This investigation describes the synthesis of eugenol analogs presenting 1,2,3-triazole fragments and evaluation of their antileishmanial activity. The alkylation of guaiacol (1) with allyl bromide afforded 1-(allyloxy)-2-methoxybenzene (2) (93% yield). The Claisen rearrangement conducted with 1 gave ortho eugenol (3) (82% yield). Alkylation procedures performed with 3 produced 1-allyl-3-methoxy-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)benzene (4) (73% yield) and 1-allyl-3-methoxy-2-(pent-4-yn-1-yloxy)benzene (6) (53% yield). The copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions involving alkynes 4 and 6 with different benzylic azides afforded twenty-two eugenol analogs with 1,2,3-triazole functionalities (48-93% yield). We screened the compounds at 10 μmol L 1 against Leishmania braziliensis intracellular amastigotes during macrophage infection. The action of these compounds was compared with the known leishmanicidal drug amphotericin B. None of the analogs were toxic to macrophages at 10 μmol L-1. The cytotoxic concentration at 50% (CC50), effective concentration at 50% (EC50), and selectivity index (SI) were determined to the best compounds 4-((2-allyl-6-methoxy)phenoxymethyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazole (8c) and 4-((2-allyl-6-methoxy)phenoxymethyl)-1-(4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazole (8h). They showed a significant leishmanicidal effect, with EC50 of 28.09 µmol L-1 (8c) and 52.03 µmol L-1 (8h). The SIs were 9.7 for 8c and > 5.7 for 8h. These compounds have the potential as new leishmanicidal agents against L. braziliensis and may represent a starting point for the development of alternative treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis.

The existence of neutron stars was suggested soon after the discovery of such particles, and it soon became clear that Newtonian physics was innapropriate to study such stars. The problem was initially addressed by Richard C. Tolman, whose results were used by J. Robert Oppenheimer and George M. Volkoff for the deduction of what is known as Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) equation. This equation represents the hydrostatic equilibrium of a sphere of perfect fluid in the relativistic regime and, when combined with a suitable equation of state, yields a mathematical model for neutron stars. This paper presents the deduction of the TOV equation in a detailed and didactic way, since the treatment of Einstein's equations of general relativity (GR) until the application to the case where the star is made up of a Fermi gas of degenerate neutrons, whence we can deduce that there is a maximum mass possible for such objects. Although today we know that the Fermi gas model is by itself unsuitable in this case, the analysis is interesting from the historic and didactic viewpoint, once it consists in a fairly simple example of application of an equation of state to the calculations of the structure of neutron stars.

A existência de estrelas de nêutrons foi conjecturada pouco tempo após a descoberta dessas partículas, e logo tornou-se claro que a física newtoniana era inadequada para se estudar tais estrelas. O problema foi inicialmente abordado por Richard C. Tolman, cujos resultados foram utilizados por J. Robert Oppenheimer e George M. Volkoff para a dedução do que se conhece como equação de Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV). Esta representa o equilíbrio hidrostático de uma esfera de fluido perfeito no regime relativístico e, ao ser combinada a uma equação de estado apropriada, produz um modelo matemático para estrelas de nêutrons. Este artigo apresenta a dedução da equação TOV de forma detalhada e didática, desde a resolução das equações de Einstein da relatividade geral (RG) até a aplicação ao caso em que a estrela é composta por um gás de Fermi de nêutrons degenerados, deduzindo-se daí que há uma massa máxima possível para tais objetos. Embora atualmente se saiba que o modelo de gás de Fermi seja por si só inadequado nessa situação, a análise é interessante do ponto de vista histórico e didático, pois consiste em um exemplo relativamente simples de aplicação de uma equação de estado aos cálculos da estrutura de estrelas de nêutrons.

