Abstract Sisal (Agave sisalana) is a plant exploited in semi-arid regions of Brazil for fiber production, but the floral scape of sisal (peduncle) is collected and often burned, causing environmental problems, even through irregular disposal. To circumvent this scenario, the objective of this work was to produce reconstituted panels using the sisal arrow and castor-based polyurethane resin. The panels were obtained using 175 g of crushed sisal arrow core with dimensions smaller than 2 mm and adopting 10% castor-based polyurethane resin and The samples were pressed under tension of 2 MPa. The properties of reconstituted panel were evaluated through NBR 14810-1 (ABNT, 2013) and NBR 14810-2 (ABNT, 2018), the physical properties were investigated: moisture, density, thickness swelling and absorption; as well as mechanical properties: MOR, MOE, internal bond and parallel compression. The found results show that the panel is classified as low density (419.8 kg/m³), and with physical and mechanical properties similars to other panels of the same classification in the literature. For average values of MOR and MOE it was found 5.24 MPa and 147.49 MPa, respectively. For internal bonding it was found 0.14 MPa and for parallel compression properties it was found 1.14 MPa.

Resumo O sisal (Agave sisalana) é uma planta explorada nas regiões semiáridas do Brasil para produção de fibras, mas o escapo floral do sisal (flecha) é coletado e frequentemente queimado causando problemas ambientais, até mesmo pelo descarte irregular. Para contornar este cenário, o objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir painéis reconstituídos usando a flecha do sisal e resina poliuretana à base de mamona. Os painéis foram obtidos empregando 175 g do miolo da flecha de sisal triturada com dimensões inferiores a 2 mm e adotando 10% de resina poliuretana à base de mamona e as amostras foram prensadas com tensão de 2 MPa. Avaliou-se no painel reconstituído, através da NBR 14810-1 (ABNT, 2013) e NBR 14810-2 (ABNT, 2018) as propriedades físicas: umidade, densidade, inchamento e absorção; bem como as propriedades mecânicas: MOR, MOE, força de ligação e compressão paralela. Os resultados encontrados mostram que o painel é classificado como de baixa densidade (419,8 kg/m³), e de propriedades físicas e mecânicas semelhantes a outros painéis de mesma classificação da literatura. Para MOR e MOE foram encontrados 5,24 MPa e 147,49 MPa de média, respectivamente. Já os ensaios de tração perpendicular e compressão paralela obtiveram resultados de 0,14 MPa e 1,14 MPa, respectivamente.

Resumen En la construcción con madera, conocer la capacidad portante de las uniones es un requisito indispensable para garantizar la estabilidad estructural del conjunto. Para su cálculo, por cualquiera de los métodos vigentes, conocer el valor de la resistencia al aplastamiento del material es un requerimiento básico. En este trabajo se determinaron valores de resistencia al aplastamiento en dirección paralela y perpendicular a la fibra, de acuerdo a la norma UNE-EN 383:2007, para madera de Araucaria angustifolia, con pernos rígidos de diámetros 5, 7 y 10 mm. Se efectuaron un total de 388 ensayos, 189 en dirección paralela a la fibra y 199 en dirección perpendicular. El desarrollo experimental muestra resultados por debajo de los valores de referencia establecidos en el Reglamento Argentino (INTI CIRSOC 601-2016), por lo tanto, se sugiere que los valores especificados en dicho Reglamento sean utilizados con precaución hasta tanto nuevos trabajos ratifiquen o desestimen la tendencia observada.

Abstract In wood construction, to know the load-bearing capacity of the joints is an essential requirement to guarantee the structural stability of the whole. For its calculation, the embedment strength of the material is a basic parameter by any of the current methods. In this work, embedment strength values were determined in parallel and perpendicular direction to the grain, according to UNE-EN 383:2007, for Araucaria angustifolia wood, with rigid bolts of diameters 5, 7 and 10 mm. A total of 388 tests were carried out, 189 in parallel direction and 199 in perpendicular direction. The experimental development shows results below the reference values established in CIRSOC 601, therefore, it is suggested that the values specified in such Regulation must be used with caution until new works confirm or reject the observed trend.

ABSTRACT: The incidence of cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) in dogs is high, which is considered the main arthropathy in the species. Once diagnosed, surgical stabilization is recommended and different treatments are categorized as intracapsular, extracapsular, and osteotomies. There is still no consensus regarding the most optimal method of stabilization, and some studies have attempted to create or improve existing techniques, making them more effective. This study presented an intra-articular stifle stabilization technique using a synthetic polyester implant using 32 anatomical specimens from canine cadavers, which were separated by weight into two groups. The drawer movement was analyzed at three timepoints: intact cranial cruciate ligament (CCL), dissected ligament, and after surgical stabilization using the proposed technique. Results showed a mean cranial displacement of the tibia relative to the femur of 0.61 ± 0.08 millimeters before dissection (mm), 2.61 ± 0.08 mm after dissection, and 0.68 ± 0.08 mm after surgical stabilization (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the intra-articular stabilization technique with polyester thread was effective in stabilizing ex vivo dog stifles after CCL dissection at the immediate postoperative period.

