Resumo O estudo da diversidade genética de Theobroma speciosum é importante, pois pode ser utilizado em programas de melhoramento, uma vez que a espécie está intimamente relacionada a espécies de grande valor econômico, como Theobroma cacao (cacau) e Theobroma grandiflorum (cupuaçu). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a diversidade genética intra e interpopulacional de Theobroma speciosum em populações naturais na Amazônia brasileira. Foram selecionados e genotipados 90 indivíduos de T. speciosum provenientes de quatro populações situadas em diferentes estados da Amazônia Legal. Os dados foram obtidos por meio da análise de microssatélite e a diversidade genética foi caracterizada através do número de alelos, número de alelos privados, índice de fixação e heterozigosidade observada e esperada. A análise bayesiana, a AMOVA e PCOa foram utilizadas para revelar a estrutura genética molecular das populações, através dos programas Structure e GenAIEx 6.5, respectivamente. Todas as populações estudadas apresentaram níveis de diversidade gênica, contudo, as populações AUR, API e MAC apresentaram grande similaridade, enquanto a população de Rio Branco apresentou maior heterozigosidade e menor endogamia do que as outras, se tornando um ponto de refúgio na Amazônia, e a mais importante população para a conservação de T. speciosum.

Abstract The genetic diversity of Theobroma speciosum is important because its use in breeding programs, once the species is closely related to species of great economic value such as Theobroma cacao (cocoa) and Theobroma grandiflorum (cupuaçu). Thus, the objective of this work is to characterize the intra and interpopulational genetic diversity of Theobroma speciosum in natural populations in the Brazilian Amazon. Ninety individuals of T. speciosum from four populations localized in different states of legal Amazon were selected and genotyped. The data were obtained by fluorescence microsatellite analysis and the number of alleles, number of private alleles, fixation index, observed and expected heterozygosity were analyzed. Bayesian analysis, AMOVA and PCOa were used to reveal the molecular genetic structure of the populations, using the programs Structure and GenAIEx 6.5, respectively. All populations studied present great levels of gene diversity, although, there was a greater similarity among the AUR, API and MAC populations, while RBC population presented higher heterozygosity and less inbreeding than the others, becoming a possible refuge area in the Amazon, and the most important population for T. speciosum conservation.

Resumen Se evaluó el comportamiento de los extractos del duramen de tres especies latífoliadas: Handroanthus serratifolius, Centrolobium paraense y Tectona grandis frente a hongos de pudrición marrón y blanca. Se impregnaron bloques de albura de Pinus caribaea con extractos a tres niveles de concentración 0.2 % 1 % y 2 % (p/v). Los bloques tratados se expusieron la acción de Gloeophyllum trabeum y Trametes versicolor durante 16 semanas mediante el método de soil block, normas ASTM D 1413. Las soluciones al 1 % y 2 % fueron más eficientes en disminuir el ataque de los microorganismos de prueba. El extracto de H. serratifolius fue el más efectivo, seguido de C. paraense y con efectos más sutiles pero efectivos el extracto de T. grandis. Los resultados demostraron que los metabolitos secundarios del duramen son una fuente importante de moléculas bioactivas para el tratamiento de maderas menos resistentes como el P. caribaea.

Abstract The performance of heartwood extracts of three durable hardwood species Handroanthus serratifolius Centrolobium paraense y Tectona grandis on brown and white rotter fungi were investigated. Extract dosages were 0.2 % 1 % y 2 % (w/v). Treated blocks were exposed to G. trabeum and T. versicolor attack for 16 weeks by the soil block method using the procedure set out in ASTM D 1413. Only extract solutions of 1 % and 2 % were found more efficient in suppressing fungal attack. The extract of H. serratifolius was more effective, followed by C. paraense and with more subtle but effective effects with T. grandis. The results showed that the secondary metabolites of the heartwood are an important source of bioactive molecules for the treatment of less resistant woods such as P. caribaea.

