ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the effects of chronic stress in the prostate of prepubertal and adult rats. Methods: Thirty-two male rats were assigned into four groups depending on the type of treatment (control or stressed) and the age at which stress was initiated (prepubertal or adult). Restraint stress stimuli were applied for six weeks. Stressed prepubertal and adult rats evaluated immediately after the last stress stimuli were named SP and SA groups, respectively. Age-matched rats were used as control groups (CP and CA). At the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized, and prostate morphological parameters were evaluated and statistically compared. Results: Application of stress stimuli to the SP group resulted in reduced body weight, but no prostate morphological modification was noted. The SA group showed reduced testosterone level and prostatic epithelium surface density, in comparison to CA group. Further, the prostatic lumen surface density was increased in adult stressed animals, in comparison to adult controls. Conclusions: The stress stimuli promoted changes in hormonal and morphological parameters in the prostate of adult stressed rats. Prepubertal stressed animals did not presented modifications of prostate morphology.

RESUMO A serapilheira é uma importante fonte de nutrientes para o solo e a sua decomposição pode ser influenciada pelos sistemas de uso do mesmo. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a decomposição de serapilheira e seu estoque de macronutrientes em dois sistemas de cultivo do cafeeiro, sendo um sombreado (CS) e outro a pleno sol (CPS). O experimento foi realizado em uma propriedade rural do município de Cacoal, Estado de Rondônia, Brasil, em esquema fatorial 2 × 6, dois usos do solo (CS e CPS) e seis épocas de avaliação da decomposição da serapilheira (0, 30, 60, 180, 300 e 360 dias), com sete repetições. A decomposição de serapilheira foi avaliada aos 0, 30, 60, 180, 300 e 360 dias e, além disso, foi determinada a constante de decomposição (k) e o tempo de meia vida (t1/2) aos 360 dias e os teores de fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), enxofre (S) e nitrogênio (N) da serapilheira remanescente em cada tempo de decomposição. No CS há maiores perda de massa e constante de decomposição, e menor tempo de meia vida da serapilheira ao final do período. A serapilheira apresenta perda de massa em função do tempo de decomposição. Os estoques de macronutrientes N, P, K, Ca e Mg reduziram-se de forma linear durante o tempo de decomposição e ocorreu incremento no estoque de enxofre ao final do período.

ABSTRACT Litterfall is an important source of soil nutrients, but its decomposition can be affected by the crop system used. The objective of this study was to evaluate litterfall decomposition and macronutrient stocks in coffee crop systems in shaded (SHCS) environments and those in full sun (FSCS). The experiment was conducted on a rural property in Cacoal, state of Rondônia, Brazil, in a 2 × 6 factorial scheme with two crop systems (SHCS and FSCS), and six litterfall decomposition evaluation times (0, 30, 60, 180, 300, and 360 days after the litterfall was returned to the soil (DAL)), with seven replicates. The constant of decomposition (k), half-life time (t1/2) at 360 DAL, and phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), and nitrogen (N) concentrations of the remaining litterfall were determined at each evaluation time. The litterfall in the SHCS had a greater weight loss and constant of decomposition and a lower half-life time at the last evaluation, and the weight loss increased as a function of decomposition time. The litterfall stocks of macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, and Mg showed a linear decrease throughout the decomposition time, and increases in sulfur stock were found at the last evaluation.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the effect of dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) or vitamin D3 (VitD3) and different total calcium (Ca) levels on the performance, carcass characteristics, blood, enzymatic, and bone biochemistry of broilers reared under heat stress between 1 and 42 days of age. A total of 504 male, Cobb 500, broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (VitD3 or 25(OH)D3 × four Ca levels (100, 90, 80 and 70% of the recommendations of Rostagno et al. (2011)), eight treatments, seven replicates and nine broilers per cage. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio did not (p>0.05) vary when levels of Ca were reduced and vitamin D3 sources were supplemented in the diets from 1 to 21 days for broilers chickens. 25 (OH)D3 increased weight gain results (p<0.05). From 1 to 42 d, no differences (p>0.05) were observed on performance, carcass yields and meat quality, bone deposition of Ca and P, and alkaline phosphatase concentration. Higher serum (p<0.05) concentrations of Ca and P were found in broilers fed with 25(OH)D3. The replacement of VitD3 with 25(OH)D3 and the Ca reduction of 30% in diets did not negatively affect performance, carcass characteristics, and Ca and P deposition in the tibia of broilers at 42 days of age, under heat stress.