RESUMO: A incidência de ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (RLCCr) em cães é alta, sendo considerada a principal artropatia na espécie. Uma vez diagnosticada, a estabilização cirúrgica é recomendada e diversos autores indicam diferentes tratamentos, sendo divididos em intracapsulares, extracapsulares e osteotomias. Ainda não há consenso sobre a melhor forma de estabilização e estudos tem sido desenvolvidos buscando criar ou aprimorar técnicas existentes, tornando-as mais eficazes. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar técnica de estabilização intra-articular de joelho, utilizando implante sintético de poliéster. Para isso, 32 peças anatômicas oriundas de cadáveres caninos foram separadas em dois grupos, conforme o peso do animal. Analisamos o movimento de gaveta, em três momentos: ligamento cruzado cranial (LCCr) íntegro, ligamento desmotomizado e pós estabilização cirúrgica pela técnica proposta. Os resultados demonstram deslocamento cranial médio da tíbia em relação ao fêmur antes da desmotomia de 0,61 ± 0,08 milímetros (mm), 2,61 ± 0,08 mm após a desmotomia e 0,68 ± 0,08 mm após estabilização cirúrgica (P < 0.01). Concluímos que, no momento pós-cirúrgico imediato, a técnica de estabilização intra-articular com fio de poliéster é eficaz em estabilizar a articulação de modelo ex vivo de cães após desmotomia do LCCr.

ABSTRACT: Feathers are by-products that are generated in significant quantities by the poultry industry. Microbial bioconversion has been investigated as a promising strategy for the processing of feathers, since, along with the degradation of these keratinous materials, bioprocessing can result in value-added products. Thus, from the perspective of industrial microbiology, chicken feathers can be considered a raw material for obtaining microbial proteases. Within this context, this research investigated and characterized the production of extracellular proteases by Aspergillus sp., isolated from soil of the Amazon Rainforest. The enzymatic production was evaluated using several growth substrates (whole feathers, feather meal, human hair, casein, gelatin, peptone and chicken beaks). With highest enzyme production was obtained the feather meal (FM) and peptone. After 48 h of fermentation, FM degradation was 15.82%. The crude protease showed optimal activity at pH 5.0 and 37 °C and enzymatic activity was enhanced with the addition of 1 and 5 mM of CaCl2, MnSO4, KCl, MgSO4 and CuSO4. The detergents Tween 20 and Triton x-100, at concentrations 0.5 and 1% (v/v), tended to stimulate activity. The presence of 0.5 and 1% (v/v) of organic solvents (methanol, acetone, butanol, acetonitrile, isopropanol and DMSO), maintained the enzymatic activity. β-mercaptoethanolstimulated proteolytic activity in the enzymatic assays. This study suggested new direction for waste management with industrial applications giving rise to green technology for sustainable development.

RESUMO: As penas são subprodutos que são gerados em quantidades significativas pela indústria avícola. A bioconversão microbiana tem sido investigada como uma estratégia promissora para o processamento de penas, uma vez que, juntamente com a degradação desses materiais queratinosos, o bioprocessamento pode resultar em produtos de valor agregado. Assim, do ponto de vista da microbiologia industrial, as penas de frango podem ser consideradas matéria-prima para a obtenção de proteases microbianas. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar e caracterizar a produção de proteases extracelulares por Aspergillus sp., isolados de solo da floresta Amazônica. A produção enzimática foi avaliada utilizando diversos substratos de crescimento (penas inteiras, farinha de penas, cabelo humano, caseína, gelatina, peptona e bicos de frango). Com maior produção de enzima foi obtida a farinha de penas (FP) e peptona. Após 48 h de fermentação, a degradação da FP foi de 15.82%. A protease bruta mostrou atividade ótima em pH 5.0 e 37 0C e a atividade enzimática foi aumentada com a adição de 1 e 5 mM de CaCl2, MnSO4, KCl, MgSO4 e CuSO4. Os detergentes Tween 20 e Triton x-100, nas concentrações 0.5 e 1% (v/v), tenderam a estimular a atividade. A presença de 0.5 e 1% (v/v) dos solventes orgânicos (metanol, acetona, butanol, acetonitrila, isopropanol e DMSO), mantiveram a atividade enzimática. O β-mercaptoetanol estimulou a atividade proteolítica nos ensaios enzimáticos. Este estudo sugere uma nova direção para a gestão de resíduos com aplicações industriais dando origem à tecnologia verde para o desenvolvimento sustentável.