Resumen Las especies nativas de Theobroma, como cacauhy, están perdiendo su hábitat debido a la intensa fragmentación forestal en la región amazónica. Por lo tanto, preservar la diversidad genética ha sido el objetivo principal de la mayoría de los programas de conservación. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si la fragmentación y la reducción del hábitat afectan la estructura genética y causan la pérdida de diversidad genética en poblaciones naturales de Theobroma speciosum. El estudio se realizó en dos localidades del estado de Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso, Brasil, en el municipio de Apiacás, se consideró una población natural de T. speciosum sin influencia antrópica, ubicada en el Parque Nacional Juruena (JNP) y en el municipio De Alta Floresta se analizó una población compuesta por individuos de tres parques forestales urbanos antropizados (UF). Fueron muestreadas las hojas de 75 individuos de T. speciosum de los fragmentos de bosque urbano y 100 individuos del Parque Nacional de Juruena. Los nueve loci microsatélites mostraron altos niveles de polimorfismo entre las categorías (adultos y sub-adultos) en ambas poblaciones. En la población media, los individuos sub-adultos fragmentados de la población (UF) mostraron un mayor valor de f (0.71), mientras que la categoría de población preservada (JNP) presentó valores iguales entre sí (0.69). El análisis de la varianza molecular mostró que la mayoría de la diversidad genética está dentro de las categorías (83 %), mientras que el 16 % se encuentra entre la población y sólo el 1 % entre las categorías. Aunque los efectos fueron pequeños, si el proceso de fragmentación persistente puede aumentar los niveles de endogamia y facilitar la acción de la deriva genética. En el curso de varias generaciones, estos efectos pueden conducir a la depresión endogámica, la pérdida de diversidad y la alteración de la estructura genética de poblaciones de T. speciosum.

Abstract Native Theobroma species, such as cacauhy, are losing their habitat due to the intense forest fragmentation in the Amazon region, and preserving their genetic diversity has been the focus of many conservation programs. The aim of the present study is to assess whether fragmentation and habitat reduction affect its genetic structure and lead to genetic diversity losses in natural Theobroma speciosum populations. The study was conducted in two Mato Grosso State (Brazil) locations: Apiacás and Alta Floresta counties. Juruena National Park (JNP) in Apiacás County holds a natural T. speciosum population that has not suffered anthropic influences. A population composed of individuals from three anthropized urban forest parks (UF) in Alta Floresta County was analyzed for comparison. The leaves of 75 T. speciosum individuals distributed in the urban forest fragments and of 100 individuals found in the Juruena National Park were sampled. All nine microsatellite loci showed high polymorphism levels between categories (adults and sub-adults), in both populations. The sub-adult individuals of the fragmented area had a higher value (0.71), and the preserved population, the same value (0.69). The analysis of molecular variance showed 83 % genetic diversity within categories; 16 %, between populations; and only 1 %, between categories. Although the effects were small, a persistent fragmentation process can increase inbreeding and facilitate genetic drift, leading T. speciosum populations to inbreeding depression and loss of diversity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 218-226. Epub 2018 March 01.

Abstract From the economic point of view, genetic improvement is one of the best options to fight karnal bunt caused by Tilletia indica fungus. Cystatin is a family of protease inhibitory proteins whose expression patterns may explain an effective resistance mechanism to karnal bunt. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the resistance/susceptibility of bread wheat lines (Triticum aestivum) and durum (T. turgidum ssp. durum) to T. indica and to determine the relative expression levels of cystatin genes; as well as to determine the correlation of that expression with phenotypic resistance. A trial with 9 lines of wheat flour and 9 lines of durum wheat with different degrees of resistance was established. Thirty spikes per line with allantoic sporidia were inoculated and the percentage of infection determined. The cystatin genes (Wheat Cystatin) WC1, WC3 and WC5 were amplified by real-time PCR to quantify the normalized expression (ΔCt) of cystatin. The correlation coefficient was then obtained for normalized expression and percentage of infection. The percentages of infection were within the range of 15.85% to 36.78% in wheat flour and from 0.19% to 54.87% in durum wheat. Furthermore, normalized levels of cystatin expression were comparatively higher in resistant lines (p> 0.05). Significant correlation coefficients (p< 0.05) of WC3 and WC5 genes during all stages of sampling were shown, highlighting in vegetative (0.969), boot stage (0.841) and post-anthesis (-0.789) stages.

