RESUMO Na sequência de estudos realizados em diferentes forças policiais relativamente ao desenvolvimento de mulheres uniformizadas durante a gravidez e a amamentação, investigámos como os papéis de mãe e de polícia se relacionam entre si na Polícia Nacional Colombiana. O estudo centrou-se em estabelecer linhas de acção para melhorar a qualidade de vida das mulheres uniformizadas através da interpretação de factores de incidência recíproca entre a profissão de polícia, sendo mãe e serviço de polícia. A investigação foi enquadrada no âmbito do método qualitativo com uma abordagem fenomenológica. As condições emocionais, sociais, laborais e normativas da população feminina durante a gravidez e amamentação foram também estudadas, com base na experiência de 37 mulheres durante um curso de promoção na Escuela de Suboficiales y Nivel Ejecutivo Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. A dificuldade de equilibrar as exigências do trabalho e da educação das crianças, as tensões causadas pela pressão dos superiores e colegas, e a ausência de lugares adequados para a expressão manual do leite materno foram salientadas. Finalmente, são propostas linhas de acção com vista a transformar a forma como as mulheres policiais são vistas nas condições descritas, como um contributo para gerar mudanças e estratégias nas políticas institucionais.

ABSTRACT Following studies carried out in different police forces regarding the performance of uniformed women during pregnancy and breastfeeding, we investigated how the roles of mother and police relate to each other in the Colombian National Police. The study focused on the establishment of lines of action to improve the quality of life of uniformed women through the interpretation of factors of reciprocal incidence between the police profession, being a mother and police service. The research was framed within the qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Likewise, the emotional, social, labor and normative conditions of the female population during pregnancy and breastfeeding were studied, based on the experience of 37 women during a promotion course at the Escuela de Suboficiales y Nivel Ejecutivo Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. The difficulty of balancing the demands of work and child rearing, tensions caused by pressure from superiors and colleagues and the absence of places conducive to the manual expression of breast milk were evidenced. Finally, lines of action are proposed with a view to transforming the way policewomen are viewed in the conditions described, as an input to generate changes and strategies in institutional policies.

RESUMEN Siguiendo estudios adelantados en diferentes cuerpos policiales, con respecto al desenvolvimiento de las uniformadas en estado de gestación y lactancia, se indagó la manera cómo los papeles de madre y policía se relacionan en la Policía Nacional de Colombia. El estudio se centró en el establecimiento de líneas de acción para mejorar la calidad de vida de las uniformadas, mediante la interpretación de factores de incidencia recíproca entre la profesión policial, ser madre y el servicio de policía. La investigación se enmarcó en el método cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico. Asimismo, se estudiaron las condiciones emocionales, sociales, laborales y normativas de la población femenina en periodo de gestación y lactancia, partiendo de la experiencia de 37 mujeres durante el curso de ascenso en la Escuela de Suboficiales y Nivel Ejecutivo Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Se evidenció la dificultad de balancear las demandas del trabajo y crianza de los hijos, tensiones suscitadas por presiones de superiores y compañeros, y la ausencia de lugares propicios para la extracción manual de leche materna. Finalmente, se proponen líneas de acción con miras a transformar la mirada que se da a las mujeres policías en las condiciones descritas, como insumo para generar cambios y estrategias en las políticas institucionales.

Abstract: The article presents insights of an ongoing research on the experiences and perceptions of young people about work in the context of the social and sanitary crisis, crossed by the October uprising and the outbreak of the current COVID-19 pandemic. As a data collection method, semi-structured, online interviews were applied to young people with work experience. By means of a content analysis, it is intended to highlight the most common perceptions and preliminary findings towards this work: the search for independence from a family context, the different meanings of work for young people, and the emergence of household work as a more prominent reality for young women.

Resumen: El artículo presenta avances de la investigación en curso sobre las experiencias y percepciones de jóvenes en torno al trabajo en contexto de crisis sociosanitaria, cruzada por la revuelta de octubre y la irrupción de la actual pandemia por Covid-19. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas en formato virtual a jóvenes con experiencia laboral. Por medio de un análisis de contenido se buscó relevar las percepciones más comunes, tales como la búsqueda de independencia respecto a lo familiar, los diferentes significados del trabajo en jóvenes y la emergencia del trabajo doméstico como una realidad que se ha intensificado también en el caso de las mujeres jóvenes; constituyendo estos los hallazgos preliminares del estudio.