Introdução: A consulta aberta (CA) destina-se à resolução de situações agudas, urgentes ou que necessitem de rápida resolução, existindo poucos estudos que a caracterizem. O presente estudo tem como objetivo a caracterização da CA médica de uma Unidade de Saúde Familiar (USF) relativamente aos seus utilizadores, padrão de afluência, motivos de consulta e sua adequação. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, de uma amostra por conveniência de CA realizada durante uma semana por mês, aleatória, entre 01.06.2015 e 31.05.2016. Aplicou-se um questionário elaborado pelos autores e procedeu-se à análise descritiva e exploratória dos dados. Resultados: Recolheram-se dados de 1171 CA (taxa de participação de 63%). A maioria dos utentes era do sexo feminino (62%), com 40-44 anos (9,5%; p<0,001) e isenta de taxa moderadora (57,9%; p<0,001). A maior afluência verificou-se em julho e agosto de 2015, e março de 2016 (p<0,001), à segunda-feira (23%) e às 9, 11, 14 e 15 horas (p<0,001). Foram considerados adequados 88% dos motivos de consulta. Discussão: Apesar de limitações na colheita de dados, o desenho do estudo é robusto (tamanho e seleção amostral, teste piloto). As principais conclusões apontam para a necessidade de adequar a resposta nos períodos de maior afluência e aumentar a oferta de CA dos médicos de família. Este estudo poderá constituir um ponto de partida para melhorias na resposta em CA noutras unidades funcionais inseridas noutros contextos sociodemográficos.

Introduction: The walk-in appointment (WA) intends to give an answer to situations that are considered acute, urgent or that require quick-resolution. This study aims to characterize a Family Health Unit’s WA in what concerns its users, affluence pattern, reasons, and adequacy of appointment. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive analysis study was performed using a convenience sample from all unit’s WAs provided during a random week per month between June 1, 2015, and May 31, 2016. A questionnaire designed by the authors was applied and data were analyzed in a descriptive and exploratory way. Results: Data from 1171 WAs was collected (participation rate of 63%). Most users were females (62%), 40-44 years old (9.5%, p<0.001) and exempt of consultation payment fees (57.9%, p<0.001). The highest affluence occurred in July and August 2015 and in March 2016 (p<0.001); on Monday (23%); and at 9/11 a.m. and 2/3 p.m. (p<0.001). The reasons for the WAs were considered adequate in 88% of the cases. Discussion: Despite some limitations, the performed study is robust and considered adequate (size and sample selection, as well as a pilot test). The main conclusions show the need to adapt the response of the unit’s WAs during peak periods and increase the response of each family physician’s WAs. This study could be a starting point for improvements in other primary care units’ WAs involved in other socio-demographic contexts.

RESUMO A forma de ocupação do Estado de Rondônia, favoreceu a agricultura extensiva, o que resultou em desmatamento acelerado. A retirada da floresta, o manejo e uso inadequado do solo, associado ao clima quente e úmido afetaram os atributos químicos, físicos e biológicos dos solos. Buscando alternativas menos impactantes e de maior conservação do solo para produção de café na região Norte, objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar os efeitos de dois sistemas de cultivo do cafeeiro, sobre a qualidade química e microbiológica do solo. Os tratamentos foram cultivo sombreado (CS) e a pleno sol (CPS). O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro aglomerados para cada tratamento e sete pontos amostrais em cada aglomerado que constituem as repetições, totalizando 28 repetições para cada tratamento. A coleta de dados ocorreu em abril de 2018 em uma propriedade rural do município de Cacoal, RO, localizada a 11º 21’ 50” S e 61º 20’ 10” O, e altitude de 238 m. A matéria orgânica (MO), pH, fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), H + Al3+, alumínio (Al3+), saturação por bases (V) e a respiração basal do solo (RBS) foram determinados. O solo sob CS tem maior teor de Ca, pH e V (%) e menor acidez potencial e Al3+, em comparação ao CPS. A serapilheira sob CPS apresenta maiores teores de N e Mg e a respiração basal do solo aumentou no sombreamento nos primeiros 5 cm de profundidade.