Resumen Desde el punto de vista económico, el mejoramiento genético es una de las mejores opciones para combatir al carbón parcial causado por el hongo Tilletia indica. Las cistatinas son una familia de proteínas inhibidoras de proteasas cuyos patrones de expresión podrían explicar un mecanismo eficaz de resistencia a carbón parcial. Los objetivos fueron evaluar la resistencia/susceptibilidad de líneas de trigo harinero (Triticum aestivum) y cristalino (T. turgidum ssp. durum) a T. indica y determinar los niveles de expresión relativa de genes de cistatinas; así como, determinar la correlación de dicha expresión con la resistencia fenotípica. Se estableció un ensayo con nueve líneas de trigo harinero y nueve líneas de trigo cristalino con diferentes grados de resistencia. Se inocularon 30 espigas por línea con esporidios alantoides y se determinó el porcentaje de infección. Los genes de cistatinas (Wheat Cystatin) WC1, WC3 y WC5 fueron amplificados mediante PCR en tiempo real para cuantificar la expresión normalizada (ΔCt) de cistatinas. Posteriormente se obtuvo el coeficiente de correlación para la expresión normalizada y el porcentaje de infección. Los porcentajes estuvieron dentro de los rangos de 15.85% a 36.78% en trigo harinero y de 0.19% a 54.87% en trigo cristalino. Además, los niveles de expresión normalizada de cistatinas fueron comparativamente mayores en líneas resistentes (p> 0.05). Se presentaron coeficientes de correlación significativos (p< 0.05) de los genes WC3 y WC5 durante todas las etapas de muestreo, destacándose en estado vegetativo (0.969), embuche (0.841) y post-antesis (-0.789).

RESUMO A análise dos padrões de distribuição espacial é uma ferramenta muito utilizada para entender o comportamento ecológico das espécies, pois embasa estratégias de manejo e influencia na estrutura populacional. Com o objetivo de estudar a estrutura horizontal das espécies T. speciosum (Cacauí) e T. subincanum (Cupuí), , foi implementada uma grade de 200 x 160 m, dividida em 40 subparcelas de 20 x 40 m no Parque Nacional do Juruena - Mato Grosso. Nestas parcelas foram mensurados todos os indivíduos que apresentaram DAP > 1 cm. Os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: número de indivíduos; densidade; altura total; área basal; distribuição diamétrica e distribuição espacial. A pesquisa amostrou 165 árvores de T. speciosum (51.56 ind.ha-1) e 34 de T. subincanum (10.62 ind.ha-1) com diâmetro médio de 6.72 e 12.44 cm respectivamente. Em relação à distribuição espacial, T. speciosum apresentou padrão de distribuição agregado, enquanto T. subincanum padrão aleatório. A distribuição diamétrica de T. speciosum seguiu uma distribuição exponencial em forma de "J" invertido, comportamento esperado para um ambiente florestal com pouca pressão antrópica, já T. subincanum não seguiu o mesmo padrão, entretanto as espécies demonstraram estar bem estabelecidas na área, com número de indivíduos significativo em todas as classes diamétricas, assim, os resultados apontam a importância de áreas de conservação como forma instituída para salvaguardar ambientes naturais das pressões exercidas por diferentes ações antrópicas e também a necessidade de estudos na região do bioma amazônico.

ABSTRACT Analysis of the spatial distribution is a very useful tool to understand the ecological behavior of the species in that it provides information that underlies management strategies and influences the population structure. To study the horizontal structure of the species T. speciosum (Cacaui) and T. subincanum (Cupui) in the "Parque Nacional do Juruena", Mato Grosso state, a 200 x 160 m grid was implemented and divided into 40 adjacent 20 x 40 m subplots. All individuals of the species under study that had DBH > 1 cm were measured. The following parameters were analyzed: number of individuals, density, total height, basal area, diametric distribution, and spatial distribution. The research sampled 165 T. speciosum trees (51.56 ind.ha-1) and 34 T. subincanum (10.62 ind.ha-1), with an average diameter of 6.72 cm and 12.44 respectively, the T. speciosum individuals showed an aggregated distribution pattern, while the T. subincanum individuals presented a random pattern. The diametric distribution of T. speciosum followed an exponential distribution in a reverse-J shaped pattern, behavior expected for a forest environment with little anthropic pressure, while T. subincanum did not follow the same pattern, though the species demonstrated to be well established in the area, with significant number of individuals in all diameter classes, thus,the results indicate the importance of conservation areas established in order to safeguard the natural environment from the pressures of anthropic actions, and also the need for studies in the region of the Amazon biome.