Resumo: O artigo apresenta avanços da pesquisa em andamento sobre as experiências e percepções dos jovens sobre o trabalho no contexto da crise social e sanitária, atravessada pela revolta de outubro e o surto da atual pandemia de COVID-19. Foram aplicadas entrevistas semiestruturadas em formato virtual a jovens com experiência profissional. Através de uma análise de conteúdo, procuramos relevar as percepções mais comuns, tais como a busca de independência da família, os diferentes significados do trabalho nos jovens e a emergência do trabalho doméstico como uma realidade que também se intensificou no caso das mulheres jovens; constituindo as descobertas preliminares do estudo.

ABSTRACT Background: Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare and underdiagnosed entity. Aim: To characterize patients with AL amyloidosis in Chilean public health centers. Material and Methods: We conducted a retrospective, multicenter study. Public centers of the Chilean Monoclonal Gammopathies Cooperative Group were asked to search for patients with AL amyloidosis in their databases. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics were evaluated. Results: Forty-two patients aged 22 to 84 years were found. Twenty four percent had localized AL amyloidosis; 64% had a lambda light chain clone; 47% were associated with multiple myeloma and 9% with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The most commonly involved organ was the kidney (76%). Serum free light chains were measured in 31% and an echocardiogram was performed in 74% of patients. Seventeen percent of patients received only palliative care, 17% were treated with bortezomib, 21% with thalidomide, and 40% with melphalan. No patient was transplanted. The mean overall survival (OS) of the group was 19 months. The 5-year OS was 28%. Conclusions: It is important to obtain these realistic, national data to initiate strategies to improve early diagnosis and proper management of this disease.

La amiloidosis AL es una entidad poco frecuente y subdiagnosticada. Mientras todo el mundo discute sobre las nuevas herramientas diagnósticas y terapéuticas, en Chile y en América Latina en general, estamos lejos de esa realidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar a los pacientes con amiloidosis AL en centros del sistema público de nuestro país. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, multicéntrico, descriptivo. Los centros públicos del grupo cooperativo hematológico chileno buscaron en sus bases de datos pacientes diagnosticados con amiloidosis AL. Se evaluaron las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y de laboratorio. La edad media fue de 65 años. A 24% de los pacientes se les diagnosticó amiloidosis AL localizada; 64% tuvo paraproteína con cadena ligera lambda; 47% se asoció con mieloma múltiple y 9% con linfoma no Hodgkin. El órgano afectado con mayor frecuencia fue el riñón (76%). Las cadenas ligeras libres de suero se realizaron en 31% y ecocardiograma en 74%. El 17% recibió solo cuidados paliativos, 17% recibió tratamiento con bortezomib, 21% con talidomida y 40% con melfalán. Ningún paciente fue trasplantado. La media de sobrevida global (SG) del grupo fue de 19 meses. La SG a 5 años fue de 28%. Es importante reportar estos resultados nacionales para iniciar estrategias que mejoren tanto el diagnóstico temprano como el tratamiento de esta patología. Por lo tanto, mejorar la sospecha diagnóstica es crucial.

Resumo A incorporação massiva de estudantes ao ensino superior na América Latina implica num desafio, devido à grande presença de alunos vulneráveis, que têm uma alta probabilidade de não terminarem seus estudos. Os avanços nas estratégias e ações de retenção, após quatro décadas de desenvolvimento teórico-práticos nessa área, geraram sistemas de alerta antecipado, objetivando detectá-los em tempo hábil e adotar medidas que reduzam significativamente o risco de abandono. O texto, de natureza documental, entra no marco das crescentes iniciativas de retenção, sistematizando alguns de seus avanços como desafios da implementação dessas iniciativas.