ABSTRACT The form of occupation of the state of Rondônia, Brazil, favored the extensive agriculture, which resulted in a fast deforestation. The removal of forests and inadequate soil management and use, combined with a hot and wet climate, affected the soil chemical, physical, and biological attributes. In search for less impacting and alternatives that promote greater soil conservation for coffee production in the North region of Brazil, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of two coffee crop systems on the soil chemical and microbiological attributes. The treatments consisted of a shaded coffee crop (SCC) and a full-sun coffee crop (FCC). A completely randomized design was used, with four clusters per treatment and seven sampling points per cluster, which constituted a replication, totaling 28 replications per treatment. The data were collected in April 2018, in a rural property in the municipality of Cacoal, state of Rondônia, Brazil (11º21’50’’S, 61º20’10’’W, and altitude of 238 m). The soil organic matter, pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, H+Al, base saturation, and basal respiration were determined. The soil under SCC had higher Ca content, pH, and base saturation, and lower potential acidity (H+Al) and Al content than that under FCC. The litterfall on the soil under FCC presented higher N and Mg contents. The soil basal respiration increased in the first 5 cm depth in the treatment with SCC.

ABSTRACT: The incorporation of organic matter to the soil not only improves nutrient content, but also reduces the survival of Stenocarpella, the causal agent of stalk rot, Diplodia ear rot, and grey leaf spot, in maize stubble. We evaluated the effect of organic waste incorporation on Stenocarpella survival in maize stalks, the activity of suppressiveness-related enzymes, and nutrient contents. We conducted the assays in the municipalities of Lavras and Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Maize stalks infested with Stenocarpella were kept in field conditions for three months after poultry litter, swine manure, fish hydrolysate, compost sewage sludge, and urea application. Infested stalks, without residue amendment, were kept on surface or incorporated into the soil, representing negative and positive controls. Stenocarpella concentration in stalks was assessed using qPCR expressed as cycle threshold number. Sewage sludge, buried stalks, and stalks retained on the surface showed reduction of pathogen inoculum. Swine manure and urea did not reduce the quantity of DNA. In the experiment conducted in Lavras, poultry litter stimulated β-glucosidase, urease and hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate activities when compared to the negative control. Sewage sludge, poultry litter, and swine manure increased Ca in the soil by 44 %, 38 % and 36 %, respectively, in the experiment conducted in Lavras. Poultry litter increased Ntotal three months after application. The results indicate that organic wastes are promising in improving nutrient content, activity of hydrolysis-related enzymes, but Stenocarpella inoculum dynamics should be taken into consideration when deciding on the specific organic amendment.

ABSTRACT: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary calcium levels and supplementation with organic trace minerals selenium, copper, iron, zinc and manganese on performance, tissue deposition and litter mineral concentration. A total of 2,496 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to a 3 × 4 factorial experimental design with three levels of dietary Ca [8, 10 and 12 g kg–1, while maintaining the same Ca:nPP (non-phytate phosphorus) ratio (2:1)] and four levels of micromineral supplementation (0.62, 0.72, 0.82 and 0.92 g kg–1). There was a total of 12 treatments, with eight replicates of 26 birds per pen. Micromineral supplementation (MS) was achieved by adding different levels of the product Bioplex TR Se® and Ca supplementation was achieved by adding increasing levels of limestone and dicalcium phosphate. An interaction between Ca and MS levels was observed (p < 0.05) for the parameters of performance, liver Cu concentration, breast Se and Cu concentrations and litter Se, Mn and Zn concentrations. No interactions were observed (p > 0.05) for Ca, P or ash concentrations in the tibia, which were influenced only by dietary Ca levels (p < 0.05). The Ca level of 10 g kg–1 promoted higher Ca and P concentration in the tibia and lower micromineral excretion in the litter. The combination of MS level of 0.82 g kg–1 with Ca level of 10 g kg–1 led to the best BWG response. The supplementation conditions that led to higher micromineral levels in the liver and breast varied for each mineral.