ResumenLa cuantificación de la estructura de la diversidad genética e genética intrapoblacional espacial (SGS) de especies de árboles son importantes en las prácticas de conservación ex situ. En este estudio se busca determinar la importancia de las unidades de conservación mediante la cuantificación de la diversidad genética y la estructura espacial de una población natural de Theobroma speciosum. Dentro de esta población, a 49 adultos y 51 subadultos se les analizó el genotipo para cinco microsatélites loci. Los resultados mostraron que los adultos y subadultos tienen niveles similares de diversidad genética y endogamia (adultos: A= 10.4, Ae = 10.3, F= 0.68; subadultos: A= 10.6, Ae = 10.6, F= 0.57). La diversidad genética detectada fue estructurada espacialmente dentro de la población y los árboles vecinos hasta una distancia de 70 m estaban probablemente relacionados. Esta SGS es probablemente el resultado de la dispersión de semillas de corta distancia. El establecimiento de unidades de conservación permanentes como el Parque Nacional Juruena mostró que las áreas de conservación son herramientas valiosas en la preservación de la diversidad genética en las poblaciones naturales. Debido a la alta densidad demográfica de la especie y el tamaño del área de estudio, así como el elevado número promedio de alelos por locus y la presencia de alelos raros, creemos que la población de estudio es un excelente recurso para la conservación genética in situ de T. speciosum y también es un recurso útil de germoplasma para la recolección de conservación ex situ y la semilla, ya sea para programas de mejoramiento utilizados en la restauración de áreas degradadas o mejora de los bosques.

Abstract:The quantification of genetic diversity and intrapopulation spatial genetic structure (SGS) of tree species are important aspects for in and ex situ conservation practices. In this study we seek to understand the importance of conservation areas by quantifying the genetic diversity and the spatial genetic structure of a natural population of Theobroma speciosum. Within this population, 49 adults and 51 subadults were genotyped for five microsatellite loci. The results showed that adults and subadults have similar levels of genetic diversity and inbreeding (adults: A= 10.4, Ae = 10.3, F= 0.68, subadults: A= 10.6, Ae= 10.6, F= 0.57). Genetic diversity was spatially structured within the population, and the results suggest that near-neighbor trees up to a distance of 70 m are likely related. SGS is likely the result of short-distance seed dispersal, the short-distance range of pollinators, and infrequent breaches of the self-incompatible mating system. Considering the high demographic density of the species and size of the study area, as well as the high average number of alleles per locus and the presence of rare alleles, we believe that the study population is an excellent resource for in situ genetic conservation of T. speciosum. The study area is also a useful resource for collecting germplasm for ex situ conservation and seed collection, either for breeding programs used in the restoration of degraded areas or forest improvement. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1091-1099. Epub 2016 September 01.

RESUMO: Quinze primers ISSR (entre sequências simples repetidas) foram utilizados para avaliar a diversidade genética entre e dentro de pomares comerciais de Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum. Para isso, foram analisados sessenta indivíduos, distribuídos nos três cultivos. Um total de 102 bandas foi amplificado, com uma porcentagem de 52,0% de polimorfismo em nível de espécie e média de 6,8 alelos por primer ISSR. A média do Índice de Conteúdo Polimórfico (PIC) foi de 0,55. Em relação aos índices de diversidade gênica de Nei (H) e de Shannon (I), os cultivos analisados apresentaram os valores: SAR H = 0,114 e I = 0,177; SSL H = 0,108 e I = 0,162 e SEC H = 0,104 e I = 0,156, considerados valores de moderados a baixos. A AMOVA revelou 34,91% da variância total entre os cultivos e 65,09% dentro deles. Os marcadores moleculares ISSR revelaram que há diversidade genética dentro de cada cultivo comercial estudado, portanto é possível selecionar genótipos superiores que poderão ser utilizados para originar cultivos mais uniformes. Esse resultado tem sido considerado de grande relevância, por fornecer ferramentas para a implementação de programas de melhoramento e delineamento de estratégias de conservação ex situ e in situ.

