Abstract In Argentina, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC-HUS) infection is endemic, and reliable data about prevalence and risk factors have been available since 2000. However, information about STEC-associated bloody diarrhea (BD) is limited. A prospective study was performed during the period October Surveillance; 2018-June 2019 in seven tertiary-hospitals and 18 referral units from different regions, aiming of STEC-HUS cases in the same hospitals and during the same period were also assessed. Twenty-nine (4.1%) of the BD patients were STEC-positive, as determined by the Shiga Toxin Quik Chek (STQC) test and/or the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay. The highest fre-quencies were found in the Southern region (Neuquén, 8.7%; Bahía Blanca, 7.9%), in children between 12 and 23 month of age (8.8%), during summertime. Four (13.8%) cases progressed to HUS, three to nine days after diarrhea onset. Twenty-seven STEC-HUS in children under 5 years of age (77.8%) were enrolled, 51.9% were female; 44% were Stx-positive by STQC and all by mPCR. The most common serotypes were O157:H7 and O145:H28 and the prevalent geno-types, both among BD and HUS cases, were sfx2a-only or -associated. Considering the endemic behavior of HUS and its high incidence, these data show that the rate of STEC-positive cases is low among BD patients. However, the early recognition of STEC-positive cases is important for patient monitoring and initiation of supportive treatment.

Resumen En Argentina, el síndrome urémico hemolítico asociado a Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga (STEC-SUH) es endémico y, desde 2000, de notificación obligatoria. Sin embargo, la información sobre diarrea sanguinolenta (DS) asociada a STEC (DS-STEC) es limitada. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo desde octubre de 2018 hasta junio de 2019 en siete hospitales de tercer nivel y 18 unidades de referencia de diferentes provincias argentinas, con el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia de casos de DS-STEC en 714 niños de 1 a 9 años que tuvieron DS (I) y la tasa de progresión de DS a SUH en dicha cohorte (II). También se evaluó el número y distribución regional de casos de STEC-SUH en los mismos hospitales en dicho período. Veintinueve casos de DS (4,1%) fueron STEC-positivos, determinados por Shiga Toxin Quik Chek (STQC) o PCR múltiple (mPCR). Las frecuencias más altas se encontraron en el sur del área relevada (Neuquén, 8,7%; Bahía Blanca, 7,9%), en niños de 12 a 23 meses (8,8%), en verano. Cuatro casos de DS-STEC (13,8%) progresaron a SUH, de tres a nueve días después del inicio de la diarrea. Se registraron 27 niños con STEC-SUH, estos fueron mayoritariamente <5 anos (77,8%) del sexo femenino (51,9%). El 44% de estos casos fueron Stx-positivos por STQC y todos por mPCR. Los serotipos más comunes fueron O157:H7y O145:H28, y el genotipo predominante fue stx2a, solo o asociado, en DS y SUH. Considerando el comportamiento endémico del SUH y su alta incidencia, estos datos muestran que la tasa de casos de DS-STEC es baja. Sin embargo, su reconocimiento temprano es importante para el seguimiento e inicio del tratamiento de sostén.

Abstract Background: There is controversy regarding the factors that determine a greater risk of severity and complications from COVID-19 in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Likewise, there are limited data on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on hospitalization in this population. Aims: To describe clinical characteristics and outcome of COVID-19 in PLHIV; To assess risk factors for hospitalization; To evaluate the impact of vaccination on hospitalization. Methods: Multicenter, prospective, observational study (September 2020 to June 2022). Clinical and immunovirological variables, antiretroviral treatment (ART), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and hospitalization in PLHIV with COVID-19 were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed examining factors associated with hospitalization using two models: first model (without vaccination) and second model (vaccination, minimum one dose). Results: 1,201 PLHIV were included. The median age was 45 years. 65.3% were men; 38.7% presented comorbidities. 92.8% received ART and 83.1% presented undetectable viral load (VL). The median CD4+ T-cell count was 600/mm3. 95.7% presented symptoms. The rates of hospitalization, ICU admission, oxygen requirement, and death were 17.8 %, 2.8%, 10.7% and 1.39%, respectively. According to the multivariate analysis for the first model, age > 60 years and comorbidities were associated with a higher risk of hospitalization, while female sex and CD4+ > 500/mm3 had a protective effect. In the second model, only the comorbidities were associated with a higher risk of hospitalization, while vaccination and CD4+ > 500/mm3 reduced it. Conclusions: in PLHIV, comorbidities were associated with a higher hospitalization rate, while having elevated CD4+ T-cell counts and being vaccinated had a protective effect. ART and VL had no impact in any model, while age and sex only had an influence when vaccination was not considered.