Resulta necesario que la ciencia construya relaciones con actores sociales clave. Sin embargo, tales relaciones suelen generar conflictos de interés o situaciones de interferencia de la entidad financiadora en los procesos y resultados científicos. Este trabajo presentará percepciones de académicos acerca de esas situaciones y respecto a la ausencia de regulación, así como los daños sociales que generan dichas situaciones. Se discutirá la necesidad de profundizar en estudios acerca de los conflictos de interés y de interferencia, y se presentarán dimensiones de la ciencia que quizás permiten estos comportamientos y situaciones.

Exige-se à ciência atual que estreite relações com stakeholders económicos e políticos. No entanto, esta proximidade pode conduzir a formas não publicitadas de conflitos de interesse ou à interferência da entidade financiadora no processo de investigação. O presente artigo dá conta das perceções dos académicos sobre tais situações e sublinha a respetiva ausência de regulação. Identificam-se os danos sociais daí decorrentes e argumenta-se pela necessidade de conduzir estudos sistemáticos sobre o tópico. Mais se alerta para o facto das atuais características da ciência potenciarem as mencionadas situações de conflitos de interesse ou de interferência, podendo as mesmas ser eventualmente enquadradas como atividades fraudulentas no âmbito da investigação científica.

On demande de la science se relier aux stakholders sociaux. Mais ça peut originer des conflits d’intérêt non dévoilés et l’interférence des entités de financement dans les processus de recherche scientifique. Cet article présent les perceptions des chercheurs à propos ces situations, aussi bien que l’absence de régulation. Les dommages sociaux qui-y découlent seront présentées et on argumente la nécessité de mieux étudier les conflits d’intérêt et l’interférence. Simultanément, certes fonctionnalités de la science seront présentés en tant que potentielles causes de tels comportements tricheurs de conflits d’intérêt et d’interférence des entités de financement.

Science is being asked to connect with social stakeholders. However, such connection may give rise to undisclosed conflicts of interest, or interference from commissioners of research into the research process. The paper presents the perceptions of researchers concerning such issues, and further shows a general lack of its regulation. Social harms stemming from these situations will be described, and the paper will argue for the need for further empirical studies. Also, current features of science will be presented as facilitating the commitment of such situations of conflicts of interest or interference, which may be labeled as research fraud.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono (PaCO2), pressão ao final da expiração de CO2 (ETCO2) e diferença artério-alveolar de CO2 (Pa-ETCO2) em cadelas pré-púberes e adultas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia (OH) videolaparoscópica ou convencional. Foram distribuídas 40 cadelas em quatro grupos: Convencional Adulto (CA), Convencional Pediátrico (CP), Videolaparoscópico Adulto (VA) e Videolaparoscópico Pediátrico (VP). Foram mensurados frequência de pulso (FP), frequência respiratória (FR), pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS), média (PAM) e diastólica (PAD), ETCO2, pressão de pico inspiratória (PIP), pH, pressão parcial arterial de oxigênio (PaO2), PaCO2, excesso de bases (EB) e HCO3 -. Com base nos valores de PaCO2 e ETCO2 encontrados, foi determinada a Pa-ETCO2. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos valores de PaCO2 entre os grupos VA (42.5±5.2-53,7±5,2) e VP (48.4±5.4 - 55,4±5,7). Todos os grupos apresentaram hipertensão arterial no período pós-operatório. Entretanto, o grupo VP apresentou hipertensão moderada (PAS 150-159mmHg) em comparação ao grupo CA, que apresentou hipertensão severa (PAS>180 mmHg), sugerindo que tanto a faixa etária, quanto a execução de OH por videolaparoscopia, estão associadas a menores taxas de hipertensão pós-operatória em cadelas.

