RESUMO: A massa de hectolitro (MH) é o principal parâmetro quantitativo usado nas unidades de recebimento como indicador de qualidade dos grãos de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). O teor de umidade e o equipamento utilizado podem ser considerados fontes de variação importantes na classificação de um lote, necessitando correto dimensionamento amostral para mensuração da MH. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar a variabilidade entre equipamentos para avaliação da MH com correção ou não do teor de umidade da massa de grãos e estimar o número ideal de amostras para classificação comercial de lotes de trigo. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Sete lotes de grãos de trigo, oriundos de diferentes cultivares e/ou locais de produção, foram usados para mensuração da MH em três equipamentos (Equipamento “A”, Equipamento “B” e Equipamento “C”), com e sem correção da umidade dos grãos para 13%. Maiores valores da MH foram determinados no Equipamento “A” (77,15) comparado ao Equipamento “B” (75,08) e Equipamento “C” (74,69), com classificação distinta do trigo quanto ao tipo. O teor de umidade afetou a MH, mas não alterou a classificação final do trigo quanto ao tipo. O número ideal de amostras para MH variou de uma a 18 amostras para o menor nível de precisão (MH = média ± 1 kg hl-1) e, de 67 a 1820 amostras para a maior precisão (MH = média ± 0,1 kg hl-1). O Equipamento “B” requer menor número de amostras (podendo chegar a uma) para um mesmo nível de precisão (MH = média ± 1 kg hl-1), enquanto o Equipamento “A” necessita maior número de amostras para a maioria dos lotes. Assim, a correta classificação do trigo pela MH depende de maior número de amostras.

ABSTRACT: Hectolitre weight (HW) is the principal quantitative parameter used by receiving units as an indicator of the quality of wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.). The moisture content and the equipment used can be considered important sources of variation to assess a batch, requiring correct sizing of the sample used to measure the HW. This research identified the variability between the equipment used to evaluate HW with or without correcting the grain moisture content, and to estimate the ideal number of samples for the commercial classification of wheat batches. The experiment was carried out in a randomised block design with four replications. Seven batches of wheat grain from different cultivars and/or production sites were used to measure the HW using three types of equipment (Equipment ‘A’, Equipment ‘B’ and Equipment ‘C’), with and without correcting the grain moisture content to 13%. Higher values for HW were determined with Equipment ‘A’ (77.15) compared to Equipment ‘B’ (75.08) and Equipment ‘C’ (74.69), classifying the wheat according to type. The moisture content affected the HW, but did not change the final classification of the wheat in terms of type. The ideal number of samples for HW ranged from 1 to 18 at the lowest level of precision (HW=mean±1 kg hl-1) and from 67 to 1820 samples for the highest precision (HW=mean±0.1 kg hl-1). Equipment ‘B’ requires a smaller number of samples (possibly as few as one) for the same level of precision (HW=mean±1 kg hl-1), whereas Equipment ‘A’ requires a greater number of samples for the majority of batches. Correctly classifying wheat by HW therefore depends on a larger number of samples.

ABSTRACT Desiccation practiced during the preharvest period contributes to mechanized seed harvesting. This work aimed to verify whether wheat preharvest desiccation influences the morphological and physiological characteristics of the seedlings produced from the seeds of desiccated plants. The preharvest treatments included a combination of herbicides (glufosinate-ammonium, glyphosate, and paraquat) and phenological application stages (Zadoks: 83, 85, 87, and 92), as well as a control treatment (without application). Two wheat cultivars were used (BRS Parrudo and TBIO Sinuelo). Herbicide applications were observed to decrease the length and projected area of the shoots by 52 and 46%, respectively, as well as reduce the length, surface area and root volume when compared to the control treatment without application. The hydrogen peroxide concentration, as well as the enzymatic activity of guaiacol peroxidase, was observed to rise only in the treatments where the herbicides were applied. Physiologically, an increased hydrogen peroxide output was revealed, while the guaiacol peroxidase enzymatic activity increased in both cultivars, but with no effect noted in the superoxide dismutase enzymatic activity. The shoot and root morphology were negatively influenced, showing a rise in the enzymatic activity and hydrogen peroxide concentration in the seedlings from the desiccated plants.