Resumo Objetivos: Avaliar a anatomia do ducto nasolacrimal e a espessura do osso maxilar adjacente por meio de tomografia computadorizada multislice. Métodos: Imagens tomográficas de 92 indivíduos (184 lados) foram analisadas quanto ao sexo, lado e padrão esquelético sagital (Classe I, II e III) e vertical (mesocefálico, braquicefálico e dolicocéfalo). Os maiores diâmetros do ducto nasolacrimal e espessura do osso maxilar adjacente foram medidos quando a sutura lacrimomaxilar estava completamente visível. Além disso, as medidas foram realizadas 2 mm acima e abaixo do ponto médio. As medidas do osso maxilar e do ducto nasolacrimal foram analisadas por ANOVA de uma via com teste post hoc de Tukey. Resultados: Indivíduos do sexo feminino apresentaram ducto lacrimal significativamente mais estreito no ponto médio (p=0,026) e 2 mm acima (p=0,025). A espessura óssea maxilar foi maior nos indivíduos Classe II em comparação aos indivíduos Classe I no ponto médio (p=0,012) e 2 mm acima (p=0,027). O grupo dolicocefálico apresentou maior espessura óssea maxilar no ponto médio (p=0,014) e 2 mm abaixo (p=0,005) quando comparado ao grupo braquicefálico. A espessura óssea maxilar foi maior em indivíduos mesocefálicos em comparação com indivíduos dolicocéfalos (p=0,04). Conclusões: Indivíduos braquicefálicos Classe I apresentam menor espessura óssea maxilar adjacente ao ducto nasolacrimal, facto que aumenta o risco de lesão durante o processo de fixação óssea.

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the anatomy of the nasolacrimal duct and the adjacent maxillary bone thickness using multislice computed tomography. Methods: Tomographic images of 92 individuals (184 sides) were analyzed according to sex, side, and sagittal (Class I, II, and III) and vertical (mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic) skeletal patterns. The largest diameters of the nasolacrimal duct and the thickness of the adjacent maxillary bone were measured when the lacrimomaxillary suture was completely visible. In addition, the measurements were performed 2 mm above and below the midpoint. The maxillary bone and nasolacrimal duct measurements were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. Results: Females had a significantly narrower lacrimal duct at the midpoint (p=0.026) and 2 mm above it (p=0.025). Maxillary bone thickness was greater in Class II individuals compared to Class I at the midpoint (p=0.012) and 2 mm above it (p=0.027). The dolichocephalic group had greater maxillary bone thickness at the midpoint (p=0.014) and 2 mm below it (p=0.005) compared to the brachycephalic group. Maxillary bone thickness was greater in mesocephalic individuals compared to dolichocephalic individuals (p=0.04). Conclusions: Brachycephalic Class I individuals have lower maxillary bone thickness adjacente to the nasolacrimal duct, which increases the risk of injury during the bone fixation process.

Abstract Background: Extracranial internal carotid aneurysms are extremely rare and usually diagnosed as incidental findings although thromboembolic events or rupture can occur. Historically treated by open surgery, endovascular repair is emerging as an alternative. We present our center’s experience with both approaches. Case reports: Four internal carotid aneurysm cases are presented: Case 1 - 60-year-old male presented with an asymptomatic 20mm saccular aneurysm of the carotid bifurcation. He underwent arterial reconstruction with a bypass using a 6mm ePTFE graft and reimplantation of the external carotid artery. Case 2 - 61-year-old female presents with an asymptomatic 17mm saccular aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. Aneurismectomy and direct reconstruction through an end-to-end anastomosis was possible due to artery redundancy. Case 3 - 36-year-old patient with a history of Cushing's syndrome due to a secretory adenoma of the pituitary gland presented with an 19mm fusiform aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. After pituitary gland tumor recession, he underwent arterial reconstruction with an inlay saphenous vein bypass. Case 4 - 77-year-old female presents with a 27mm saccular aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. Endovascular aneurysm exclusion using a self-expandable covered stent was performed through a cervical carotid surgical approach. Stent occlusion was observed in the postoperative period but without neurological symptoms. Conclusion: Existing data on endovascular treatment’s short- and medium-term outcomes are comparable to surgery, but long-term results are unknown and high rates of technical failure have been associated to artery tortuosity. There are no specific guidelines to guide decision-making and treatment decisions must be individualized according to the morphology and location of the aneurysm and patient's comorbidities.

Resumen Introducción. El fósforo y el potasio son nutrientes esenciales para el desarrollo vegetal; pero se encuentran poco disponibles en el suelo, haciendo necesaria la fertilización química o mineral, práctica ineficiente por ausencia de microorganismos solubilizadores. La aplicación de biofermentos de Microorganismos de Montaña (MM) es una alternativa, sin embargo, pocos estudios evidencian el potencial agronómico de las levaduras presentes en MM. Objetivo. Evaluar a nivel in vitro, la capacidad biofertilizante y promotora de crecimiento de levaduras antagonistas aisladas de biofermentos de MM. Materiales y métodos. Esta investigación se desarrolló den el 2019 en la Universidad de Medellín, Colombia. La capacidad biofertilizante se determinó al medir la solubilización de fósforo y potasio en medio sólido mediante halos de solubilización y en medio líquido al cuantificar el fósforo (PS) y potasio soluble (KS) en mg por litro. La actividad promotora de crecimiento, se determinó al cuantificar la producción de indol acético (AIA) de levaduras aisladas de biofermentos de MM. Como prueba adicional, se evaluó la producción de celulasas en medio carboximetil celulosa (CMC). Resultados. En el día seis, se evidenciaron las concentraciones más altas de PS y KS en medio líquido. En agar NBRIP como en caldo con roca P, el aislado GRB-LB05 evidenció un PS de 3,57 mg L-1 diferente a la de control. En agar NBRIP modificado y en caldo con feldespato, GRB-LB01 presentó el menor pH y bajo KS, mientras que, GRB-LB12 (1,32 mg L-1) y GRB-LB02 (1,12 mg L-1) registraron las concentraciones más altas. La levadura GRB-LB06 fue la más promisoria (12 mg L-1) en la producción de AIA, seguida de GRB-LB13. Conclusiones. Las levaduras antagonistas aisladas de biofermentos líquidos de MM mostraron capacidad biofertilizante y promotora del crecimiento, el aislamiento GRB-LB12 (Suhomyces xylopsoci) fue la de mayor solubilización de producción de P, K, AIA y capacidad celulolítica.