ABSTRACT: This paper aimed to determine arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), end-expired CO2 pressure (ETCO2), and the difference between arterial and end-expired CO2 pressure (Pa - ETCO2) in prepubescent and adult bitches undergoing videolaparoscopic or conventional ovariohyterectomy (OH). Forty bitches were randomly assigned to four groups: Conventional Adult (CA), Conventional Pediatric (CP), Videolaparoscopic Adult (VA) and Videolaparoscopic Pediatric (VP). Pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressures (SAP, MAP, DAP), ETCO2, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), pH, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), PaCO2, base excess (BE) and HCO3 - were measured. Based on the PaCO2 and ETCO2 values, Pa-ETCO2 was determined. There was no significant difference in PaCO2 between the VA (42.5±5.2 to 53.7±5.2) and VP (48.4±5.4 to55.4±5.7) groups. During the postoperative period, all groups presented with hypertension. However, mild hypertension (SAP 150 to 159mmHg) was observed in the VP group as compared to severe hypertension (SAP>180mmHg) in the CA group, suggesting that both the age range and videolaparoscopic OH are associated with lower levels of hypertension during the postoperative period in dogs.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a obesidade geral e central, e a associação de indicadores antropométricos com fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCv) em professores da rede privada de Viçosa-MG. Foi realizado um estudo observacional com delineamento transversal em 150 professores. Foram avaliados Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), Índice de Conicidade (IC), Índice de Adiposidade Corporal (IAC), Relação Cintura Quadril (RCQ), Relação Cintura Estatura (RCE), Circunferência de Cintura (CC), Circunferência Abdominal(CA), Percentual de Gordura Corporal (%GC); Pressão arterial sistólica(PAS) e Pressão arterial diastólica (PAD); glicemia (GL), colesterol total (CT), lipoproteína de alta densidade(HDL-C), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e triglicerídeos (TG). Foi realizado o cálculo das prevalências de obesidade geral e central, além da regressão linear simples para verificar a associação dos indicadores antropométricos entre si e com os FRCv. Obesidade geral e central foi identificado em 19% e 17% dos docentes respectivamente. As melhores associações entre os indicadores antropométricos se deram entre IMC e RCE (R2=0,81), RCE e CA (R2=0,78) e IMC e CA (R2=0,76), sendo todas positivas. Entre indicadores antropométricos e FRCv, as melhores associações encontradas foram entre RCE e TG (R2=0,25), CA e PAS (R2=0,18) e RCQ e HDL (R2=0,19), sendo as duas primeiras associações positivas e a última negativa. Conclui-se que aproximadamente um a cada cinco docentes apresentou obesidade. O indicador de obesidade geral, IMC, associou-se positivamente com os indicadores antropométricos e com a maioria dos FRCv. Contudo, os indicadores de obesidade central apresentaram um maior poder de explicação sobre os FRCv.

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify general and central obesity, as well as the association of anthropometric indicators with cardiovascular risk factors (CvRF) in teachers of the private network of Viçosa-MG. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 150 teachers. Body Mass Index (BMI), Conicity Index (CI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), Waist Circumference (WC), Abdominal Circumference (AC) and Body Fat Percentage (%BF); Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP); Glycemia (GL), Total Cholesterol (TC), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL-C), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL-C) and Triglycerides (TG) were evaluated. The prevalence of general and central obesity was calculated in addition to the simple linear regression to verify the association of anthropometric indicators between themselves and with CvRF. General and central obesity was identified in 19% and 17% of teachers respectively. The best associations between anthropometric indicators were between BMI and WHtR (R2 = 0.81), WHtR and AC (R2 = 0.78) and BMI and AC (R2 = 0.76), all of which were positive. Between anthropometric indicators and CvRF, the best associations were found between WHtR and TG (R2 = 0.25), AC and SBP (R2 = 0.18) and WHR and HDL-c (R2 = 0.19), the first two associations being positive and the last negative. It was concluded that approximately one in five teachers presented obesity. The general obesity indicator, BMI, was positively associated with anthropometric indicators and with most CvRF. However, central obesity indicators presented greater explanatory power on CvRF.