Resumen Introducción: Existe controversia con respecto a los factores que determinan un mayor riesgo de gravedad y complicaciones por COVID-19 en personas que viven con VIH (PVVIH). Asimismo, hay datos limitados sobre el impacto de la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 en la hospitalización en esta población. Objetivos: Describir las características clínicas y evolutivas de COVID-19 en PVVIH; Evaluar factores de riesgo para hospitalización; Evaluar el impacto de la vacunación en la hospitalización. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo, multicéntrico (septiembre de 2020 a junio de 2022). Se registraron variables clínicas, inmunovirológicas, tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV), vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 y hospitalización en PVVIH con COVID-19. Se realizaron análisis uni y multivariados examinando factores asociados a hospitalización utilizando dos modelos: primer modelo (sin vacunación) y segundo modelo (vacunación, mínimo una dosis). Resultados: Se incluyeron 1.201 PVVIH. La mediana de edad fue 45 años. El 65,3% fueron hombres; el 38,7% presentó comorbilidades. Recibía TARV el 92,8% y presentó carga viral (CV) indetectable el 83,1%. La mediana de linfocitos T CD4+ fue de 600 céls/mm3. El 95,7% presentó síntomas. Las tasas de hospitalización, ingreso a UCI, requerimiento de oxígeno y muerte fueron 17,8%, 2,8%, 10,7% y 1,39%, respectivamente. De acuerdo con el análisis multivariado para el primer modelo, la edad > 60 años y las comorbilidades se asociaron a mayor riesgo de hospitalización, mientras que el sexo femenino y un recuento de linfocitos T CD4+ > 500 céls/mm3 tuvieron un efecto protector. En el segundo modelo sólo las comorbilidades se relacionaron con un mayor riesgo de hospitalización mientras que la vacunación y células CD4+ > 500 céls/mm3 la redujeron. Conclusiones: En PVVIH las comorbilidades se asociaron con mayor tasa de hospitalización, mientras que tener linfocitos T CD4+ elevados y estar vacunado tuvieron un efecto protector. El TARV y la CV no tuvieron impacto en modelo alguno mientras que la edad y el sexo solo influyeron cuando no se consideró la vacunación.

Abstract The recent pandemic outbreak warned of the urgent need for closer interaction between health and spatial planning. The relationship between urban space and health has been widely proven and led to the emergence of new concepts, such as neurourbanism, an interdisciplinary field of research that aims to explain the relationship between mental health and the well-being of city life. The embryonic state of these interdisciplinary research fields requires further contributions to their consolidation and guidelines for practitioners and policymakers. The main aim of this article is to contribute to the discussion through reflections on public spaces and urban health. A critical analysis was conducted to respond to the following specific objectives: 1) to highlight the importance of public space for the promotion of quality of life; 2) to reinforce the awareness that the urban environment affects mental health and well-being; 3) to propose an organisation of health impact factors (determinants of urban health) that works as a tool for objective health assessment and monitoring in cities and; 4) to reinforce work on the importance of neurourbanism as an interdisciplinary science that unites neuroscience and urban planning. Despite the empirical association between health (physical and mental) and the built environment recently demonstrated Covid-19 pandemic, scarce research and evidence-based recommendations have been produced towards healthier cities.

Résumé La récente pandémie a mis en évidence le besoin urgent d’une interaction plus étroite entre la santé et l’aménagement du territoire. La relation entre l’espace urbain et la santé a été largement prouvée et a conduit à l’émergence de nouveaux concepts, tels que le neurorbanisme, un champ de recherche interdisciplinaire qui vise à expliquer la relation entre la santé mentale et le bien-être de la vie urbaine. L’état embryonnaire de ces champs de recherche interdisciplinaires exige de nouvelles contributions à leur consolidation et à l’élaboration de lignes directrices pour les praticiens et les décideurs politiques. L’objectif principal de cet article est de contribuer à la discussion par des réflexions sur les espaces publics et la santé urbaine. Une analyse critique a été menée pour répondre aux objectifs spécifiques suivants: 1) souligner l’importance de l’espace public pour la promotion de la qualité de vie; 2) renforcer la prise de conscience que l’environnement urbain affecte la santé mentale et le bien-être; 3) proposer une organisation des facteurs d’impact sur la santé (déterminants de la santé urbaine) qui fonctionne comme un outil d’évaluation et de surveillance objective de la santé dans les villes et; 4) renforcer le travail sur l’importance du neurourbanisme en tant que science interdisciplinaire qui unit les neurosciences et la planification urbaine. Malgré l’association empirique entre la santé (physique et mentale) et l’environnement bâti récemment démontrée par la pandémie de Covid-19, peu de recherches et de recommandations fondées sur des données probantes ont été produites en vue de rendre les villes plus saines.