Abstract Introduction. Phosphorus and potassium are essential nutrients for plant development; however, they are scarcely available in soil, making chemical or mineral fertilization necessary, an inefficient practice due to the absence of solubilizing microorganisms. The application of Mountain Microorganisms (MM) bioferments is an alternative, however, few studies show the agronomic potential of the yeasts present in this type of bioferments. Objective. To evaluate, at in vitro level, the biofertilizing and growth-promoting capacity of antagonist yeasts isolated from MM bioferments. Materials and methods. This research was carried out in 2019 at the University of Medellín, Colombia. The biofertilizing capacity was determined by measuring the solubilization of phosphorus and potassium in solid media by measuring the solubilization halos and in a liquid medium by quantifying phosphorus (PS) and soluble potassium (KS) in mg per liter of soluble mineral. The growth-promoting activity was determined by quantifying the production of acetic indole (AIA) of yeasts isolated from MM. As an additional test, the production capacity of cellulases was evaluated in a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) media. Results. On day six, the highest concentrations of PS and KS in liquid medium were evidenced. Both in NBRIP agar and broth with P rock, the isolate GRB-LB05 showed a PS of 3.57 mg L-1 different from the control. In modified NBRIP agar and feldspar broth, GRB-LB01 had the lowest pH and a low KS concentration, while GRB-LB12 (1.32 mg L-1) and GRB-LB02 (1.12 mg L-1) registered the highest concentrations of KS. GRB-LB06 yeast was the most promising IAA-producing isolate (12 mg L-1), followed by GRB-LB13. Conclusions. The antagonistic yeasts isolated from liquid MM bioferments showed biofertilizing and growth-promoting capacity, with GRB-LB12 (Suhomyces xylopsoci) being the one that stands out in the solubilization of P, K, IAA production and cellulolytic capacity.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the antibiotic susceptibility as well as the clinical, epidemiological, and microbiological profiles of microbial keratitis. Methods: This was a longitudinal retrospective study, and we retrospectively reviewed medical and laboratory records from 2015 to 2019. Results: In total, 380 pathogens (321 bacteria and 59 fungi) were isolated from the corneas of 352 patients. Staphylococcus species (45%) were most abundant within the organisms that were isolated, followed by Pseudomonas (18.4%), fungi (15.5%), Streptococcus (7.9%), and Serratia species (3.2%). The isolated gram-positive bacteria were not resistant to amikacin or vancomycin, although 14.8% of the gram-positive isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (p<0.05). All the gram-negative isolates were susceptible to amikacin. Male patients represented 62.8% of the 129 cases with accessible clinical data. The mean age of the patients was 53.17 ± 21 years. The time to presentation (from onset of symptoms) was 14.9 ± 19.4 days (median: 7 days). Large ulcers (>5 mm in any dimension) were present in 49.6% (64 eyes) of the cases. The duration of treatment was 49 ± 45.9 days (median: 38 days). Direct ocular trauma was reported by 48 (37.2%) patients, and 15 patients (11.6%) reported using contact lenses. For 72 (55.8%) patients, topical treatment had been previously prescribed, and 16 (12.4%) patients reported using other classes of drugs. Hospitalizations were required for 79 (61.2%) patients, and in terms of major complications, 53 (41.1%) patients had corneal perforations. A total of 40 patients (31%) underwent tectonic penetrating keratoplasty, and 28 (21.7%) developed secondary glaucoma. A progression to endophthalmitis occurred in 8 (6.2%) patients, with 50% of those patients’ (3.1% of the total) endophthalmitis evolving to evisceration. The patients’ microbial keratitis was largely treated empirically, with 94 (72.9%) patients prescribed moxifloxacin and 56 (43.4%) prescribed ciprofloxacin before receiving their culture results. Conclusions: For the most part, our hospital treated patients with severe microbial keratitis. Despite identifying gram-positive bacteria in most of the isolates, we also frequently identified gram-negative rods and fungi. Our susceptibility results support prescribing a combination of vancomycin and amikacin as an effective empirical therapeutic regimen to treat microbial keratitis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a susceptibilidade a antibióticos, o perfil clínico, epidemiológico e microbiológico das ceratites infecciosas. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo longitudinal. Registros médicos e laboratoriais de 2015 a 2019 foram revisados retrospectivamente. Resultados: Trezentos e oitenta patógenos (321 bactérias e 59 fungos) foram isolados das córneas de 352 pacientes. As espécies de Staphylococcus foram os microorganismos mais isolados (45%), seguidos de Pseudomonas (18,4%), fungos (15,5%), Streptococcus (7,9%) e Serratia (3,2%). Não houve resistência das bactérias Gram-positivas à amicacina ou vancomicina, enquanto 14,8% isolados Gram-positivos foram resistentes à ciprofloxacina (p<0,05). Todos os organismos Gram-negativos eram suscetíveis à amicacina. Pacientes do sexo masculino representaram 62,8% de 129 casos com dados clínicos acessíveis. A média de idade foi 53,17 ± 21 anos. O tempo até a apresentação (desde o início dos sintomas) foi de 14,9 ± 19,4 dias (mediana: 7 dias). Úlceras grandes (>5mm em qualquer extensão) representaram 49,6% (64 olhos) dos casos. A duração do tratamento foi de 49 ± 45,9 dias (mediana: 38 dias). Trauma ocular direto foi relatado por 48 (37,2%) pacientes e uso de lentes de contato por 15 (11,6%) pacientes. Foi prescrito tratamento prévio para 72 (55.8%) pacientes. Outras classes de medicamentos foram prescritas para 16 (12.4%). Setenta e nove (61,2%) pacientes tiveram que ser hospitalizados. Como complicações maiores, 53 (41,1%) pacientes apresentaram perfuração corneana, 40 pacientes (31%) foram submetidos à ceratoplastia penetrante tectônica e 28 (21,7%) desenvolveram glaucoma secundário. Oito pacientes (6,2%) evoluíram para endoftalmite. O tratamento empírico da ceratite microbiana foi amplamente empregado, com 94 (72,9%) pacientes em uso de moxifloxacina e 56 (43,4%) em uso de ciprofloxacina antes do resultado da cultura. Conclusões: Nosso hospital tratou predominantemente de pacientes com úlceras microbianas graves. Embora bactérias Gram-positivas constituíssem a maioria dos isolados, bacilos e fungos Gram-negativos também foram frequentemente identificados nas ceratites microbianas. Os resultados de suscetibilidade sugerem a combinação de vancomicina e amicacina como um regime terapêutico empírico eficaz para essa condição grave com risco de perda visual permanente.