Abstract The black aphid Aphis craccivora Koch is one of the main pests of the caupi-bean crop Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Due to the need to find effective and safe methods of control, there has been an increase in research seeking natural alternatives. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of essential oils from jatoba Hymenaea courbaril, copaiba Copaifera langsdorffii and aroeira Schinus terebinthifolius to control nymphs and adults of A. craccivora. The oils were extracted from the leaves by the hydrodistillation method, diluted to 0.1% in distilled water with 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Each treatment had four repetitions, plus a control with distilled water + 2% DMSO. The biotests were conducted in two stages: the first was conducted in the laboratory, under controlled conditions of temperature, relative humidity and photophase, and the second was conducted in the greenhouse, using only the treatment with the best laboratory test results. After 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours of exposure, the insect mortalities were checked. In the first phase of the experiment, the aroeira oil showed 83.33% and 75.75% efficiency of mortality in nymphs and adults, respectively. In the greenhouse tests, this same oil showed 73.52% in nymphs and 62.85% in adults, opening new perspectives regarding its use as a natural insecticide for the control of the black aphid of the bean.

Resumo O pulgão preto Aphis craccivora Koch é uma das principais pragas da cultura do feijão-caupi Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Em virtude da necessidade de encontrar métodos eficazes e seguros de controle, tem-se aumentado as pesquisas buscando alternativas naturais. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial dos óleos essenciais de jatobá Hymenaea courbaril, copaíba Copaifera langsdorffii e aroeira Schinus terebinthifolius para controlar ninfas e adultos de A. craccivora. Os óleos foram extraídos das folhas pelo método de hidrodestilação, diluídos a 0,1% em água destilada com Dimetilsufóxido a 2% (DMSO). Cada tratamento possuiu quatro repetições, além da testemunha com água destilada + DMSO 2%. Os biotestes foram conduzidos em duas etapas: a primeira foi realizada em laboratório, sob condições controladas de temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e fotofase e a segunda foi realizada em casa de vegetação, utilizando apenas o tratamento com melhor resultado do teste em laboratório. Depois de transcorridos 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas de exposição, foram verificadas as mortalidades dos insetos. Na primeira fase do experimento, o óleo de aroeira apresentou 83,33% e 75,75% de eficiência de mortalidade em ninfas e adultos, respectivamente. Nos testes em casa de vegetação, esse mesmo óleo apresentou 73,52% em ninfas e 62,85% e em adultos, abrindo novas perspectivas quanto à sua utilização como inseticida natural para o controle do pulgão preto do feijoeiro.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the root and root canal morphology of mandibular first and second molars using CBCT images. A total of 2,400 mandibular molars exams were selected from 600 patients aged between 18 and 75 years. The number of roots, number of root canals, and root canal configuration according to the Vertucci classification were verified. Overall, 94.92% of mandibular first molars and 90.17% of mandibular second molars had two separate roots. Among the biradicular molars, the first molars showed a greater incidence of type IV canals in the mesial root and type I in the distal root. In the second molars, the most common canal form was type IV in the mesial root and type I in the distal root. In the triradicular molars, the type IV and type I configurations were the most common in the mesial root of the first molar and second molar, respectively. In both triradicular molars, there was a prevalence of type I canal in the distal and DL roots. Statistical analysis was performed at a significance level of 0.05. The number of roots was correlated with gender (Spearman test), and the canal's configuration with gender and bilaterality (Wilcoxon test). The subpopulation studied has a high incidence of bilateral symmetry and mandibular molars with two roots with two distinct mesial canals and one distal canal. The bilateral configuration is possible to estimate the number of canals, especially in images that are difficult to visualize, such as atresic canals.