Abstract The massive incorporation of students into higher education in Latin America implies a challenge, due to the large presence of vulnerable students, related to a high probability of not finishing their studies. The advances in strategies and actions for retention, after four decades of theoretical-practical development in this area, have generated early warning systems to detect these students in a timely manner and to adopt measures that significantly reduce their risk of abandonment. The text, of a documentary nature, goes into the framework of the growing initiatives for retention, systematizing some of its progress and the challenges of implementing these initiatives.

Resumen La incorporación masiva de estudiantes a la educación superior en Latinoamérica conlleva el desafío, dada la gran presencia de estudiantes vulnerables, que derivan en una alta probabilidad de no finalizar sus estudios. Los avances en estrategias y acciones pro retención, tras cuatro décadas de desarrollo teórico-práctico de este ámbito, han dado origen a sistemas de alerta temprana para identificarles oportunamente y adoptar medidas que reduzcan su riesgo de abandono. El texto, de carácter documental, se adentra en el marco de las crecientes iniciativas pro retención, sistematizando algunos de sus avances como de los retos de la implementación de estas iniciativas.

Background: Industrial wastewaters with a high content of nitrogen are a relevant environmental problem. Currently, treatments to remove nitrogen are not efficient, so is necessary to develop alternative methods. The objective of this study is to investigate a consortium of microalgae - nitrifying, that due to the symbiosis between them could be an interesting alternative. Results: In this study, it was possible to obtain a consortium of nitrifying bacteria (NB) and microalgae (MA) capable of operating with low requirements of dissolved oxygen, using aerobic sludge from wastewater treatment plants. During the operation, this consortium presents removal percentages above 98% of ammonia, even at concentrations of DO of 0.5 mg O2 L-1. It is estimated that the removal was caused both by the action of nitrifying bacteria and microalgae. It was determined that approximately 60% of the ammonia feed was oxidized to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria, while the algae assimilated 40% of the nitrogen feed at steady state. A methodology for measuring the specific activities of nitrifying bacteria and microalgae by comparing the rates in the variation inorganic nitrogen compounds was established with satisfactory results. An average specific activity of 0.05 and 0.02 g NH4 + gVSS-1 d-1 for nitrifying bacteria and microalgae was determined, respectively. Conclusions: The consortium it can be obtained in a single continuous operation, and has a high capacity for nitrogen removal with low oxygen content. The consortium could prove to be a more economical method compared to traditional.

This article discusses the river-lake route via Presidente Ríos lake, which would facilitate connectivity to and from more southern latitudes, across the Taitao Peninsula in what is now the Aysén Region. The route runs north-west of more frequented -and better documented- routes via San Rafael Lagoon, the Ofqui Isthmus and the Lúcac and San Tadeo Rivers. The analysis is based on historical and ethnographical information, and its purpose is to report on a specific line of research on later movement itineraries in western insular Patagonia.

En este artículo se discute la ruta fluvio-lacustre por el lago Presidente Ríos, que facilitaba la conectividad hacia y desde latitudes más australes, a través de la península de Taitao, en la actual región de Aysén. Dicha ruta se encuentra emplazada hacia el noroeste de los tramos más frecuentados -y mejor documentados- por la Laguna San Rafael, el Istmo de Ofqui y los ríos Lúcac y San Tadeo. El análisis se basa en información histórica y etnográfica, y su propósito es dar cuenta de una línea de investigación específica sobre los itinerarios de desplazamiento tardíos en Patagonia insular occidental.

Se enfoca la temática de la retención de estudiantes en la educación superior chilena, esencialmente referida al nivel universitario, describiendo la arquitectura del sistema y los procesos de selección implementados, para, en función de estos antecedentes, dimensionar el problema y revisar las medidas más recurrentes de mitigación de sus efectos negativos. Se concluye con orientaciones de políticas para el sistema.

This article focuses on the issue of student retention in higher education in Chile, particularly at the university level. It describes the system architec-ture and the selection processess implemented. Based on this background information, it measures the problem and reviews the extent of recurrent negative mitigation. The article concludes with policy guidelines for the system.

