradas de facies de anfibolita y esquistos verdes, la última asociada con la falla que yuxtapone al Gneis Novillo con el Esquisto Granjeno del Paleozoico. Un leucogranito de ca. 350 Ma, que intruyó a lo largo de esta falla, fue deformado a ca. 313 Ma. Esta historia tectonotérmica es muy parecida a la del Complejo Oaxaqueño (sur de México), apoyando la existencia de una Oaxaquia unida. La ausencia de los diques anfibolíticos tardíos en el Complejo Oaxaqueño probablemente refleja su paleogeografía al tiempo del emplazamiento de los diques.

Three Mexican (CP-Roxana, CP-Paola and CP-J) and three USA (Aromas, Camarosa and Festival) strawberry cultivars were qualitatively compared at the Zamora-Jacona Valley in the Michoacan State, Mexico. The experimental plot was established in August 2004 and grown in the 2004-2005 cycle. Titrable acidity percentage (TA), total soluble solids concentration (TSS), firmness, colour, size, shape, postharvest period weight loss rates and sensorial characteristics were evaluated after harvest. CP-Paola fruits were the lest acid during the first harvest months, with the highest TSS/TA-1 quotient, which is the most used parameter to determine consumer acceptability. CP-Roxana and CP-Paola yielded the reddest fruits but they had lower firmness of the harvest period. CP-J produced a high percentage of deformed fruits.

El presente estudio se realizó con la finalidad de comparar características cualitativas de tres cultivares mexicanos (CP-Roxana, CP-Paola y CP-J) de fresa y tres cultivares estadounidenses (Aromas, Camarosa y Festival), en el Valle de Zamora-Jacona, Michoacán, México. La parcela experimental se estableció en el mes de agosto del 2004 y se condujo durante el ciclo 2004-2005, con un diseño de bloques completamente al azar. El cultivo fue manejado en un sistema de mediana tecnología, a una densidad de 80,000 plantas·ha-1. Después de la cosecha se evaluaron en el fruto los siguientes parámetros: porcentaje de acidez titulable, concentración de sólidos solubles, firmeza, color, tamaño, forma, tasa de pérdida de peso durante el periodo de postcosecha y características sensoriales. Los frutos de CP-Paola fueron menos ácidos y con el mayor cociente de SST·AT-1 (parámetro usado para determinar la aceptabilidad del consumidor) en los primeros meses de producción. CP-Roxana y CP-Paola produjeron los frutos más rojos, pero menos firmes al inicio del ciclo de producción. CP-J produjo un alto porcentaje de frutos deformes durante el ciclo de producción.

In response to claims that conventional Nordmøre-grids used in the Clarence River penaeid-trawl fishery were occasionally being fouled or blocked during fishing, two experiments were done to examine the utility of modified grids with different installation angles, sizes and profiles, and alternative industry-developed, behavioral-type bycatch reduction devices (BRDs). In experiment 1, a conventional Nordmøre-grid (600 mm in length, installed at 45°) was compared against a longer grid (1200 mm in length, installed at 21°) and two locally-developed, behavioral-type BRDs. While slightly more difficult to operate than the conventional design, the longer Nordmøre-grid retained similar quantities of penaeids and bycatch; in contrast, both behavioral-type BRDs retained significantly (up to five times) more bycatch and were considered ineffective for use in this fishery. In experiment 2, the conventional Nordmøre-grid was tested against three modified Nordmøre-grids, including a 600-mm-long grid with a curved profile and installed at 45°, and two grids, both 900 mm in length and installed at 28°, but with flat and curved profiles. Only the curved 900-mm Nordmøre-grid caught significantly fewer penaeids and bycatch, although both of the curved-profile grids appeared to facilitate the release of debris from the trawl. The results are discussed in terms of fishery-specific factors that probably contributed towards the performances of the various BRDs.

En respuesta al reclamo de que las rejillas Nordmøre convencionales usadas en la pesquería de peneidos en el Río Clarence (NSW, Australia) se obstruían o bloqueaban durante las operaciones de pesca, se llevaron a cabo dos experimentos para examinar la eficacia de rejillas modificadas (con diferentes ángulos de instalación, tamaños y perfiles) y de dispositivos de tipo conductual para la reducción de la fauna acompañante desarrollados por la industria. En el experimento 1, se comparó una rejilla Nordmøre convencional (600 mm de longitud, instalada a 45°) con una rejilla Nordmøre más larga (1200 mm de longitud, instalada a 21°) y con dos dispositivos conductuales desarrollados localmente. Aunque ligeramente más difícil de operar que la rejilla Nordmøre convencional, la rejilla más larga retuvo cantidades similares de peneidos y fauna acompañante; sin embargo, los dos dispositivos conductuales retuvieron considerablemente más fauna acompañante (hasta cinco veces más), por lo que fueron considerados ineficaces para este tipo de pesquería. En el experimento 2, se comparó la rejilla Nordmøre convencional con tres rejillas Nordmøre modificadas: la primera de 600 mm de longitud con perfil curvo e instalada a 45°, y las otras dos de 900 mm de longitud e instaladas a 28°, pero una con perfil plano y la otra con perfil curvo. Sólo la rejilla Nordmøre de 900 mm y perfil curvo capturó significativamente menos peneidos y fauna acompañante; no obstante, ambas rejillas con perfil curvo parecían facilitar la descarga de basura de la red de arrastre. Se discuten los resultados considerando factores específicos de la pesquería que probablemente influyeron en el comportamiento de los diversos dispositivos utilizados.

Baboons develop a syndrome, including eosinophilia and transient fever, after infection with carcariae of Schistosoma mansoni that is consistent with the human syndrome of acute schistosomiasis. Radiotelemetry can be used to follow the course of fever in infected baboons. Individual variations in intensity of disease were noted in baboons. These symptoms and signs were more closely linked to the onset of oviposition by the newly matured worms than they were to the presence of migrating schistosoma or maturing worms. The baboon is concluded to be a suitable and useful model for human acute schistosomiasis mansoni.