RESUMO: O pau-de-balsa é amplamente utilizado nas indústrias náutica, aeronáutica e de energia eólica devido à sua baixa densidade. No estado de Mato Grosso, produtores especulativos de balsa têm estabelecido plantios sem conhecimento sólido da cultura usando mudas não padronizadas e não selecionadas. Pesquisas são necessárias para melhorar o cultivo de balsa sob condições brasileiras para melhor explorar este recurso. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do instrumento Pilodyn para a determinação indireta da densidade básica da madeira (DBM) de balsa. Vinte árvores de 12 anos de idade cultivadas em Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, foram avaliadas com o instrumento Pilodyn nas faces norte e sul do tronco, na base e a 1,30 e 3,10 m do solo. Discos de madeira foram posteriormente coletados dos locais sondados e o DBM determinado de acordo com o método de imersão em água. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk seguido de análise de variância e análise de correlação de Pearson com α=0,05. Os valores de DBM da balsa diminuiu da base em direção ao topo da árvore, enquanto a profundidade de penetração do Pilodyn foi inversamente proporcional. A correlação entre a profundidade de penetração do Pilodyn e o DBM foi fraca na base do tronco (R2=0,46), mas forte (R2=0,72) nos pontos de 1,30 e 3,10 m. O método Pilodyn foi suficientemente confiável que permitiu o desenvolvimento de uma equação para a determinação indireta do DBM do pau-de-balsa considerando o valor da profundidade de penetração a 1,30 m como uma das variáveis.

ABSTRACT: Balsa wood is used widely in the nautical, aeronautical and wind-energy industries because of its low-density and high-resistance. In the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, speculative producers with little knowledge of the culture have established balsa plantations using non-standardized and non-selected seedlings. In this sense, research is needed to improve balsa cultivation under Brazilian conditions to better explore the resource. The present study evaluated the efficiency of the Pilodyn instrument for the indirect determination of the basic wood density (BWD) of balsa. Twenty 12-year old balsa trees cultivated in Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, were probed with the Pilodyn instrument on both north and south faces of the trunk at the base and at 1.30 and 3.10 m from the ground. Wood discs were subsequently collected from the probed sites and BWD determined according to the water-immersion method. Data were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test followed by analysis of variance and Pearson’s correlation analysis with α=0.05. The BWD of balsa decreased in the direction from the base to the top of the tree. The penetration depth of the Pilodyn probe was inversely proportional to BWD with a correlation that was strong (R2=0.72) at heights of 1.30 and 3.10 m but considered weak (R2=0.46) at the base of the trunk. The reliability of the Pilodyn method was sufficient to allow the development of a linear equation that could be applied for the indirect determination of the BWD of balsa based on the penetration depth of the Pilodyn probe assessed at 1.30 m from the ground.

RESUMEN Con el fin de estimar la temperatura base (Tb) de crecimiento a través de la aparición de hojas y calcular el filocrono para el pasto kikuyo, se establecieron tres parcelas en tres fincas de la provincia de Ubaté (Cundinamarca, Colombia) ubicadas a diferente altitud (2560, 2640, 3143 m. s. n. m.). Se realizaron cuatro ciclos de mediciones en un tiempo total de ocho meses. La Tb se estimó por el método de mínimo coeficiente de variación utilizando un modelo de regresión de segundo grado y el modelo obtenido se validó por el método de validación cruzada. La Tb para la primera, segunda, tercera y cuarta hoja fue 4,02, 3,68, 3,93 y 3,62 °C, respectivamente. El kikuyo requirió mayor tiempo térmico (TT) para la aparición de la primera hoja (97,5 grados día de crecimiento acumulados (GDCA)) que para la segunda (74,2 GDCA), tercera (73,8 GDCA) y cuarta hoja (76,0 GDCA) (p<0,05). No hubo diferencias en el TT entre fincas (p > 0,05). Hubo tendencia a un mayor número de días calendario requeridos para alcanzar cada estado de hoja en la finca ubicada a mayor altitud y con menor temperatura media. La validación mostró un adecuado ajuste (r2 = 0,94) y una concordancia sustancial (CCC= 0,97) entre los valores observados y los valores predichos para el TT estimado con los valores de Tb obtenidos para cada estado de hoja. Los resultados de Tb de crecimiento del pasto kikuyo obtenidos permiten realizar predicciones más precisas sobre el filocrono y generar modelos de crecimiento cercanos a la realidad.