Resumen La reciente pandemia alertó de la urgente necesidad de una interacción más estrecha entre salud y ordenación del territorio. La relación entre el espacio urbano y la salud ha quedado ampliamente demostrada y ha propiciado la aparición de nuevos conceptos, como el neurourbanismo, un campo de investigación interdisciplinar que pretende explicar la relación entre la salud mental y el bienestar de la vida en la ciudad. El estado embrionario de estos campos interdisciplinarios de investigación requiere nuevas contribuciones para su consolidación y directrices para profesionales y responsables políticos. El objetivo principal de este artículo es contribuir al debate mediante reflexiones sobre los espacios públicos y la salud urbana. Se ha realizado un análisis crítico para responder a los siguientes objetivos específicos 1) resaltar la importancia del espacio público para la promoción de la calidad de vida; 2) reforzar la conciencia de que el entorno urbano afecta a la salud mental y al bienestar; 3) proponer una organización de los factores de impacto en la salud (determinantes de la salud urbana) que funcione como herramienta para la evaluación y monitorización objetiva de la salud en las ciudades y; 4) reforzar los trabajos sobre la importancia del neurourbanismo como ciencia interdisciplinar que une neurociencia y urbanismo. A pesar de la asociación empírica entre la salud (física y mental) y el entorno construido demostrada recientemente Covid-19 pandemia, se han producido escasas investigaciones y recomendaciones basadas en pruebas hacia ciudades más saludables.

Resumo A recente pandemia alertou para a necessidade urgente de uma interação mais estreita entre a saúde e o ordenamento do território. A relação entre o espaço urbano e a saúde tem sido amplamente comprovada e levou ao aparecimento de novos conceitos, como o neurourbanismo, um campo de investigação interdisciplinar que pretende explicar a relação entre a saúde mental e o bem-estar da vida na cidade. O estado embrionário destes campos de investigação interdisciplinares requer mais contributos para a sua consolidação e orientações para os profissionais e decisores políticos. O principal objetivo deste artigo é contribuir para a discussão através de reflexões sobre espaços públicos e saúde urbana. Foi realizada uma análise crítica para responder aos seguintes objetivos específicos 1) destacar a importância do espaço público para a promoção da qualidade de vida; 2) reforçar a consciência de que o ambiente urbano afeta a saúde mental e o bem-estar; 3) propor uma organização dos fatores de impacto na saúde (determinantes da saúde urbana) que funcione como ferramenta de avaliação e monitoramento objetivo da saúde nas cidades e; 4) reforçar o trabalho sobre a importância do neurourbanismo como ciência interdisciplinar que une neurociência e planejamento urbano. Apesar da associação empírica entre a saúde (física e mental) e o ambiente construído, recentemente demonstrada pela pandemia de Covid-19, tem sido escassa a investigação e as recomendações baseadas em evidências para cidades mais saudáveis.

Resumen Objetivo: Sintetizar y valorar críticamente las recomendaciones sobre manejo neurocognitivo del paciente con cardiopatía congénita presentadas en guías de práctica clínica y declaraciones científicas. Método: Revisión sistemática de recomendaciones de práctica (PROSPERO CRD42020205202). Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, SCOPUS, Ovid/Cochrane, y LILACS y se revisaron repositorios de sociedades científicas y referencias de los documentos incluidos. La valoración crítica se hizo mediante el AGREE-II (escenario ideal) para las guías y declaraciones, y mediante el AGREE-REX para las recomendaciones (escenarios ideal y local). Se presentan la matriz de recomendaciones y el análisis de barreras potenciales para su implementación en Colombia. Resultados: Se incluyeron 18 recomendaciones relacionadas. La media en el AGREE-II fue 89.6. La media en el AGREE-REX fue 90.1 en el escenario ideal y 69.9 en el escenario local. Las recomendaciones incluidas se centran en vigilancia, tamizaje, evaluación y consejería; no se identificaron recomendaciones sobre intervención neurocognitiva. Las principales barreras de implementación en Colombia son la no disposición a pagar por parte del sistema de salud y la ausencia de oferta integral de atención para el manejo neurocognitivo en cardiopatía congénita. Conclusión: Las recomendaciones identificadas podrían ser adaptadas en una guía de práctica colombiana, realizando modificaciones en reconocimiento del contexto local.