A start-up strategy was presented and evaluated to obtain a well-established biofilm in a gas lift-reactor capable both for the removal of organic matter and sulphate. Pumice stone was used as material support. The influence of shear forces, given by the biogas recirculation, the effect of the COD/SO4-2 ratio and the OLRs increase were evaluated on the reactor performance. From the first stages, cell colonization was observed along with the presence of extracellular polymeric substances. The COD and sulphate removal was over 70%, for all conditions. The increase of gas flow did not have an adverse effect on biofilm development even though there was some detachment. Specific methanogenic activity of the biofilm increased along the experiments. Operational parameters as alkalinity and alkalinity ratio were within the recommended values for the operation with sulphate-rich wastewater. For gas-lift reactors operation it becomes fundamental to have a suitable start-up strategy that takes into account the initial biofilm development from a non-acclimatized biomass.

O artigo analisa as políticas de gestão do ensino obrigatório no Chile ao se cumprir aproximamente duas décadas do projeto educacional vigente que logrou progressos importantes em matéria de cobertura e implementação, porém não foram equivalentes seus avanços em relação à qualidade da educação mesmo sabendo-se que nas comparações internacionais o Chile melhora sua posição relativa. O texto faz um diagnóstico do problema, cujo núcleo central está constituído pela tensão entre a lógica do mercado com a qual opera o financiamento escolar e a lógica dos direitos à educação que se buscou implantar. Este caminho está praticamente esgotado e depois de duas décadas de tentativas demanda uma mudança profunda no modo de planejar e implementar as políticas de gestão da educação obrigatória no Chile. O artigo releva o peso da desigualdade social para o alcance dos objetivos pedagógicos do sistema escolar público chileno, analisa as dificuldades institucionais e, finalmente, avalia alguns pontos críticos, gerando proposições para a busca de soluções.

This article discusses the compulsory education management policies in Chile assembled in the next two decades of the current educational project, which has achieved significant progress in terms of coverage and budget increase, but it has not had the same progress in the quality of education, although Chile had improved its international position . The text raises a diagnostic problem, which core consists of the tension between the logic of the market that finances the school and the logic of education as a civil right which they eagerly sought to implement. This road is almost dried after two decades of demanding changes in the way they design and implement the compulsory education management policies in Chile. This article highlights the weight of social inequality in achieving the educational objectives of the Chilean public schools system, analyzes the institutional difficulties, and finally assesses some critical points to generate proposals to create solutions.

El artículo analiza las políticas de gestión de la enseñanza obligatoria en Chile al cumplirse próximamente dos décadas del proyecto educacional vigente, el cual ha logrado progresos importantes en materia de cobertura e incremento presupuestario, pero no han sido equivalentes sus avances en la calidad de la educación, pese a que en las comparaciones internacionales Chile mejora su posición relativa. El texto levanta un diagnostico del problema, cuyo núcleo central está constituido por la tensión entre la lógica del mercado con la cual opera el financiamiento escolar y la lógica de los derechos ciudadanos de educación que se ha buscado afanosamente implantar. Este camino está prácticamente agotado y tras dos décadas de forzar su andar demanda un cambio profundo en la manera cómo se diseña e implementan las políticas de gestión de educación obligatoria en Chile. El artículo releva el peso de la desigualdad social en el logro de los objetivos pedagógicos del sistema escolar público chileno, analiza las dificultades institucionales y, finalmente, evalúa algunos puntos críticos, generando proposiciones para la búsqueda de soluciones.

In this work, an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was operated for 8 months to treat low strength sewage with high suspended organic matter content. Three phases of operation with increasing organic loading rates (OLR) were performed: 0.4 kg COD/m³ x d (phase I), 0 .8 kg COD/m³ x d (phase II) and 1.2 kg COD/m³ x d (phase III). Adequate stability parameters (pH, total alkalinity) were obtained through all three experimental phases. During phases I and II, the removal efficiencies of organic matter (expressed as total chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids ranged between 50-60%. However, these values decreased to 15-25% in phase III. In addition, a non-complex model, including hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis, was applied to predict the reactor behavior.