RESUMO No Brasil os impactos sociais e ambientais negativos de megaempreendimentos são ressarcidos por meio de sete compensações ambientais, entre elas destaca-se a Compensação Ambiental-CA do art. 36 da Lei Federal nº. 9.985/2000-SNUC, destinada às unidades de conservação-UC. Esse artigo apresenta uma análise sobre a CA de megaempreendimentos no Estado do Amazonas, a partir da metodologia da Pesquisa Exploratória. Detectou-se que a primeira CA no Amazonas se baseia na extinta Resolução CONAMA nº. 10/1987 aplicada à Usina Hidrelétrica - UHE de Balbina. Após 10 anos de instituição do SNUC, foram arrecadados pelo Estado do Amazonas o montante de R$ 23.341.294,65, e uma execução direta pelo empreendedor no valor de R$ 216.466,63. Essas CA são oriundas de empreendimentos do setor de energia, contemplando 19 UC. Cerca de 24,36% da CA foi aplicada na construção de infraestrutura e a aquisição de equipamentos e material de consumo, existindo ainda 15 empreendimentos com CA a serem cobradas. Diante das reflexões arroladas neste artigo, conclui-se que fatores políticos, jurídicos e técnicos limitam nacionalmente o fortalecimento da legislação do licenciamento ambiental, afetando a CA, que necessita efetivamente de regulamentação e maior controle social e transparência.

ABSTRACT The negative social and environmental impacts of the super large-scale building ventures in Brazil are retributed through seven kinds of environmental compensation. A highlight of these is Environmental Compensation - set forth in Federal Statute nº. 9.985/2000 (SNUC), Article 36, intended for conservation units. An analysis about environmental compensation of large-scale enterprises in the state of Amazonas is presented in this particular article of the statute, done with exploratory surveying. It was discovered that the first Environmental Compensation in Amazonas is based on the former CONAMA Resolution nº. 10/1987, applied to the Balbina electric power plant. After ten years of SNUC, R$ 23.341.294,65 was raised and direct enforcement was done by the venture in the sum of R$ 216.466,63. The Environmental Compensations originated from the Energy sector, including 19 conservation units. Around 24,36% of the Environmental Compensations has been applied in building infrastructure and aquiring equipment and consumer goods. There are 15 enterprises using Environmental Compensation yet to be carried out. The conclusion is that technical, legal, and political factors limit environmental licensing affecting the Environmental Compensation which effectively need regulations and a more vigorous social control and transparency.

RESUMO O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar as características de desempenho, carcaça, qualidade de carne, perfil de ácidos graxos e alterações hepáticas de bovinos suplementados com caroço de algodão (CA) em terminação. Utilizou-se 100 animais da raça Nelore, sendo divido em dois grupos de 50 animais, sendo para o grupo 1 foi incluído CA na forma de grão inteiro na dieta (15% de inclusão) e para o grupo 2, foi fornecido uma dieta controle. Os animais permaneceram em confinamento durante 88 dias e as dietas fornecidas foram isoproteícas e isoenergéticas, na proporção de Concentrado: Volumoso de 60:40. Ao final do período experimental, os animais foram encaminhados para abate sendo coletadas amostras de fígado para análise histológica. Após resfriamento de 24 horas a ± 1°C, foram realizadas avaliações de carcaça e de cortes principais, pH e coleta de amostras do músculo Longissimus para realização das análises físico- química, de composição centesimal, perfil de ácidos graxos e índice de oxidação. A inclusão do CA na dieta proporcionou animais com maior peso ao abate, ganho de peso diário, rendimento de dianteiro. Porém, os animais apresentaram reduzidos rendimentos de carcaça, peso de traseiro e costelas, sem alterar os parâmetros como área de olho de lombo e cobertura de gordura subcutânea. Houve aumento dos valores de amarelo (b*) e umidade, com redução de pH final com uso do CA. Não houve influência do uso de CA em relação aos parâmetros histológicos avaliados no fígado. A inclusão de 15% de CA promoveu melhoria no desempenho dos bovinos em confinamento, com redução do peso do traseiro e adequados aspectos de qualidade de carne, perfil de ácidos graxos e conservação.