Introduction: The low incidence of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava hinders both the standardization of diagnosis and treatment. Objective: To present the management carried out in our center of a patient who developed an inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma, a low incidence pathology with uncertain surgical rescue. Results: 54-year-old patient with a solid tumor in the infrarenal and juxtarenal portions of the inferior vena cava of 71 × 76 × 117 mm compatible with leiomyosarcoma of the vena cava, with infiltration of the right ureter that causes right obstructive uropathy grade I-II without kidney function changes; tumour was resected and continuity reconstructed with a prosthesis without complications. Discussion: The pathophysiology, diagnosis and management are commented. Conclusion: the low incidence of these lesions makes it difficult to standardize both diagnosis and treatment, although surgery remains the treatment of choice.

Resumen Introducción: La baja incidencia del leiomiosarcoma de la vena cava inferior dificulta tanto la estandarización del diagnóstico como el tratamiento. Objetivo: Presentar el manejo realizado en nuestro centro de un paciente que desarrolló un leiomiosarcoma de vena cava inferior, una patología de baja incidencia y que las posibilidades de realizar un rescate quirúrgico son muy bajas. Resultados: Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 54 años con una tumoración sólida en porción infrarrenal y yuxtarrenal de vena cava inferior de 71 × 76 × 117 mm compatible con leiomiosarcoma de vena cava, con infiltración de uréter derecho que ocasiona uropatía obstructiva derecha grado I-II sin alteración de la función renal, que fue resecada y reconstruida mediante prótesis sin complicaciones. Discusión: Se discute la fisiopatología, el diagnóstico y manejo en relación con el caso presentado. Conclusión: la baja incidencia de estos tumores dificulta tanto la estandarización del diagnóstico como del tratamiento, aunque la cirugía sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección.