ABSTRACT: Fifteen ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) primers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity among and within commercial crops of T. grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum. For this, 60 specimens were analyzed, distributed in three crops. A total of 102 bands were amplified, with a polymorphism percentage of 52.0% at species level and an average of 6.8 alleles per ISSR primer. The average for polymorphism information content (PIC) index was 0.55. In relation to the genetic diversity index of Nei (H), and Shannon (I), crops analyzed showed the following values: : SAR H = 0,114 e I = 0,177; SSL H = 0,108 e I = 0,162 e SEC H = 0,104 e I = 0,156, considered moderate to low values. AMOVA showed 34.91% of total variance among the crops, and 65.09% within them. The ISSR molecular markers revealed that there is genetic diversity within each commercial crops studied, thus is possible to select superior genotypes that can be used to give more uniform crops. This result has been considered of great relevance, to provide tools for breding implementation programs and design conservation strategies ex situ and in situ.

Objetivos: este estudio tiene el objetivo valorar el efecto del tratamiento preventivo con hierro en niños anémicos sobre la probabilidad de convulsiones febriles. Métodos: estudio aleatorizado realizado en el Hospital del Niño Manuel Ascencio Villarroel desde enero del 2010 a diciembre del 2012, que incluyó a 205 niños con anemia. De estos, 68 convulsionaron por fiebre, y 98 presentaron convulsiones por otra causa evidente, por lo que fueron excluidos del estudio. Se escogió como control un grupo de 40 niños a los que se administró tratamiento preventivo con hierro glicinato quelato. A todos los niños se les determinó los niveles de hemoglobina (Hb), hematocrito (Hto), volumen corpuscular medio (VCM), HCM y el número de episodios convulsivos. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS versión 16. Se realizó Prueba de hipótesis por la t de student. El análisis de correlación utilizado fue el bivariado y univa-riado de Pearson y para variables cualitativas Chi cuadrado. Umbral de significancia p<0,05. Resultados: El grupo estudio tenía 18,6±13,6 meses de edad, HB de 10,6 ± 1,1mg/dl, fiebre 38,9 ± 0,4°C, el 89 % de este grupo no recibió tratamiento preventivo y presentó convulsiones febriles; 20% convulsionaron en dos oportunidades, mientras que en el grupo control la edad fue de 18,0 ± 7,8 meses; HB de 11,97 ±0,4, temperatura de 37,9°C ± 0,4, (p<0,01). Este grupo recibió tratamiento preventivo con hierro, no presentaron convulsiones. El aporte de hierro en el GE fue de 1,4% (n=1), recibió hierro antes de convulsión, el 10% (n=7) recibía hierro en forma discontinua o parcial y no recibió hierro en ninguna forma 89% (n=61) Cuando se compararon medias, las diferencias fueron significativas (p<0,001) para Hb, Hto, VCM, hemoglobina corpuscular media y temperatura entre grupos. Las correlaciones hematológicas en el grupo estudio fueron significativas entre convulsión, Hb, Hto (r=0,569, p<0,001). Las infecciones frecuentes fueron las faringitis 54,4% (n=29), que tuvieron a la vez niveles bajos de hemoglobina. Conclusiones: en niños anémicos no tratados preventivamente con hierro, la probabilidad de presentar eventos convulsivos por fiebre es mayor.