ABSTRACT In order to estimate the base temperature (Bt) of growth through the appearance of leaves and calculate the phyllochron for kikuyu grass, three plots were established on three farms in the Provincia of Ubaté (Cundinamarca, Colombia) located at different altitudes (2560, 2640, 3143 m. a. s. l.). Measurements were made in four cycles in a period of eight months. The Bt was estimated by the least coefficient of variation method using a second order regression model and the model obtained was validated by the cross-validation method. The Bt values for the first, second, third and fourth leafwere 4.02, 3.68, 3.93, and 3.62 °C, respectively. For the appearance of the first leaf, the kikuyu required more thermal time (TT) (97.5 accumulated growing degree days (AGDD)) than for the second (74.2 AGDD), third (73.8 AGDD) and fourth leaf (76.0 AGDD) (p <0.05). There were no differences in TT among farms (p> 0.05). There was a tendency to a greater number of days required to reach each leaf stage in the farm located at higher altitude and with lower mean temperature. The validation showed an adequate adjustment (r2 = 0.94) and a substantial concordance (CCC = 0.97) between the observed values and the predicted values for the estimated TT with the Bt value obtained for each leaf stage. The results ofBt for kikuyu grass obtained, will allow to make more precise predictions about the phyllochron and generate growth models close to reality.

RESUMO Introdução Existem poucos estudos sobre a eficácia de modelos de treinamento com conjuntos de alto volume por sessão em grupos musculares específicos. Objetivos O objetivo do estudo foi investigar os efeitos de diferentes repetições do treinamento de resistência (TR) com volumes equalizados nas adaptações musculares. Métodos Este estudo tem desenho experimental com 47 voluntários que realizaram oito semanas de TR depois de serem distribuídos randomicamente em três grupos: dez séries de três repetições máximas (10x3), três séries de dez repetições máximas (3x10) e cinco séries de seis repetições máximas (5x6) para cada grupo muscular por sessão de treinamento. A força máxima (teste de 1RM) e a espessura muscular (EM) foram avaliadas como desfecho. Resultados Verificou-se efeito significativo (p = 0,001) sobre o tempo na força máxima nos três grupos, contudo, nenhuma significância (p > 0,05) foi observada nas interações entre tempo e grupo. Constatou-se efeito significativo (p = 0,001) do tempo sobre a EM para bíceps, tríceps e vasto lateral, sem diferenças significativas nas interações entre tempo e grupo. Correlações significativas foram encontradas entre força máxima e espessura muscular depois das análises estatísticas gerais para todos os protocolos. Conclusões A melhora da força máxima e da espessura muscular é semelhante quando o volume de repetições é equalizado considerando o número de séries e repetições. Nível de evidência I; Estudos terapêuticos, investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction There are few studies on the effectiveness of training models with high volume sets per session in particular muscle groups. Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of different resistance training (RT) repetitions with equalized volumes on muscle adaptations. Methods This study used an experimental design in which forty-seven volunteers underwent 8 weeks of RT after having been distributed randomly into three groups: ten sets of three maximum repetitions (10x3), three sets of ten maximum repetitions (3x10) and five sets of six maximum repetitions (5x6) for each muscular group per training session. Maximum strength (1RM test) and muscle thickness (MT) were evaluated as outcomes. Results A significant main effect (p=0.001) of time on maximum strength was observed for the three groups, but no significance was observed (p>0.05) in time x group interactions. A significant main effect (p=0.001) of time was observed on MT for biceps, triceps and vastus lateralis, without significant differences for time x group interactions. Significant correlations were found between maximum strength and muscle thickness after general statistical analyses for all protocols. Conclusion Improvements in maximum strength and muscle thickness are similar when repetition volumes are equalized through the number of series and repetitions. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic studies, investigation of treatment results.