ABSTRACT. Inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Bradyrhizobium) is an indispensable technology to increase the productivity of the soybean crop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of the inoculation with Bradyrizobium bacteria associated with the osmoprotector coating on different pre-sowing days and the effect of different soil pH on the components of yield, nodulation and grain yield of soybean. Two soybean cultivars were used, sown in two seasons and submitted to soil pH of 5.3 and 6.5. The seeds were inoculated at different pre-sowin periods with Bradyrizobium bacteria in the presence or absence of osmoprotectants. In the cultivar NA 5909RG (pH 5.3), the seeds inoculated with Bradyrhizobium and osmoprotector, at four and seven days of pre-sowing, presented an increase of 10.8% and 8.3% of productivity, in relation to those without osmoprotector. The osmoprotector and the inoculation of Bradyrhizobium increases the number and dry mass of nodules in soil with more acidic pH. The soil of lower acidity is responsible for higher grain yield, compared to the higher acidity, when both were not inoculated. The variable with the greatest explanatory power and contribution in the variability in the data of the experiment is the grain yield.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de resíduos culturais, de doses de nitrogênio e da inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense sobre os componentes de rendimento e de qualidade da silagem de milho, sob sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, sendo os tratamentos distribuídos em um fatorial com diferentes resíduos culturais de trigo, cevada e aveia preta (cultivares Fundacep Horizonte, Quartzo, Mirante, Campo Real, BRS Cauê, MN 743 e Moreninha), doses de nitrogênio (0; 88,59 e 177,18 kg de N ha-1) e presença e ausência de inoculação com A. brasilense. Foram avaliados os componentes de produtividade e a qualidade bromatológica do produto ensilado. Os resíduos culturais e as doses de nitrogênio não influenciaram a produtividade de grãos. A silagem do milho cultivado após a cultura da cevada apresentou valores de fibra em detergente neutro inferiores ao milho cultivado após as culturas do trigo e da aveia preta. A aplicação de 177,18 kg de N ha-1 incrementou em pelo menos 2,13 e 2,18 Mg ha-1 a massa seca de silagem do milho cultivado, respectivamente, após a cultura da cevada e da aveia preta. A cobertura do solo com a cultura da aveia (cultivar moreninha) no inverno melhora a qualidade bromatológica da silagem de milho. A inoculação com A. brasilense incrementa a produtividade de grãos, porém, não influencia o teor de proteína da silagem do milho.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess crop residue effects, nitrogen doses, and inoculation of seeds with Azospirillum brasilense concerning yield and corn silage quality using direct planting system. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria - RS, Brazil. A randomized block design approach was used and treatments were distributed in a factor analysis with different crop residues (cultivars Fundacep Horizonte, Quartzo, Mirante, Campo Real, BRS Cauê, MN 743, and Moreninha), nitrogen doses (0; 88.59, and 177.18 kg de N ha-1), and presence and absence of inoculation with A. brasilense. Productivity and bromatological quality of the silage product were assessed. Crop residues and nitrogen doses did not influence grain productivity. After barley crop, corn silage presented lower neutral detergent fiber values in relation to maize grown after wheat and black oat crops. The dose of 177.18 kg N ha-1 increased silage dry mass of corn at least by 2.13 and 2.18 Mg ha-1, respectively, after barley and black oat crops. The soil cover with an oat crop (cv. Moreninha) in winter improves the bromatological quality of corn silage. Inoculation with A. brasilense increases grain yield, but does not influence the protein content of corn silage.

RESUMO: O uso de bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio do gênero Azospirillum brasilense tem sido recomendado para gramíneas como milho, trigo e arroz, porém seus benefícios necessitam ser melhor estudados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da bactéria fixadora de nitrogênio A. brasilense na produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação. O experimento foi conduzido em viveiro agrícola revestido com sombrite, utilizando um Plintossolo Háplico. No primeiro conjunto de experimentos utilizaram-se as cultivares de arroz irrigado por inundação INIA Olimar, Puitá Inta-CL, Br Irga 409 e Irga 424, constituindo 4 experimentos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por 5 doses de nitrogênio (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de N), e 4 doses de inoculante líquido composto por bactérias A. brasilense cepas Ab-V5 e Ab-V6 (0, 1, 2 e 4 vezes a recomendação). No segundo conjunto de experimentos, com as cultivares Puitá Inta-CL e Br Irga 409, utilizou-se o esquema fatorial 4 x 2. Quatro doses de A. brasilense cepas Ab-V5 e Ab-V6 (0, 1, 2 e 4 vezes a recomendação de 100 mL ha-1), sem e com tratamento das sementes do arroz com inseticidas e fungicidas. Foram avaliados a massa da matéria seca da parte aérea, número de panículas e produtividade de grãos de arroz/vaso. A inoculação das sementes de arroz irrigado por inundação, cultivares INIA Olimar, Puitá Inta-CL, Br Irga 409 e Irga 424, com A. brasilense cepas Ab-V5 e Ab-V6 não aumenta a produtividade de grãos de arroz.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed at evaluating the effect of Azospirillum brasilense, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium, on flooded irrigated rice yield. Evaluations were carried out in a shaded nursery, with seedlings grown on an Alfisol. Were performed two sets of experiments. In the first, were carried out four experiments using the flooded rice cultivars INIA Olimar, Puitá Inta-CL, Br Irga 409 and Irga 424; these trials were set up as completely randomized design in a 5x4 factorial scheme, with four replications. Treatments consisted of five nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1) and four levels of liquid inoculant Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 - A. brasilense (0, 1, 2 and 4 times the manufacturer's recommendation) without seed treatment. In second set, were performed two experiments using the cultivars Puitá Inta-CL and Br Irga 409, arranged in the same design, but using a 4x2 factorial. In this set, treatments were composed of four levels of Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 - A. brasilense liquid inoculant (0, 1, 2 and 4 times the recommendation of 100 mL ha-1), using rice seeds with and without insecticide and fungicide treatment. Shoot dry matter, number of panicles, and rice grain yield per pot were the assessed variables. The results showed that rice seed inoculation with A. brasilense had no effects on rice grain yield of the cultivars INIA Olimar, Puitá Inta-CL, Br Irga 409 and Irga 424.