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, carcass, meat quality, fatty acid profile and liver alterations of cattle supplemented with cottonseed feedlot. It used 100 Nelore cattle, being divided into two groups of 50 animals, which received a cottonseed (CS) in grain form by the diet in the proportion of 15% and the other group was provided with control diet without CS in the feedlot for 88 days. The diets were isoprotein and isoenergetic and concentrate:roughage ratio of 60:40. The animals were slaughter in the end of experimental time and the collection of liver samples for histological analysis. After cooling 24 hours at ± 1°C were conducted evaluation of carcass and major cuts, final pH and collected muscle samples longissimus to carry out the physicochemical analyzes (Color, Cooking Loss, Pigments and Shear Force), chemical composition, fatty acid profile and oxidation. The inclusion of CS in the diet provided animals with higher slaughter weight, daily weight gain, Hindquarter, however, the animals showed reduced carcass yield, forequarter weight and Thin flank, without changing the parameters as rib-eye area and backfat thickness. There was an increase of the yellow values (b*) and moisture with the final pH reduction. There was no influence of the use of cottonseed in relation to histological parameters evaluated in the liver. The cottonseed in the feeding feedlot cattle promoted improvement in animal performance, despite the reduction of the forequarter weight, with appropriate aspects of meat quality, fatty acid profile and conservation.

Resumo O rio Xingu, um dos mais importantes rios que constituem a bacia amazônica, é caracterizado por águas claras e transparentes que drenam uma bacia hidrográfica de 509,685 km2 com distintas condições hidrológicas, ecológicas e pressões antrópicas ao longo de seu percurso. Assim como nas demais bacias hidrográficas da Amazônia, os estudos no Xingu são raros. A eminente construção da Usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, a qual alterará as condições ambientais na bacia, demanda também a realização de estudos que gerem informações relevantes e que forneçam subsídios para um desenvolvimento mais equilibrado e igualitário região amazônica. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a qualidade de água no rio Xingu e em seus tributários focando em padrões espaciais na área de estudo pelo uso de técnicas de estatística multivariada, identificando quais parâmetros são mais relevantes nas condições de qualidade de água na bacia hidrográfica. As coletas de dados ocorreram durante dois ciclos hidrológicos completos em vinte e cinco estações de amostragem. Os dados de vinte e sete variáveis foram analisados pelos coeficientes de correlação de Spearman, análise Cluster (CA), e análise de componentes principais (PCA). Os resultados apontaram para um elevado contingente de variáveis com elevada correlação entre si (>0,7), sendo que estas altas variáveis foram retiradas das análises multivariadas por fornecerem informações ecológicas redundantes sobre o ambiente estudado. A CA resultou na formação de 6 agrupamentos, os quais foram observados por possuírem qualidade de água consideravelmente distintas pela PCA. Os resultados estatísticos permitiram identificar uma alta variação espacial da qualidade de água superficial na bacia estudada, sendo estas ocasionadas por especificidades do entorno, diferentes usos da água locais, influências de atividades antrópicas e características geoquímicas das bacias drenadas. Pode-se também evidenciar que em grande parte das estações de coleta na bacia do rio Xingu a qualidade de água superficial foi elevada, decorrente da ausência de impactos locais e do alto poder de depuração do rio.

Abstract The Xingu River, one of the most important of the Amazon Basin, is characterized by clear and transparent waters that drain a 509.685 km2 watershed with distinct hydrological and ecological conditions and anthropogenic pressures along its course. As in other basins of the Amazon system, studies in the Xingu are scarce. Furthermore, the eminent construction of the Belo Monte for hydropower production, which will alter the environmental conditions in the basin in its lower middle portion, denotes high importance of studies that generate relevant information that may subsidize a more balanced and equitable development in the Amazon region. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the water quality in the Xingu River and its tributaries focusing on spatial patterns by the use of multivariate statistical techniques, identifying which water quality parameters were more important for the environmental changes in the watershed. Data sampling were carried out during two complete hydrological cycles in twenty-five sampling stations. The data of twenty seven variables were analyzed by Spearman's correlation coefficients, cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed a high auto-correlation between variables (> 0.7). These variables were removed from multivariate analyzes because they provided redundant information about the environment. The CA resulted in the formation of six clusters, which were clearly observed in the PCA and were characterized by different water quality. The statistical results allowed to identify a high spatial variation in the water quality, which were related to specific features of the environment, different uses, influences of anthropogenic activities and geochemical characteristics of the drained basins. It was also demonstrated that most of the sampling stations in the Xingu River basin showed good water quality, due to the absence of local impacts and high power of depuration of the river itself.