Objectives: this study aimed to evaluate the effect of preventive treatment with iron in anemic children on the probability of febrile seizures. Methods: a randomized study in the Hospital del Niño Manuel Ascencio Villarroel from January 2010 to December 2012, which included 205 children with anemia. Of these, 68 convulsed by fever, and 98 had other obvious cause seizures, so they were excluded from the study. Was chosen as a control group of 40 children who received preventive treatment with iron glycinate chelate. All children were determined hemoglobin levels, hemotocrito, MCV, MCHC, and the number of seizures. For statistical analysis we used SPSS version 16. Hypothesis testing was performed by the Student t. Correlation analysis was used bivariate and univariate Pearson chi-square for qualitative variables. Threshold of significance p < 0.05. Results: the study group was 18.6 ± 13.6 months of age, HB of 10.6 ± 1.1 mg / dl, fever 38.9 ± 0.4 ° C, 89% of this group received no preventive treatment and presented febrile seizures, 20% convulsed twice, while in the control group age was 18.0 ± 7.8 months; HB 11.97 ± 0.4, temperature of 37.9 ° C ± 0.4 , (p <0.01). This group received preventive treatment with iron, had no seizures. Iron uptake in EG was 1.4% (n = 1) received before seizure iron, 10% (n = 7) receiving iron in a batch or partial and iron in any form received 89% (n = 61) When comparing averages, the differences were significant (p < 0.001) for Hb, Hct, MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and temperature between groups. Hematologic correlations in the study group were significant between seizure, Hb, hematocrit (r = 0.569, p < 0.001). Frequent infections pharyngitis were 54.4% (n = 29) which had both low hemoglobin levels. Conclusions: in preventively untreated anemic children with iron, the probability of seizure events by fever is greater.

Abstract: The microbiological effect of the secondary metabolites developed as mechanism of passive defense, in the wood of the species Puy (Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl.) Nicholson), Zapatero (Peltogyne porphyrocardia Griseb.), Algarrobo (Hymenaea courbaril L.) and Cartan (Centrolubium paraense Tul. var. orinocense Benth) was evaluated under laboratory conditions, against two common microorganisms that cause deterioration on the wood G. traveum and T. versicolor. Antifungal assay was carried out using the agar dilution method with superficial inoculation. Solvents, like acetone, ethanol and water, of different polarity were evaluated for the recovery of the extractives. Malt extract agar was used in the antifungal assay at concentration of 0,05%, 0,1% and 0,2% (v/v). The growth inhibition was used as a measure to evaluate the effectiveness of the natural chemical product. Results of the preliminary evaluation demonstrated that all the evaluated extracts present biological activity associated with the microorganisms test. The antifungal activity of the soluble extract in water, sustains that it is the most tolerant for the microorganisms that deteriorate wood. This may be attributed to the presence of organic materials called heartwood´s sugar. The acetonic and ethanolic extracts showed to have the capacity to extract the higher quantity of active biologically compound of the heartwood of the species, producing higher growth inhibition of the microorganisms used in the study.

Resumen: Se determinó en condiciones de laboratorio el efecto microbiológico de los metabolitos secundarios, desarrollados como mecanismo de defensa pasiva, en la madera de las especies Puy (Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl.) Nicholson), Zapatero (Peltogyne porphyrocardia Griseb.), Algarrobo (Hymenaea courbaril L.) y Cartan (Centrolubium paraense Tul. var. orinocense Benth), frente a dos de los más comunes microorganismos que causan deterioro de la madera G. traveum y T. versicolor. El ensayo microbiológico se realizó empleando el método de dilución en gel con inoculación superficial en placa. Se evaluaron tres tipos de solventes de diferente polaridad para la recuperación de los extractivos (acetona, etanol y agua). Se empleó agar extracto de malta como medio de cultivo a tres niveles de concentración de extractivo (0,05%, 0,1% y 0,2% v/v). La inhibición del crecimiento, fue utilizada como una medida para evaluar la efectividad del producto químico natural. Los resultados obtenidos de la evaluación preliminar demostraron que todos los extractos evaluados presentan actividad biológica asociada con los microorganismos de prueba. El perfil de la actividad antifúngica del extracto soluble en agua, sostiene que es el más tolerable por los microorganismos que deterioran la madera, posiblemente atribuido a la presencia de materiales orgánicos señalados como azúcares del duramen. Los extractos acetónicos y etanólicos demostraron tener la capacidad de extraer la mayor cantidad de compuestos biológicamente activos del duramen de las especies evaluadas, al producir elevados niveles de control en el crecimiento de los microorganismos empleados en el estudio.

