RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar e discutir casos de artrodese interfalangeana proximal em equinos atendidos em um Hospital Veterinário no Brasil. Os prontuários de sete equinos submetidos à artrodese interfalangeana proximal foram analisados quanto à indicação, técnica e complicações, entre 2011 e 2019. As informações sobre os desfechos de curto e longo prazo foram obtidas pela avaliação dos prontuário e entrevista telefônica com os proprietários. Em um dos sete cavalos submetidos à artrodese cirúrgica foi utilizado implantes DCP, e nos demais, LCP. A alta hospitalar foi registrada em 71,4% (5/7), com média de permanência hospitalar de 79±45 dias. A imobilização externa durou 59±26 dias. O contato com os proprietários foi possível em quatro casos, dos quais, em dois, os animais voltaram às suas funções. A artrodese interfalangeana proximal pode melhorar a qualidade de vida dos equinos, principalmente quando se considera a intervenção precoce, minimizando as chances de complicações pós-operatórias imediatas. Casos adicionais devem ser avaliados ao longo prazo para melhor caracterizar os resultados desse procedimento no Brasil.

ABSTRACT: This study discussed several cases of proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis in horses at a veterinary hospital in Brazil. The medical records of seven horses that underwent proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis between 2011 and 2019 were analyzed for indication, technique, and complications. Short- and long-term outcomes were obtained from both the medical records and telephone interviews with the owners. A dynamic compression plate (DCP) was used in one of the seven horses that underwent surgical arthrodesis, and locking compression plates (LCP) were used in the others. Hospital discharge was recorded in 71.4% (5/7) of the horses, with an average hospital stay of 79 ± 45 days. Casting was maintained for 59 ± 26 days. Contact with owners was possible in four cases, two of which regained their prior level of function. The proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis may improve a horse’s well-being, especially when it is considered an early intervention, minimizing the chances of immediate postoperative complications. Additional cases of surgical arthrodesis should be evaluated in long term to better characterize the outcomes of this procedure in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Purpose To develop a segmental tibial bone defect model for tissue engineering studies in veterinary orthopedics using single locking compression plate (LCP) fixation and cast immobilization. Methods A 3-cm bone defect was created in the right tibia of 18 adult Suffolk sheep. A 10-hole, 4.5-mm LCP was applied to the dorsomedial aspect of the bone. Four locking screws were inserted into the proximal and three into the distal bone fragment. Operated limbs were immobilized with casts. Animals were submitted to stall rest, but were allowed to bear weight on the operated limb. During the recovery period, animals were checked daily for physiological parameters, behavior and lameness. Follow-up radiographs were taken monthly. Results Surgical procedures and postoperative recovery were uneventful. Animals adapted quickly to casts and were able to bear weight on the operated limb with no signs of discomfort or distress. No clinical or radiographic complications were detected over a 90-day follow-up period. Conclusions Surgical creation of tibial segmental bone defects followed by fixation with single LCP and cast immobilization was deemed a feasible and appropriate model for veterinary orthopedic research in tissue engineering.

RESUMO: Frequentemente, as fraturas de ossos longos nos equinos são cominutivas, formando falhas ósseas, que representam um grande desafio no momento de sua fixação, devido à perda de contato entre os fragmentos. Os substitutos ósseos sintéticos auxiliam no tratamento desse tipo de fratura. Neste estudo, foram realizados ensaios compressivos não destrutivos em 10 ossos com falha óssea transversal completa em diáfise do terceiro metacarpiano de equinos. Utilizando um mecanismo de "crossing", os 10 ossos foram utilizados nos três grupos (controle, mamona e quitosana) de acordo com o material de preenchimento da falha. Para cada peça, realizaram-se ensaios referentes aos três grupos, com carga máxima de 1000N, por não se tratarem de ensaios destrutivos. Foram avaliadas as deformações causadas no osso, na placa e no tecido ósseo próximo e distante da falha, por meio de extensômetros. Observou-se que houve redução da deformação do osso de 14% (controle) para 3,5% e 4,8%, com o preenchimento da falha com quitosana e mamona, respectivamente. Houve redução da deformação na placa de 96% e 85% com o preenchimento da falha com quitosana e mamona, respectivamente. Houve aumento em intensidade e direção das deformações ocorridas no osso próximas à falha após seu preenchimento, contudo não se observaram diferenças nas deformações ocorridas no osso distantes a falha. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o preenchimento das falhas com quitosana e poliuretana de mamona trouxe benefícios quanto à redução das deformações no foco da fratura, alívio das cargas na placa, contudo elevou as cargas no tecido ósseo próximo à falha.