Nutritionists need to make commercial decisions about the optimal nutrient content broiler feeds. In order to demonstrate that broiler prices may influence dietary nutrient density, this study developed quadratic feed intake and weight gain equations, according to broiler sex and feeding phase, to be applied in a nonlinear feed formulation model. Four hundred and eighty Cobb broilers were allotted to a completely randomized experimental with six treatments, each with four replicates of 10 birds each, from 1 to 56 days old. Treatments consisted of diets containing 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100, 3200, or 3300 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg and constant nutrient to ME ratio. A nonlinear version of the PPFR feed formulation software (http://www.fmva.unesp.br/ppfr) was developed with the objective of optimizing energy density and bird performance. According to the results, when the models are applied in the PPFR nonlinear spreadsheet, the most favorable nutrient density content is defined by mathematical models, as optimized by the Excel Solver tool by means of cost/benefit comparisons and as a function of rearing phase (starter, grower, and finisher) and sex. This contradicts the recommendations of genetic company manuals and published requirement tables, whose goal is to maximize weight gain and do not necessarily guarantee maximum economic efficiency.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de colecalciferol (D3) e 25 hidroxicolecalciferol (25-OHD3) como fontes isoladas ou associadas (100%-0%; 75%-25%; 50%-50%; 25%-75%; 0%-100%) de vitamina D sobre o desempenho, a qualidade de casca e as características ósseas, em galinhas poedeiras de ovos brancos de 24 semanas de idade alimentadas com duas concentrações de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo disponível (Pdisp) na dieta basal (DB) (DB1 = 0,38% Ca - 0,36% Pdisp e DB2= 3,2% Ca - 0,30 % Pdisp), durante um período experimental de 16 semanas. Foram utilizadas 960 galinhas Dekalb White em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições e doze aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de um fatorial (5x2), associações de vitamina D e concentrações de Ca e Pdisp. As fontes de vitamina D associadase a maior concentração de Ca e Pdisp diminuíram o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar. Além disso, a maior concentração de Ca e Pdisp incrementou a produção e massa de ovo. A suplementação a partir de 50% de 25-OHD3 entre as associações de vitamina D aumentou a porcentagem de casca do ovo. Houve interação entre as fontes de vitamina D e as concentrações de Ca e Pdisp. As fontes de vitamina D na DB1 com pelo menos 50% de 25-OHD3 incrementaram a porcentagem de cinzas e a densitometria óssea radiográfica (BRD). A suplementação de 25-OHD3 na DB2 como fonte isolada de vitamina D aumentou a BRD.

The effect of cholecalciferol (D3) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) as isolated or associated sources of vitamin D (100%-0%, 75%-25%, 50%-50%, 25%-75%, 0%-100%) on the productive performance, egg quality, and bone characteristics was evaluated in white egg-laying hens fed two levels of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in the basal diet (BD) (BD1 = 0.38% Ca - 0.36% available P and BD2 = 3.2% Ca - 0.30% available P). Nine hundred and sixty Dekalb White hens (24 weeks old) were distributed into 80 cages, under a completely randomized factorial design for 16 weeks. The use of associated sources of vitamin D reduced the feed intake and feed conversion ratio, as well as BD1, which also increased the egg production and egg mass. The association of vitamin D sources with up to 50% 25-OHD3 increased the eggshell percentage. There was interaction (p<0.05) between the sources of vitamin D and the concentrations of Ca and available P, sources with at least 50% 25-OHD3 increased ash percentage and bone radiographic densitometry (BRD) with BD1; in BD2 the use of 25-OHD3 as isolated vitamin D source increased BRD. The association of D3 and 25-OHD3 improved the productive performance, increased the percentage of eggshell and had different positive effects on the bone characteristics that depend on the concentrations of Ca and available P in the balanced feed of white egg-laying hens.