Abstract Introduction: The incidence of rectal neuroendocrine tumors (r-NETs) is increasing, and most small r-NETs can be treated endoscopically. The optimal endoscopic approach is still debatable. Conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) leads to frequent incomplete resection. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) allows higher complete resection rates but is also associated with higher complication rates. According to some studies, capassisted EMR (EMR-C) is an effective and safe alternative for endoscopic resection of r-NETs. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of EMR-C for r-NETs ≤10 mm without muscularis propria invasion or lymphovascular infiltration. Methods: Single-center prospective study including consecutive patients with r-NETs ≤10 mm without muscularis propria invasion or lymphovascular invasion confirmed by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), submitted to EMR-C between January 2017 and September 2021. Demographic, endoscopic, histopathologic, and follow-up data were retrieved from medical records. Results: A total of 13 patients (male: 54%; n = 7) with a median age of 64 (interquartile range: 54-76) years were included. Most lesions were located at the lower rectum (69.2%, n = 9), and median lesion size was 6 (interquartile range: 4.5-7.5) mm. On EUS evaluation, 69.2% (n = 9) of tumors were limited to muscularis mucosa. EUS accuracy for the depth of invasion was 84.6%. We found a strong correlation between size measurements by histology and EUS (r = 0.83, p < 0.01). Overall, 15.4% (n = 2) were recurrent r-NETs and had been pretreated by conventional EMR. Resection was histologically complete in 92% (n = 12) of cases. Histologic analysis revealed grade 1 tumor in 76.9% (n = 10) of cases. Ki-67 index was inferior to 3% in 84.6% (n = 11) of cases. The median procedure time was 5 (interquartile range: 4-8) min. Only 1 case of intraprocedural bleeding was reported and was successfully controlled endoscopically. Follow-up was available in 92% (n = 12) of cases with a median follow-up of 6 (interquartile range: 12-24) months with no evidence of residual or recurrent lesion on endoscopic or EUS evaluation. Conclusion: EMR-C is fast, safe, and effective for resection of small r-NETs without high-risk features. EUS accurately assesses risk factors. Prospective comparative trials are needed to define the best endoscopic approach.

Resumo Introdução: Os tumores neuroendócrinos do reto (r-NETs) apresentam incidência crescente. A maioria dos tumores de pequenas dimensões pode ser excisada endoscopicamente, no entanto, a abordagem ótima é controversa. A mucosectomia convencional associa-se, frequentemente, a resseção endoscópica incompleta. A disseção endoscópica submucosa (ESD) permite elevadas taxas de resseção completa, mas é tecnicamente complexa e associa-se a maior número de complicações. Alguns estudos sugerem a mucosectomia assistida por cap (EMR-C) como uma alternativa eficaz e segura. Objetivo: Este estudo pretendeu avaliar a eficácia e segurança da mucosectomia com cap na resseção de r-NETs com dimensões ≤10 mm, sem invasão da muscularis própria nem infiltração linfovascular. Material e Métodos: Estudo prospetivo unicêntrico incluindo consecutivamente r-NETs com ≤10 mm, sem invasão da muscularis própria ou linfovascular confirmada em ultrassonografia endoscópica (EUS), submetidos a mucosectomia assistida cap entre janeiro de 2017 e setembro de 2021. Colheita de dados demográficos, clínicos e histopatológicos através de registos médicos eletrónicos. Resultados: Incluídos 13 doentes (género masculino: 54%; n = 7) com idade mediana de 64 (intervalo interquartil [IIQ]: 54-76) anos. A maioria das lesões localizava-se no reto inferior (69.2%; n = 9) e apresentava tamanho mediano de 6 (IIQ: 4.5-7.5) mm. Na avaliação por EUS, 69.2% (n = 9) encontravam-se limitados à muscularis mucosa. A acuidade da EUS na avaliação do envolvimento das camadas da parede retal foi de 84.6% e o tamanho avaliado por EUS correlacionou-se fortemente com o medido na histologia (r = 0.83, p < 0.01). Dois casos (15.4%) corresponderam a recorrências de mucosectomias convencionais prévias. A resseção foi macroscópica e histologicamente completa em 92% (n = 12) dos casos. A análise histológica revelou 76.9% (n = 10) tumores de grau 1. O índice Ki-67 foi inferior a 3% em 84.6% (n = 11) dos casos. O tempo mediano de procedimento foi 5 (IIQ: 4-8) minutos. Verificou-se apenas um caso de hemorragia intraprocedimento resolvida endoscopicamente. O seguimento de 92% dos casos (n = 12) com mediana de 6 (IIQ:12-24) meses não revelou lesão residual ou recorrên-cia em avaliações endoscópica e ultrassonográfica. Discussão/Conclusão: A EMR-C é uma técnica endoscópica segura, rápida e efetiva para a resseção de r-TNEs pequenos sem fatores de alto risco. A EUS apresenta elevada acuidade na avaliação dos fatores de risco. Estudos comparativos prospetivos são necessários para estabelecimento da abordagem endoscópica mais profícua.