ABSTRACT: Often fractures of long bones in horses are comminuted and form bone gaps, which represent a major challenge for the fixation of these fractures by loss of contact between the fragments. Bone grafts help in treating this kind of fracture and synthetic materials have been gaining ground because of the limitations of autologous and heterologous grafts. In this study were performed compressive non destructive test in 10 bones with complete cross-bone gap in mid-diaphyseal of the third metacarpal bone of horses. Using a mechanism of "crossing" the 10 bones were used in the three groups (control, castor oil poliuretane and chitosan) according to the filling material. After the test with maximum load of 1000N bone had a gap filled by another material and the test was repeated. Deformations caused on the whole bone, plate and bone tissue near and distant of gap were evaluated, using strain gauges adhered to the surface at these locations. There was a reduction in bone deformation from 14% (control) to 3,5% and 4,8% by filling the gap with Chitosan and castor oil respectively, and a reduction of strain on the plate of 96% and 85% by filling gap with chitosan and castor respectively. An increase in intensity and direction of deformations occurred in bone near to gap after its filling; however, there was no difference in bone deformations occurring far the gap.

Introduction: Bone diseases, aging and traumas can cause bone loss and lead to bone defects. Treatment of bone defects is challenging, requiring chirurgical procedures. Bone grafts are widely used for bone replacement, but they are limited and expensive. Due to bone graft limitations, natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic and composite materials have been studied as potential bone-graft substitutes. Desirable characteristics of bone-graft substitutes are high osteoinductive and angiogenic potentials, biological safety, biodegradability, bone-like mechanical properties, and reasonable cost. Herein, we prepared and characterized potential bone-graft substitutes composed of calcium phosphate (CP) - a component of natural bone, and chitosan (CS) - a biocompatible biopolymer. Methods CP-CS composites were synthetized, molded, dried and characterized. The effect of drying temperatures (38 and 60 °C) on the morphology, porosity and chemical composition of the composites was evaluated. As well, the effects of drying temperature and period of drying (3, 24, 48 and 72 hours) on the mechanical properties - compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and relative deformation-of the demolded samples were investigated. Results Scanning electron microscopy and gas adsorption-desorption analyses of the CS-CP composites showed interconnected pores, indicating that the drying temperature played an important role on pores size and distribution. In addition, drying temperature have altered the color (brownish at 60 °C due to Maillard reaction) and the chemical composition of the samples, confirmed by FTIR. Conclusion Particularly, prolonged period of drying have improved mechanical properties of the CS-CP composites dried at 38 °C, which can be designed according to the mechanical needs of the replaceable bone.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre parâmetros clínicos e oclusais e a necessidade de redução de dentes incisivos de equinos. Este estudo foi baseado na análise retrospectiva dos odontogramas de 75 cavalos estabulados. Foram analisados o escore corpóreo, o formato dos incisivos, a presença de disfagia, a extensão da excursão lateral da mandíbula no ponto de início do contato molar (ELCM) antes e após o ajuste oclusal molar / pré-molar (M/PM). Foram considerados os históricos de dificuldades de equitação, problemas digestórios e mastigatórios. O exame inicial revelou anormalidade de oclusão em 45 (60%) equinos e incisivos longos (ELCM>15mm) em 5(6,6%). Após o ajuste oclusal M/PM, mais 14 (18,6%) equinos apresentaram ELCM >15mm. Considerando-se os parâmetros oclusais e clínicos em conjunto, foi significante a necessidade de redução dos incisivos quando a ELCM foi maior que 15mm (P<0.0001). A análise individual da presença de distúrbios de oclusão de incisivos, do escore corpóreo magro e regular, da presença e histórico de disfagia e do histórico de dificuldades na condução a necessidade de redução de incisivos com ELCM>15mm foi significante (P<0.05). A decisão de redução do tamanho de dentes incisivos em cavalos confinados deve ser baseada na observação e histórico de disfagia e problemas digestórios, escore corpóreo, formato dos incisivos e na extensão da ELMC. A necessidade de redução dos incisivos deve ser determinada antes e reavaliada após o ajuste oclusal molar/pré-molar