Abstract Objective: To synthesize and critically assess the recommendations on neurocognitive management of patients with congenital heart disease presented in clinical practice guidelines and scientific statements. Method: A systematic review of practice recommendations (PROSPERO CRD42020205202). PubMed, SCOPUS, Ovid/Cochrane, and LILACS were searched, and repositories of scientific societies and references of included documents were reviewed. Critical appraisal was performed using the AGREE-II (ideal scenario) for the guidelines and statements, and recommendations were assessed using the AGREE-REX (ideal and local scenarios). A matrix of recommendations and analysis of potential barriers for its implementation in Colombia is presented. Results: Eighteen related recommendations were included. The average AGREE-II was 89.6. The average AGREE-REX was 90.1 in the ideal setting and 69.9 in the local setting. The included recommendations focus on surveillance, screening, evaluation, and counseling; no recommendations on neurocognitive intervention were identified. The main implementation barriers in Colombia are the unwillingness to pay on the part of the health system and the absence of a comprehensive health care offer for neurocognitive management in congenital heart disease. Conclusion: The identified recommendations could be adapted into a Colombian practice guideline, making modifications that recognize the local context.

Resumen El proceso para establecer una identificación odontológica inequívoca se sustenta en la recuperación de la mayor cantidad posible de información post mortem, y su posterior cotejo con aquellos registros ante mortem de la víctima. Los dientes son tejidos del cuerpo humano con una elevada resistencia en su estructura, lo que les permite tolerar el embate de los efectos ambientales como el fuego, la desecación, la descomposición o la inmersión prolongada. En la mayoría de los desastres naturales, y también en los provocados por el hombre, los registros odontológicos pueden contribuir para identificar cuerpos que sería irreconocibles aplicando metodologías tradicionales. En cadáveres quemados o carbonizados, resulta imperativo conservar la evidencia odontológica recuperada, para evitar que su manipulación pueda desvirtuarla e incluso destruirla; por eso se suele fijar y estabilizar antes de ser transportada. Los recursos imagenológicos constituyen una sólida estrategia de perennización de evidencia, los cuales pueden ser complementados por fotografías y toma de impresiones. El presente artículo revisa varios estudios sobre restos dentales, materiales de obturación y aparatos protésicos quemados o carbonizados, haciendo énfasis sobre su importancia en el proceso de identificación humana.

Abstract The process to establish an unequivocal dental identification is based on the recovery of the greatest possible amount of post mortem information, and its subsequent comparison with the ante mortem records of the victim. Teeth are tissues of the human body with high resistance in their structure, which allows them to tolerate the onslaught of environmental effects such as fire, desiccation, decomposition, or prolonged immersion. In most natural disasters, an also in those caused by men, dental records can help identify a body that would be unrecognizable using traditional methodologies. In burned or charred corpses, it is imperative to preserve the recovered dental evidence, to avoid its manipulation from distorting and even destroying it; this is why it is usually fixed and stabilized before being transported. Imaging resources constitute a solid strategy for the perpetuation of evidence, which can also be complemented by photographs and impression taking. This article reviews several studies on dental remains, materials and burned or charred prosthetic devices, emphasizing their importance in the human identification process.

ABSTRACT. French lavender (Lavandula dentata L.) is of great ornamental, medicinal, and aromatic interest. It is generally propagated vegetatively using stem cuttings. When using artificial lighting, a specific light composition can modify the entire plant phenology and is a factor that can be managed in controlled conditions. This study evaluated the rooting of stem cuttings and growth of lavender under four spectral LED lights. The LED lights used were: T0 (white LED, Roblan®), T1 (AP67 Milky, Valoya®), T2 (NS1, Valoya®), and T3 (AP673L Milky, Valoya®). The first phase evaluated the rooting of stem cuttings and initial development. The plants were then transferred to plastic pots to evaluate plant growth. In both rooting and growing phases, the plant morphological characteristics and water and light efficiencies were evaluated. Nutrient-uptake efficiencies were also evaluated after the growing phase. It was observed that cuttings rooted under the influence of T1 showed greater height. After the growing phase, plants under T3 showed better results in electricity use efficiency, water use efficiency, and nutrient-uptake efficiency and less nitrate leaching. They also presented more uniform growth with a compact canopy. Thus, T1 was better for the stem cuttings rooting phase, while T3 was better for growth and energy efficiency.