RESUMEN Introducción Existen pocos estudios sobre la eficacia de modelos entrenamiento con conjuntos de alto volumen por sesión en grupos musculares específicos. Objetivos El objetivo del estudio fue investigar los efectos de diferentes repeticiones del entrenamiento de resistencia (ER) con volúmenes ecualizados en las adaptaciones musculares. Métodos Este estudio tiene diseño experimental con 47 voluntarios que realizaron ocho semanas de ER después de ser distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres grupos: diez series de tres repeticiones máximas (10x3), tres series de diez repeticiones máximas (3x10) y cinco series de seis repeticiones máximas (5x6) para cada grupo muscular por sesión de entrenamiento. La fuerza máxima (test de 1RM) y el espesor muscular (EM) fueron evaluados como conclusión. Resultados Se verificó efecto significativo (p = 0,001) sobre el tiempo en la fuerza máxima en los tres grupos, sin embargo, ninguna significancia (p> 0,05) fue observada en las interacciones entre tiempo y grupo. Se constató efecto significativo (p = 0,001) del tiempo sobre el EM para bíceps, tríceps y vasto lateral, sin diferencias significativas en las interacciones entre tiempo y grupo. Fueron encontradas correlaciones significativas entre fuerza máxima y espesor muscular después de los análisis estadísticos generales para todos los protocolos. Conclusiones La mejora de la fuerza máxima y del espesor muscular es semejante cuando el volumen de repeticiones es ecualizado considerando el número de series y repeticiones. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudios terapéuticos, investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO: Os nematoides-das-galhas (RKN - Meloidogyne spp.) são uma das mais sérias ameaças à produção de cenoura no mundo. No Brasil, as cenouras são cultivadas ao longo do ano, e as perdas econômicas devido à RKN são frequentemente relatadas. Como pouco se sabe sobre a distribuição de espécies RKN em campos de cenoura no Brasil, coletamos amostras de plantas e solo de 35 campos em seis estados. Baseado na morfologia do padrão perineal, fenótipos de esterase e/ou PCR espécie-específica, três espécies de Meloidogyne foram identificadas: 60% dos campos estavam infestados por Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica foi encontrada em 42,9% das áreas, enquanto M. hapla foi detectada em 17,1% dos campos de cenoura. Populações mistas foram encontradas em 20% das áreas, com predominância de M. incognita + M. javanica. A combinação de técnicas morfológicas, bioquímicas e moleculares é uma abordagem útil para identificar espécies de RKN.

ABSTRACT: Root-knot nematodes (RKN - Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most serious threats to carrot production worldwide. In Brazil, carrots are grown throughout the year, and economic losses due to RKN are reported. Since little is known on the distribution of RKN species in carrot fields in Brazil, we collected plant and soil samples from 35 fields across six states. Based on the morphology of perineal patterns, esterase phenotypes and species-specific PCR, three Meloidogyne species were identified: 60% of the fields were infested with Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica was reported in 42.9% of the areas, whereas M. hapla was detected in 17.1% of carrot fields. Mixed populations were reported in 20% of the areas with a predominance of M. incognita + M. javanica. The combination of morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques is a useful approach to identify RKN species.

Maytenus distichophylla is a medicinal species used in Northeast of Brazil. The hexane (HE), chloroform (CE), ethyl acetate (EAE) and methanol (ME) extracts and compounds from its roots were evaluated for their protective activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The cytotoxicity for chronic myeloid leukemia (K562), acute monocytic leukemia (THP-1), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal individuals (PBMC) cells was established by MTT method using etoposide as standard. The in vivo toxicity of samples was determined using Caenorhabditis elegans model. From HE and CE were isolated: friedelan-3-one (1), b-sitosterol (2), 3-oxo-olean-9(11),12-diene (3), a mixture of pristimerin (4) and 11a-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-one (5), 30-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-one (6), friedelane-3,7-dione (7), tingenone (8) and triacylglycerol (9). The structures of 1-9 were confirmed by spectral data. All samples reduced the viability of S. aureus and present no effect against C. albicans. The HE, CE, mixture of 4/5 and 8 reduced 75% of S. aureus viability. Cytotoxic effect for K562 and THP-1 cells was caused by compounds 1, 2 and 8. All samples displayed selectivity for leukemic cells and low toxicity to PBMC cells, suggesting their potential as anticancer agents. Extracts and compounds were non-toxic to L1 larvae of C. elegans. However, most of them reduced significantly young adult worm’s survival, being considered as potential nematicides.