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the relationship between occlusal and clinical parameters and the need for incisor shortening in horses. It was based on the retrospective analysis of the dental charts of 75 confined horses. Body condition score, shape of incisors, presence of dysmastication, excursion to molar contact (EMC) distance before and after cheek teeth occlusal adjustment were evaluated. History of difficult to riding, dysmastication and digestive problems was also considered. The initial measurement of lateral excursion to molar contact (EMC) revealed incisor occlusal surface abnormalities in 45 (60%) horses and long incisors (EMC>15mm) in five (6.6%) horses. Considering clinical examination and history data the need for reduction of incisor length was significant when EMC exceeded 15mm (P<0.0001) and when based on dental shape, clinical history of dysmastication and/or digestive problems or body condition score was also significant (P<0.05). In confined horses, the decision to shorten and align the incisor teeth should be based on observation and history of dysmastication and digestive problems, body condition score, incisors shape and EMC distance. The need for incisor reduction should be determined before dental intervention and reassessed following cheek teeth oclusal adjustment

Toracoscopia é o método de visibilização da cavidade torácica através de endoscópio rígido ou flexível, indicado como exame auxiliar para diagnóstico das diversas afecções do tórax. Pode ser realizada com o animal sob anestesia geral ou em posição quadrupedal através de anestesia local associada ou não a sedativos. Neste trabalho, foram utilizados seis eqüinos hígidos, que foram submetidos a toracoscopia, em posição quadrupedal, nos dois hemitórax, com intervalo de 15 dias entre cada procedimento. Durante o exame, pôde-se observar as diversas estruturas da cavidade torácica, tais como: músculo diafragma (porção muscular e tendínea), hiato esofágico, mediastino, aorta, troncos dorsal e ventral do nervo vago, ducto torácico, veia ázigos, veias intercostais, músculos intercostais, costelas, tronco nervoso simpático, tronco vascular toracocervical, traquéia, pulmão (lobo cranial e caudal), esôfago, pericárdio, veia cava caudal, nervo frênico e linfonodos aórticos. Discretas alterações foram observadas ao exame físico, laboratorial e ultra-sonográfico no período pós-operatório, sem que trouxessem prejuízos ao desenvolvimento do experimento e recuperação do animal. A toracoscopia mostrou ser exame de auxílio importante, pela facilidade, rapidez de execução, ampla visibilização da cavidade pleural e trauma mínimo ao paciente.

Thoracoscopy is the technique based upon the thoracic cavity visualization by means of rigid or flexible endoscope. It is indicated as an additional diagnostic aid to better define thoracic diseases. It can be performed either in an animal subjected to general anesthesia or in a horse standing on stocks with local anesthesia with or without sedative. Six healthy horses were used in this study they were subjected to thoracoscopy in both hemithorax, standing on stocks, with a 15-day interval between each procedure. It was possible to visualize several thoracic structures through the 13th intercostal space aproach, such as: diaphargma (muscular and tendineous portions), esophageus hiatus, mediastinum, aorta, vagus nerve dorsal and ventral trunk, thoracic ductus, azigus vein, intercostal veins and muscles, ribs, sympathetic nervous trunk, thoracocervical vascular trunk, trachea, lungs (cranial and caudal lobes), esophagus, pericardium, caudal cava vein, phrenicus nerve and aortic linphonodes. Slight alterations were observed in physical, laboratorial and ultra-sonographic exams during pos operative period those alterations did not compromise either this experiment development or the animals well being. By being an easy and fast procedure wich allows pleural cavity broad visualization and pacient minimal trauma, thoracoscopy makes itself a great diagnostic aid exam.