ABSTRACT: This study assessed the nitrogen nutrition index, morphogenic characteristics and tiller structure of Alexandergrass (Urochloaplantaginea (LINK) Hitch) pasture submitted to different nitrogen (N) levels (zero, 150 or 300 kg ha-1 of N). The experimental design was entirely randomized with repeated measures arrangement. The experimental animals were Angus heifers under rotational stocking grazing method. The number of animals was variable to keep 30±5 cm post-grazing sward height. Nitrogen nutrition index increased linearly according N levels (Ŷ = 59.8 + 0.1216N; P < 0.0001; r²=0.53). The leaf appearance rate adjusted to a positive linear regression model according the thermal sum (TS) with zero of N (Ŷ0N = 0.0077 + 0.0000087TS; P = 0.0308; r² = 0.72) and 150 kg ha-1 of N (Ŷ150N = 0.0020 + 0.000021 TS; P = 0.0022; r² = 0.92). The use of 300 kg ha-1 of N did not alter the leaf appearance rate (0.0124 leaf degree-days-1). The use of up to 300 kg ha-1 of N increases the Alexandergrass nitrogen content. The leaf appearance rate in Alexandergrass is modified using N while the morphogenic characteristics leaf expansion, stem expansion, phyllochron, leaf lifespan, leaf elongation duration and tiller structure are not altered by N utilization.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o índice de nutrição nitrogenada, as características morfogênicas e a estrutura dos perfilhos de papuã (Urochloa plantaginea (LINK) Hitch) submetidos a diferentes níveis de nitrogênio (N) (zero, 150 ou 300 kg ha-1 de N). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo. Os animais experimentais foram novilhas Angus em regime de pastejo rotacionado. O número de animais foi variável para manter 30 ± 5 cm de altura do pasto pós-pastejo. O índice de nutrição com nitrogênio aumentou linearmente de acordo com os níveis de N (Ŷ = 59,8 + 0,1216N; P < 0,0001; r² = 0,53). A taxa de aparecimento de folhas ajustou-se ao modelo de regressão linear positiva de acordo com a soma térmica (TS) com zero de N (Ŷ0N = 0,0077 + 0,0000087TS; P = 0,0308; r² = 0,72) e 150 kg ha-1 de N (Ŷ150N = 0,0020 +0,000021 TS; P = 0,0022; r² = 0,92). O uso de 300 kg ha-1 de N não alterou a taxa de aparecimento de folhas (0,0124 folha grau-dia-1). O uso de até 300 kg ha-1 de N aumenta o teor de nitrogênio do papuã. A taxa de aparecimento de folhas em papuã é modificada usando N, enquanto que as características morfogênicas expansão foliar, expansão de colmo, filocrono, duração de vida das folhas, duração da elongação foliar e a estrutura dos perfilhos não são alteradas pela utilização de N.