The aim of this study is to establish the predictive value of the seminal parameters in the result of intrauterine insemination in couples with male factor infertility. A retrospective study of cycles in couples with male factor between January 1998 and March 2002 is analyzed. A total of four hundred twenty three intrauterine insemination cycles for male factor on 193 patients were studied. The overall pregnancy per cycle was 14,2%. Time of infertility and sperm morphology showed a good predictive value for a successful pregnancy. In conclusion seminal parameters by themselves have no predictive value on the result of intrauterine insemination

Se presenta un análisis retrospectivo de ciclos de inseminación intrauterina efectuados por factor masculino entre Enero de 1998 y Marzo de 2002. El objetivo fue evaluar el valor predictivo de los parámetros seminales en el resultado de la inseminación intrauterina tanto en la muestra nativa como en la separación espermática. Se analizaron 423 ciclos de inseminación intrauterina por factor masculino en 193 pacientes, con una tasa de embarazo por ciclo de un 14,2%. Sólo el tiempo de infertilidad y la morfología espermática resultaron ser variables con diferencias significativas entre el grupo con y sin embarazo. Concluimos que los parámetros espermáticos no constituyen por sí solos elementos predictores del resultado de la inseminación intrauterina

We present 6 patients with retrograde ejaculation who were treated at the Reproductive Medicine Unit of Clinica Alemana discussing it's etiology, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic alternatives

Presentamos una serie de 6 pacientes con eyaculación retrógrada tratados en la Unidad de Medicina Reproductiva de Clínica Alemana discutiendo su etiología, criterios diagnósticos y alternativas terapéuticas

We performed a retrospective study in obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermic patients in which spermatozooa had been recovered through testicular biopsy (TESE). The main objective was to compare the results of assisted reproductive technique using fresh testicular spermatozoa and frozen-thawed testicular spermatozoa. From a total of 18 cycles in 13 patients, 7 were done with sperm-injected oocyte fallopian transfer (SOFT) and 11 with ICSI and uterine embryo transfer. Fresh spermatozoa were used in 4 patients in the SOFT group and frozen-thawed spermatozoa in 3 patients resulting in 3 and 1 clinical pregnancy respectively. In the ICSI group, 9 cycles used fresh spermatozoa obtaining three prergnancies and two frozen-thawed achieving 1 pregnancy. The fertilization rate was calculed considering only the cycles with uterine embryo transfer resulting in 78% for fresh sperm and 57.14% for frozen-thawed. The pregnancy rate per cycle was 38.46% and 40% for fresh and frozen-thawed sperm respectively. We conclude that the use of frozen thawed testicular sperm for ICSI in azoospermic patients shows comparable results to fresh testicular sperm being an iinvaluable tool for the management of this pathology

Se realiza un análisis retrospectivo de los casos de pacientes azoospérmicos obstructivos y no obstructivos en los cuales se recuperó espermatozoides mediante TESE con el objetivo de comparar los resultados de fecundación asistida utilizando espermatozoides testiculares frescos y criopreservados-descongelados. De un total de 18 ciclos realizados en 13 pacientes, 7 correspondieron a microinyección con transferencia inmediata a la trompa (SOFT) y 11 a ICSI con cultivo y transferencia uterina. En 4 pacientes que fueron sometidas a SOFT se empleó espermatozoides frescos resultando en 2 embarazos y en 3 pacientes espermios congelados-descongelados obteniéndose un embarazo. Con respecto a los ciclos de ICSI con transferencia uterina, 9 se practicaron con espermios frescos obteniendo 3 embarazos y 2 con espermatozoides congelados lográndose una gestión. La tasa de fertilización se calculó considerando sólo aquellos ciclos con transferencia uterina siendo de un 78% para los espermios frescos y de un 57,14% para los congelados. Las tasas de embarazo por ciclo fueron de 38,46% y 40% para los espermios frescos y congelados respectivamente. Se concluye que la utilización de espermios testiculares criopreservados-descongelados para ICSI en pacientes azoospérmicos demuestra resultados comparables a los obtenidos con espermios testiculares frescos constituyendo una herramienta invaluable en el manejo de esta patología