SUMMARY: The ulnar nerve (UN) is the main nerve responsible for innervation of the intrinsic musculature of the hand. It is of great importance to have a deep anatomical knowledge of the UN. The aim of this study is to enrich the knowledge of the UN anatomy at the wrist and provide useful reference information for clinical and surgical applications. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 44 upper limbs of fresh cadavers were evaluated. The UN, the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve (SBUN), and the deep branch of the ulnar nerve (DBUN) were evaluated. Morphometric variables were measured using a digital caliper, and samples of nervous tissue were taken to evaluate the histomorphometry. Before entering the Guyon's canal, the UN had a diameter of 3.2 ± 0.4 mm. In 36 samples (82 %) the UN presented a bifurcation pattern and in the remaining 8 samples (18 %) a trifurcation was shown. The diameter of the DBUN was 1.9 ± 0.33 mm and that of the SBUN was 1.29 ± 0.22 mm. In the bifurcation patterns, the SBUN had a trunk of 5.71 ± 1.53 mm before bifurcating into the common digital nerve (fourth and fifth fingers) and an ulnar digital collateral nerve (fifth finger). The DBUN had an area of 2.84 ± 0.7 mm2 and was made up of 8 ± 1.4 fascicles and 3595 ± 465 axons. The SBUN area was 1.31 ± 0.27 mm2, it was made up of 6 ± 1.1 fascicles and 2856 ± 362 axons. The reported findings allow the hand surgeon to improve his understanding of the clinical signs of patients with UN pathologies at the wrist level and thus achieve greater precision while planning and performing surgical approaches and dissections.

RESUMEN: El nervio ulnar (NU) es el principal nervio responsable de la inervación de la musculatura intrínseca de la mano. Es de gran importancia tener un profundo conocimiento anatómico del NU. El objetivo de este estudio fue enriquecer el conocimiento de la anatomía del NU en la muñeca y proporcionar información de referencia útil para aplicaciones clínicas y quirúrgicas. En este estudio descriptivo transversal se evaluaron 44 miembros superiores de cadáveres frescos. Se evaluó el NU, el ramo superficial del nervio ulnar (RSNU) y el ramo profundo del nervio ulnar (RPNU). Las variables morfométricas se midieron con un caliper digital y se tomaron muestras del nervio para evaluar la histomorfometría. Antes de ingresar al canal del nervio ulnar (canal Guyon), el ONU tenía un diámetro de 3,2 ± 0,4 mm. En 36 muestras (82 %) el ONU presentó un patrón de bifurcación y en las 8 muestras restantes (18 %) se presentó una trifurcación. El diámetro del RPNU fue de 1,9 ± 0,33 mm y el del RSNU de 1,29 ± 0,22 mm. En los patrones de bifurcación, el RSNU presentó un tronco de 5,71 ± 1,53 mm antes de bifurcarse en el nervio digital común (cuarto y quinto dedo) y un nervio digital colateral ulnar (quinto dedo). El RPNU tenía un área de 2,84 ± 0,7 mm2 y estaba formado por 8 ± 1,4 fascículos y 3595 ± 465 axones. El área del RSNU fue de 1,31 ± 0,27 mm2, estaba formado por 6 ± 1,1 fascículos y 2856 ± 362 axones. Los hallazgos reportados permiten al cirujano de mano mejorar su comprensión de los signos clínicos de los pacientes con patologías del NU a nivel de la muñeca y así lograr una mayor precisión en la planificación y realización de abordajes y disecciones quirúrgicas.

SUMMARY: The deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN) runs through the radial tunnel, which is a muscle-aponeurotic structure that extends from the humeral lateral epicondyle to the distal margin of the supinator muscle (SM). The Posterior Interosseous Nerve (PIN) originates as a direct continuation of the DBRN as it emerges from the SM and supplies most of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm. The PIN can be affected by compressive neuropathies, especially at the “Arcade of Frohse”. Its preservation is of special interest in surgical approaches to proximal radius fractures and in compressive syndromes release, for which surgeons must have an adequate anatomical knowledge of its course. This descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated 40 upper limbs of fresh cadavers. The diameters of the DBRN, the length of the radial tunnel, and the distances to the supinator arch, PIN emergence and PIN bifurcation were measured. The deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN) has a course of 23.8 ± 3.7 mm from its origin to the supinator arch, presenting a diameter of 2.2 ± 0.3 mm at that level. The length of the radial tunnel was 42.2 ± 4 mm. The PIN originated 70.7 ± 3.5 mm distal to the lateral epicondyle. Type I corresponds to the division of the PIN during its journey through the radial tunnel, presenting in 35 % of cases, and Type II corresponds to the division of the PIN distal to its emergence from the radial tunnel presenting in the remaining 65 %. This study enriches the knowledge of the PIN and provides useful reference information on a Latin American mestizo sample. We propose the division pattern of the PIN into two types. Future studies may use this classification not only as a qualitative variable, but also include quantitative morphometric measurements.