ABSTRACT Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a drug used as anticonvulsant, especially in the treatment of epilepsy. For adequate control disease, treatment must achieve adequate blood concentrations, therefore, it is very important to control the levels of anticonvulsant drugs in biological matrices with suitable analytical methods. A simple and fast liquid chromatographic method with UV detection was developed and validated for the determination of CBZ in saliva. Chromatographic separation was achieved with a RP-18 column, using acetonitrile and water with triethylamine at pH 7,3 as mobile phase in isocratic elution mode, at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The detection was done at 230 nm. and bromazepam at 1,5 μg/mL was used as IS. The run time was 5 min. The described method was linear over a range of 0,5 - 5,5 μg/mL. The intraassay and interassay precision, expressed as the RSD, were in the range of 0,67 - 2,93 % and 0,17 - 9,33 %, respectively, the extraction recoveries were between 100,67 – 100,69 %, the accuracy values ranged from −3,33 to 0,69 % and - 2,67 to 0,72 in intraday and interday analysis, respectively, and the assay demonstrated adequate selectivity and specificity. The LLOQ is below the therapeutic level, demonstrating an adequate sensitivity of the method. The results showed that the proposed method was found to be suitable for quantitative determination of CBZ in saliva.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP) has determined a new therapeutic era in migraine prophylaxis, demonstrating its effectiveness in patients with episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM), obtaining a response in naive patients and in those who are refractory to multiple medications. A 50% decrease in migraine attacks per month during the first 3 months of use is the approximate outcome in 50% of patients receiving this therapy. OBJECTIVE: This consensus from the Colombian Association of Neurology (ACN) has the objective of serving as a guide for the rational use of antiCGRP mAbs in patients with EM and CM. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The headache committee through the application of the Delphi methodology and discussions in subsequent meetings, develops this consensus, supported in the published literature and expert recommendations. RESULTS: Fourteen answers from headache experts were received regarding the use of drugs for migraine prophylaxis, analyzing their applicability in frequent clinical situations. DISCUSSION: AntiCGRP mAbs have proved their effectiveness with adequate pathophysiological support, but with a high price in a highly prevalent disease, there is then a need to select the patient who best benefits from this therapy. CONCLUSIONS: AntiCGRP mAbs are recommended in patients with EM and CM that have previously failed to other prophylactic drugs.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El desarrollo de anticuerpos monoclonales (mAbs) contra el péptido relacionado con el gen de la calcitonina (CGRP) ha determinado una nueva era terapéutica en la profilaxis de migraña, demostrando su efectividad en pacientes con migraña episódica (ME) y migraña crónica (MC), con respuesta desde pacientes naïve hasta refractarios a múltiples medicamentos. La disminución del 50% de los ataques de migraña al mes (DMM) durante los primeros 3 meses de uso es el desenlace aproximado en el 50% de los pacientes que reciben esta terapia. OBJETIVO: Este consenso de la Asociación Colombiana de Neurología (ACN) tiene el objetivo de guiar la selección y uso racional de los mAbs antiCGRP en pacientes con ME y MC. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El comité de cefalea de la ACN mediante la aplicación de la metodología Delphi y discusiones en reuniones posteriores desarrolló un documento en formato de consenso soportado en literatura y recomendaciones de expertos. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron respuestas de 14 expertos en cefalea sobre moléculas utilizadas en profilaxis de migraña, analizando su aplicabilidad en situaciones clínicas frecuentes. DISCUSIÓN: Los mAbs antiCGRP han demostrado efectividad con adecuado soporte fisiopatológico, considerando que son moléculas de alto precio en una enfermedad de alta prevalencia, existe la necesidad de guíar la selección del paciente que mejor puede beneficiarse de su administración CONCLUSIONES: Los mAbs antiCGRP están recomendados en pacientes con ME y MC que presentan falla terapéutica a otras moléculas profilácticas.

Abstract Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi green fruits essential oil (EO) was evaluated regarding its phytochemical profile, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, and toxicity. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was applied to identify its constituents, thereafter the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations, and its antibiofilm activity were evaluated. The EO cytotoxicity was assessed in tumor and non-tumor human cells, and in vivo toxicity was evaluated in a Galleria mellonella model. The major constituents of S. terebinthifolia EO were alpha-phellandrene and beta-phellandrene. The EO had a weak activity against all strains of Candida albicans (MIC 1000μg/mL) and had no activity against non-albicans strains, bacteria, and C. albicans biofilm. Cytostatic activity against all tumor cell lines was shown. Additionally, cell viability remained at EO concentrations up to 62.5 μg/mL. At 16 mg/mL, 50% hemolysis was observed, and it had low toxicity in vivo. Overall, the S. terebinthifolia EO was characterized by low antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, with no evidence of toxicity to human tumor and non-tumor cells.

Resumen Existen ciertos colectivos más vulnerables en la comunidad, como los adolescentes y jóvenes involucrados en actividades lúdicas o deportivas que implican una alta competitividad y que llevan asociada una elevada importancia del peso corporal, que tienen significativamente más riesgo de presentar un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria (TCA). Para una prevención primaria efectiva a nivel comunitario, la evidencia nos indica la conveniencia de dirigir nuestros esfuerzos hacia esos grupos con más riesgo, siendo el paradigma de la promoción de la salud la fórmula más indicada. Se sugiere poner en práctica un enfoque participativo, multimodal e interactivo, basando los programas en la terapia motivacional y la disonancia cognitiva, tratando de que estos sean sostenibles e intentando contar con el apoyo de líderes comunitarios.