O perfil do meclofenamato sódico, uma droga antiinflamatória não-esteroidal, foi determinado em seis bezerros pré-ruminantes após administração intravenosa e intramuscular na dose de 2,2mg/kg de peso vivo. As concentrações de meclofenamato foram medidas empregando-se cromatografía líquida de alta performance. A farmacocinética do meclofenamato sódico, após as administrações intravenosa e intramuscular, caracterizou-se por rápida fase de distribuição (t½alfa ), 15,45±4,85min e 23,14± 7,24min para a administração intravenosa e intramuscular, respectivamente, seguida por longa fase de eliminação (t½beta ), após a aplicação intramuscular (17,55±6,52h.). O volume aparente de distribuição (Vd) da administração intravenosa da droga foi moderado (0,72±0,12l/kg), e após um lapso da aplicação intramuscular, foi alta (3,51±1,05l/kg). Isso pode ser explicado pelo efeito flip-flop ou por evitar a via enteroépatica. A biodisponibilidade obtida após administração intramuscular foi de 61%.

The pharmacokinetic profile of sodium meclofenamate, a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, was determined in six pre-ruminant calves after intravenous and intramuscular administration at a dose of 2.2mg/kg of body weight. Meclofenamate concentrations were measured using a high performance liquid chromatography assay. The pharmacokinetics of sodium meclofenamate after intravenous and intramuscular administration to calves were characterised by a rapid distribution phase (t½alpha ), 15.45± 4.85min and 23.14± 7.24min for the intravenous and intramuscular administration, respectively, followed by a longer elimination phase (t½beta ) after intramuscular treatment (17.55± 6.52h.). The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) of the drug after intravenous administration was moderate (0.72± 0.12l/kg), and high (3.51± 1.05l/kg) after intramuscular administration. This can be explained by the flip-flop effect or by enterohepatic shunting. The bioavailability achieved after intramuscular administration was 61%.

Norfloxacin nicotinate (NN) is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent with a high antimicrobial activity against a very wide range of gram negative and a number of gram positive aerobes as well as most pathogenic mycoplasmas. Tissular and blood concentrations of a comercial preparation of NN (Vetantril-N", Vetanco) in pigs after oral administration were determined. The drug was diluted in distilled water and administered to ten healthy male pigs through a naso-esophagic tube at a daily dose of 18 mg/kg by five consecutive days. To adjust the dose each individual was weighed out before every administration. Animals were sacrificed in pairs at 24, 48, 96, 144 and 192 hours after last administration. Tissular (included fat, muscle, liver and kidney) and plasma samples were collected from each pig. NN concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography using UV detection. Results demonstrate good NN gastrointestinal absorption, with shorter persistance in plasma and fat, intermediate persistance in muscle and longer in liver and kidney, which should be taken into account when determining withdrawal times on this domestic specie.

Nicotinato de norfloxacina (NN) es una fluoroquinolona antibacteriana de elevada actividad antimicrobiana sobre un amplio rango de gérmenes gram negativos y ciertos gram positivos aeróbicos, así como también micoplasmas patógenos. Se determinaron las concentraciones plasmáticas y tisulares de una preparación comercial de NN (Vetantril-N". Vetanco) en cerdos administrada por vía oral. La droga se diluyó en agua destilada y fue administrada a diez cerdos machos clínicamente sanos mediante sonda naso-esofágica a una dosis diaria de 18 mg/kg. Cada individuo fue pesado antes de cada administración para ajustar la dosis. Los animales fueron sacrificados de a pares, a las 24, 48, 96, 144 y 192 horas posteriores a la última administración. Muestras de tejido (incluyendo grasa, músculo, hígado y riñón) y plasma se recogieron luego de la muerte de cada cerdo. Las concentraciones de NN fueron determinadas por cromatografía líquida de alta performance con detector UV. Los resultados demostraron buena absorción gastrointestinal de NN, con corta persistencia en plasma y grasa, intermedia en músculo y prolongada en hígado y riñón, lo cual debería considerarse para determinar tiempos de retirada para consumo en esta especie doméstica