Resumo Apesar do potencial apresentado pela tecnologia de propagação mediada para a aquicultura e conservação de peixes Neotropicais, o pobre entendimento do sistema imune do hospedeiro pode resultar na rejeição e destruição do material do doador. Com isso, se fazem necessários o estudo e o desenvolvimento de métodos para análise tanto dos efeitos de drogas imunossupressoras quanto para a avaliação da imunocompatibilidade entre doadores e receptores. Logo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo aperfeiçoar um método para analisar a fagocitose in vivo em Astyanax altiparanae usando Saccharomyces cerevisiae marcado e avaliar seu perfil hematológico resultante da indução inflamatória. Para isso, S. cerevisiae foram marcados com vermelho Congo e injetados na cavidade celomática dos A. altiparanae na concentração de 2,5 x 106 células.mL-1. Peixes injetados com PBS e peixes não injetados foram mantidos como controle. Sangue foi colhido e a capacidade fagocítica e o índice fagocítico foram determinados após 1, 2, 3 e 6 horas após à injeção (hpi). A injeção de levedura estimulou a fagocitose com sucesso, com o melhor resultado atingido após 2 hpi. Ainda, foi observada uma alta rastreabilidade das leveduras fagocitadas e não fagocitadas sob microscopia óptica devido à marcação com vermelho Congo. O perfil hematológico foi similar ao observado usualmente em infecções recém-induzidas, indicando migração de linfócitos ao sítio inflamatório e aumento no número de fagócitos circulantes devido à resposta natural ao estímulo inflamatório. Como conclusão, nosso método foi eficiente para analisar a fagocitose in vivo em A. altiparanae e será uma ferramenta importante para a avaliação de eficácia de drogas imunossopressoras para esta espécie. Em adição, estes resultados podem contribuir para futuros estudos em imunocompetência em peixes, tanto em âmbito laboratorial quanto a campo.

Abstract Although the potential of surrogate propagation technology for aquaculture and conservation of Neotropical fish, the poor understanding of the host immune system may results in rejection and destruction of the donor material. Thus, it is necessary to study and to develop methods to evaluate the effects of immunosuppressive drugs employment and to evaluate the immunocompatibility between donor and receptor. Thus, the present study aimed to optimize a methodology to assess in vivo phagocytosis in Astyanax altiparanae using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to evaluate their hematological response resultant from the inflammatory induction. To this, S. cerevisiae were labeled with Congo red and injected in the coelomic cavity of A. altiparanae at the concentration of 2.5 x 106 cells mL-1. A PBS solution and a non-injected group were kept as control. Fish blood was sampled and the phagocytic capacity and index were determined at 1, 2, 3 and 6 h post-injection (hpi). The yeast injection successfully stimulated phagocytosis, with the best result for phagocytosis assessment after 2 hpi. Moreover, it was achieved a high traceability of phagocytized and non-phagocytized yeast under optic microscopy analysis due to the Congo red labeling. The hematological profile was similar to usually observed in early infections, indicating lymphocyte migration to inflammatory site and increase in number of circulating phagocytes due to natural response to inflammatory stimulus. In conclusion, our method was efficient to assess in vivo phagocytosis in A. altiparanae and will be an important tool to evaluate the efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs in this species. Additionally, these results may serve as support for further studies in fish immunocompetence, both in laboratory and in field conditions.