Abstract Certain groups in the community are more vulnerable, such as adolescents and young people involved in recreational or sports activities that involve high competitiveness and are associated with high importance of body weight, who are significantly more at risk of developing an eating disorder (TCA). For effective primary prevention at the community level, the evidence indicates the advisability of directing our efforts towards those groups with the highest risk, with the health promotion paradigm being the most indicated formula. Participatory, multimodal, and interactive approaches are recommended, basing the programs on motivational therapy and cognitive dissonance, while trying to make them sustainable to count on the support of community leaders.

Resumen Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) son una patología compleja en la que intervienen numerosos factores etiopatogénicos y su abordaje requiere un enfoque interdisciplinar, por lo que la educación nutricional (EN) debe formar parte tanto de los programas de prevención como del tratamiento, ya que la EN tiene como finalidad modificar la conducta alimentaria para alcanzar patrones más saludables y para ello se requiere el desarrollo de programas de enseñanza nutricional dirigidos al paciente y su entorno, incidiendo en los diferentes factores que condicionan las elecciones alimentarias y las actitudes hacia la alimentación. La EN en estos pacientes es una herramienta terapéutica fundamental para conseguir normalizar la conducta alimentaria, ya que va a permitir aportar conocimientos que faciliten la adopción de conductas saludables, abandonar ideas erróneas y disminuir el temor irracional hacia determinados alimentos, así como minimizar el riesgo nutricional y normalizar la conducta alimentaria. La prevalencia de los TCA ha ido en incremento a lo largo de los años y es tal la preocupación, que las diferentes comunidades autónomas, hospitales y entidades gubernamentales han elaborado guías y protocolos donde incluyen la EN para la prevención y el abordaje de la enfermedad. La evidencia científica y organismos como la Sociedad Americana de Nutrición Parenteral y Enteral (ASPEN), la Asociación Americana de Dietética (ADA) y la Sociedad Española de Nutrición Clínica y Metabolismo (SENPE) reconocen la importancia de la EN en el tratamiento de los TCA y la participación de los profesionales de la nutrición en esta área. Por tanto, el enfoque de la prevención de los TCA debe ser amplio, de manera que abarque los grupos vulnerables y su entorno; de la misma forma, los protocolos de actuación para el tratamiento deben incluir como uno de sus pilares la EN mediante la implementación de programas de educación nutricional para conseguir cambios de la conducta alimentaria, programas que pueden llevarse a cabo en las distintas fases o modalidades del tratamiento (hospitalización, hospital de día, consultas externas, etc.) aunque cada uno tenga distintos objetivos y aborde diferentes áreas temáticas. Deberán desarrollarse de forma multidisciplinar con una delegación de funciones clara para cada profesional en pro de la recuperación y estabilidad del paciente y su entorno sociofamiliar.

Abstract Eating disorders (ED) are a complex pathology in which numerous etiopathogenic factors intervene, and their approach requires an interdisciplinary approach, which is why nutritional education (NE) should be part of both prevention and treatment programs, since NE aims to modify eating behavior to achieve healthier patterns and, for this, the development of nutritional teaching programs is required, directed to the patients and their environment, focusing on the different factors that condition food choices and attitudes towards feeding. NE in these patients is a fundamental therapeutic tool to achieve normalization of eating behavior, since it will allow to contribute knowledge that facilitates the adoption of healthy behaviors, abandon erroneous ideas, and reduce the irrational fear of certain foods, as well as minimize nutritional risk and normalize eating behavior. The prevalence of eating disorders has been increasing over the years and the concern is such that the different autonomous communities, hospitals, and government entities have developed guidelines and protocols that include NE for the prevention and management of the disease. Scientific evidence and organizations such as the American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN), the American Dietetic Association (ADA), and the Spanish Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (SENPE) recognize the importance of NE in the treatment of ED and the participation of nutrition professionals in this area. Therefore, the approach to the prevention of ED must be broad, so that it encompasses vulnerable groups and their environment; in the same way, action protocols for treatment must include NE as one of their pillars, through implementation of nutritional education programs to achieve changes in eating behavior, which can be carried out in the different phases or treatment modalities (hospitalization, day hospital, outpatient clinics, etc.) even though each one has different objectives and addresses different theme areas, and they must be developed in a multidisciplinary way with a delegation of clear functions for each professional, in favor of the recovery and stability of the patient and his sociofamilial environment.