RESUMEN: El ramo profundo del nervio radial (RPNR) discurre por el túnel radial, que es una estructura músculo- aponeurótica que se extiende desde el epicóndilo lateral del húmero humeral hasta el margen distal del músculo supinador (MS). El nervio interóseo Posterior (NIP) se origina como una continuación directa del RPNR cuando emerge del MS e inerva la mayoría de los músculos del compartimiento posterior del antebrazo. El NIP puede verse afectado por neuropatías compresivas, especialmente en la “Arcada de Frohse”. Su conservación es de especial interés en los abordajes quirúrgicos de las fracturas proximales de radio y en la liberación de síndromes compresivos, para lo cual los cirujanos deben tener un adecuado conocimiento anatómico de su curso. Este estudio descriptivo transversal evaluó 40 miembros superiores de cadáveres frescos. Se midieron los diámetros de la RPNR, la longitud del túnel radial y las distancias al arco supinador, la emergencia del NIP y la bifurcación del NIP. El RPNR tenía un recorrido de 23,8 ± 3,7 mm desde su origen hasta el arco supinador, presentando un diámetro de 2,2 ± 0,3 mm a ese nivel. La longitud del túnel radial fue de 42,2 ± 4 mm. El NIP se originó 70,7 ± 3,5 mm distal al epicóndilo lateral. El tipo I corresponde a la división del NIP durante su recorrido por el túnel radial presentándose en el 35 % de los casos, y el tipo II corresponde a la división del NIP distal a su salida del túnel radial presentándose en el 65 % restante. Este estudio enriquece el conocimiento del NIP y proporciona información de referencia útil sobre una muestra de mestizos latinoamericanos. Proponemos el patrón de división del NIP en dos tipos. Futuros estudios pueden utilizar esta clasificación no solo como una variable cualitativa, sino también incluir medidas morfométricas cuantitativas.

ABSTRACT Black pepper is widely produced in Brazil, though there are few studies related to its water requirements and the effects of water deficit (WD) applied under tropical conditions. The growth, sensitivity to WD, and first-year productivity of irrigated plants from the Bragantina cultivar were evaluated, employing an irrigation system with automatic management. The plants were cultivated in plastic pots installed in the field for 391 days using emitters with different flow rates (2.2 [T1], 3.3 [T2], 4.3 [T3], and 5.3 L h–1 [T4 – control]). Fresh weight of the leaves, stems, and shoots, and dry weight of the leaves, stem, roots, and shoots as well as the total dry weight of the plant, were evaluated. Productivity was determined by evaluating the grains and spikes from a single harvest. Yield results and the actual versus maximum evapotranspiration rate for the entire growing season was used for calculating the Ky coefficient. Despite 1,346 mm of rainfall, the irrigation system was activated 165 times, distributing a mean volume of 19.0 (T1), 28.5 (T2), 37.1 (T3), and 45.8 L per plant (control). All traits were negatively affected by the WD, and the Ky values obtained (from 1.72 to 2.96) indicate the high sensitivity of black pepper to WD. In general, the spikes produced with at least 81 % of the crop water demand were larger and more numerous than those subjected to inferior treatments. WD occurring during the flowering stage severely hampers the size, weight, and quality of the spikes and grains of black pepper.

ABSTRACT. Weathering deterioration affects seed quality, especially in areas with excessive rainfall. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress, physiological quality, and protein metabolism of seeds of different soybean cultivars under weathering deterioration at the pre-harvest phase. Six soybean cultivars (BMX Apolo, DM 6563, NS 5959, NA 5909, BMX Potência, and TMG 1175) were subjected to simulated rainfall at the R8 stage. Each level was divided into two applications at 72-h intervals: 60 mm (30 + 30), 120 mm (60 + 60), and 180 mm (90 + 90). Then, the seeds were harvested and evaluated for physiological potential, antioxidative enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, proteins, and protease activity. The simulated rainfall allowed the variation in seed moisture, promoting a significant reduction in germination and seed vigor, especially at 120 and 180 mm levels. There were also reductions in antioxidative enzyme activity with weathering deterioration (mainly for catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase), accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, and reductions in protein content and protease activity. The proposed rainfall system is efficient in inducing weathering deterioration during the pre-harvest phase and its deleterious effects. Weathering deterioration in soybean seeds in the pre-harvest stage is directly influenced by genotype.

ABSTRACT. Technical and secure information on the production of quality atemoya seedlings (Annona squamosa L. x Annona cherimola Mill.) are of paramount importance due to the growing interest in this crop. This study aimed to assess the formation of atemoya seedlings propagated by grafting methods and cultivars using araticum (Annona sylvatica) rootstocks. The experiment was carried out in a screened environment at the Western Paraná State University (Unioeste), Campus of Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná State, Brazil. Atemoya grafts (Thompson, African Pride, and Gefner) were collected from plants from the CATI seedling nursery, located in São Bento do Sapucaí, São Paulo State, Brazil. Grafting was performed using 1-year-old araticum rootstocks with 8-10 mm in diameter at a height of 15 cm from the ground and grafts measuring, on average, 8.5 cm in length, 10 mm in diameter, and three buds. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement (three grafting methods: cleft graft, whip and tongue graft, and chip budding × three cultivars: African Pride, Thompson, and Gefner), with four replications and 10 seedlings per replication, totaling 40 seedlings per treatment. The percentage of graft success (%), percentage of sprouting (%), number of sprouts, number of leaves, and longest sprout length (cm) were assessed at 60 days after grafting. The cleft graft method is efficient for producing atemoya seedlings. The cultivar African Pride can be grafted onto rootstocks by the cleft graft and whip and tongue graft methods, as they promote a higher percentage of graft success. The Annona sylvatica rootstock has potential for the production of atemoya seedlings, but chip budding is not viable.