ABSTRACT Croton zehntneri Pax & K. Hoffm., Euphorbiaceae, or “canela-de-cunhé” is used in the Northeast Brazil to treat several diseases. Leaves and aerial parts of C. zehntneri are rich in volatile oil of high potential therapeutic. This study aimed to investigate volatile oil systemic toxicity after per oral treatment in rats. Volatile oil characterization (gas chromatography and mass spectrometry) showed 85.7% anethole and 4.8% estragole. Male Wistar rats (116–149 g) were treated with volatile oil (250 mg/kg p.o.) during ten weeks and evaluated for the following parameters: survival; food and water intake; body mass; absolute/relative organs weight; hemogram; plasma biochemical dosage; organs morphology. Volatile oil did not alter animal water and food consumption or the relative/absolute weight of most organs, but animals gained less weight. Volatile oil did not alter function biomarkers of pancreas, kidney, heart or liver, but increased plasma gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (liver biomarker) and decreased uric acid (kidney biomarker). Although volatile oil had caused discrete morphological alterations in some organs, it did not induce architectural changes in these organs. In conclusion, the sub-acute per oral treatment with volatile oil no longer than ten weeks in rats offers small toxicity at doses below 250 mg/kg.

It was our objective to verify the time course of muscle thickness and cytokine concentration after a resistance training session. In one of the experimental conditions, the training session was performed with low load (20% 1RM) and restriction of blood flow. In the other experimental condition, the same training was performed with high load (80% 1RM) and without blood flow restriction. Femoral rectus muscle, vastus lateralis, brachial biceps and triceps brachii muscle thickness and the serum cytokine dosage were analyzed pré, 0h, 24h and 48h after the training sessions. For the upper and lower limbs, the main results showed significant (p< 0.05) effect on time for the thickness in all muscle but not (p> 0.05) to experimental condition. To cytokines concentrations, a significant (p= 0.004) interaction between the time and conduction for IL10. Conversely, there was no difference between the weeks (p= 0.698) or time (p= 0.142) in the means of TNF. In conclusion both experimental conductions promoted similar changes on muscular swelling without alterations on TNFa, however, the RST protocol induced increase on IL-10 concentration after 24 hours of exercise session.

Abstract: Salmonellosis has a worldwide relevance in aspects associated with public health, as only in 2009 were reported 93.8 million cases in humans. The objective of the study was to establish the prevalence, risk factors and bacteriological and molecular identification of Salmonella spp in stray dogs in urban, rural and coastal areas of Mexicali, a city in northwest Mexico. From May 2014 to February 2015, 385 dogs were tested. Sampling was performed by rectal swab and conventional bacteriological techniques were applied, for later implementation of the API 20E system and molecular identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The data were analysed statistically by means of descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression modelling. A prevalence of 6.27% was obtained in the dogs examined, the samples obtained were characterised to subspecies (Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica and Salmonella enterica subspecie arizonae). The geographical region with the highest prevalence in the study was the coast (10%), followed by the rural area (8.57%) and the urban area (5.8%), however, no significant statistical differences were detected. There was significant difference in the prevalence by age of dogs under one year (P<0.05). The identification of Salmonella in dogs from northwest Mexico could correspond to serovars of zoonotic importance indicating a potential risk for the population.

Abstract AIMS The aim of this study was to examine the effects of previous carbohydrate supplementation on high-volume resistance exercise performance METHODS Twenty males physically independent adults aged ≥18 years participated in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. Sixty minutes before the experimental protocol, each participant ingested 0,6 g.kg of body mass-1 of carbohydrate supplementation or placebo. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction tests were performed before and after the dynamic fatigue induction protocol consisting of 10 sets of 8 repetitions of right leg knee extensors at 120º s-1. RESULTS Lower decrement of the isometric peak torque (p<0,001) and of the rate of torque development (p<0,001) was observed in carbohydrate supplementation after the dynamic protocol. Both concentric and eccentric peak torque differed significantly (p<0,001) between carbohydrate supplementation and placebo treatments from the second set, although the slope of the force-repetitions curve was not different between them. Additionally, the carbohydrate supplementation resulted in a lower session rating of perceived exertion (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONS Previous carbohydrate supplementation attenuates muscle fatigue and internal load exercise in a high-volume isokinetic leg protocol.