ABSTRACT One of the bottlenecks for maize (Zea mays L.) production is the need for a large supply of nitrogen fertilizers, which burdens farmers. A solution to this problem is the use of proteobacteria Azospirillum brasilense as an inoculant. However, experimental results regarding this inoculant vary depending, for instance, on the soil cultivation practices used. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense on morphophysiological characters and yield characteristics of three maize genotypes in two off-season cultivated in no-tillage system (NT). Fallow soil (FS) was used as control. The results showed that soil cultivation had a significant effect on morphophysiological and productivity parameters compared to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. There were no distinct morphophysiological differences among the treatments. FS (inoculated or not) was more closely related to productivity parameters (grain yield-YI, weight of 100 seeds-100SW, plant height-PH and number of leaves-NL) than NT in both off-seasons. Among the hybrids, Dekalb 255 PRO3 (DKB 255) showed the highest YI and 100SW. Thus, this hybrid was considered well-adapted to off-seasons in western Paraná, Brazil. The inoculation effect was practically null and did not influence the estimated productivity of the different chosen hybrids.

RESUMO Um dos gargalos da produção de milho (Zea mays L.) é a necessidade de uma grande oferta de fertilizantes nitrogenados, o que onera os agricultores. Uma solução para esse problema é o uso da proteobactéria Azospirillum brasilense como inoculante. No entanto, os resultados experimentais com esse inoculante variam dependendo, por exemplo, da prática de cultivo do solo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense em caracteres morfofisiológicos e características de produtividade de três genótipos de milho em duas entressafras cultivados em plantio direto. O sistema de pousio (PS) foi usado como controle neste processo. Os resultados mostraram que esses sistemas tiveram um efeito significativo nos parâmetros morfofisiológicos e de produtividade em comparação com a inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense. Não houve diferenças morfofisiológicas distintas entre os tratamentos. O PS (inoculado ou não) apresentou maior relação com os parâmetros de produtividade (rendimento de grãos, peso de 100 sementes, altura da planta e número de folhas) do que o PD em ambas as safras. Entre os híbridos, Dekalb 255 PRO3 apresentou maior produtividade e peso de 100 sementes. Assim, este híbrido foi considerado bem adaptado para a entressafra no oeste do Paraná, Brasil. O efeito da inoculação foi praticamente nulo e não influenciou na produtividade estimada dos diferentes híbridos escolhidos.

Resumo Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar alimentos energéticos quanto a composição química, degradabilidade ruminal in situ da matéria seca (DMS), cinética ruminal e taxa de desaparecimento ruminal da matéria seca. Foram avaliados sete alimentos (tratamentos): grão de milho moído, grão de aveia moído, grão de cevada moído, farelo de trigo, casca de soja, radícula de malte e gérmen de milho, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições cada. Para a incubação dos materiais foram utilizados dois bovinos com cânula ruminal, e cada tratamento foi submetido a sete períodos de exposição ao rúmen (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 e 24 horas). Dentre os alimentos avaliados, a casca de soja teve o maior teor de fibra em detergente neutro (68,91%) e apresentou a menor DMS em 24 h (64,91%). O grão de cevada moído e o grão de milho moído tiveram os menores níveis de fração solúvel (FS) (26,34% e 28,7%, respectivamente), porém o grão de cevada moído apresentou a maior DMS em 24 h (90,48%), que por conciliar estes parâmetros teve a maior taxa de desaparecimento ruminal (2,50%.h-1), enquanto o grão de aveia moído teve a maior FS (47,75%) e a menor taxa de desaparecimento ruminal (1,09%.h-1).

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate energetic feedstuffs regarding chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability of dry matter (DMD), ruminal kinetics and ruminal disappearance rate of dry matter. Seven feedstuffs (treatments) were evaluated: ground corn, ground oat, ground barley, wheat bran, soybean hull, malt root and corn germ, in a completely randomized design of four repetitions each. Two bovines ruminally cannulated were used for incubation, wherein each treatment was subjected to seven periods of exposure to the rumen (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 hours). Among the evaluated feedstuffs, soybean hull had the highest neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content (68.91%) and the lowest DMD at 24 h (64.91%). Ground barley and ground corn contained the lowest content of soluble fraction (SF) (26.34 and 28.7%, respectively), among which ground barley had the highest DMD at 24 h (90.48%) and therefore showed the highest rumen disappearance rate (2.50%.h-1) by combining both parameters, while the ground oat presented the highest SF (47.75%) and the lowest rumen disappearance rate (1.09%.h-1).

Resumo As raias violas Pseudobatos horkelii e Pseudobatos percellens, são listados como “Criticamente em Perigo” (CR) e “Em Perigo” (EN), respectivamente. Ambas as espécies ocorrem no Sul do Oceano Atlântico. Considerando a falta de dados sobre a estrutura genética dessas espécies, o presente estudo avaliou a variabilidade genética e a estrutura populacional de P. horkelii e P. percellens na região sudeste do Brasil e litoral norte da Argentina, com base em sequências de DNA mitocondrial, região de controle (D-loop). Amostras de 135 indivíduos de P. horkelii analisados em seis localidades, situadas no norte da Argentina e ao longo da costa dos estados brasileiros. A média da diversidade nucleotídica foi de 0.0053, o índice ΦST foi de 0.4277 e a análise demográfica de P. horkelii, indicou a existência de estabilidade das populações, com D = 0.9929, Fus = 2.0155, SSD = 0.0817, R = 0.2153. Em 101 exemplares de P. percellens, foram analisados em seis localidades brasileiras ao longo do litoral de Santa Catarina, Paraná e São Paulo. A diversidade nucleotídica média foi de 0.0014 e o valor ΦST de 0.2921, a análise demográfica indicou uma alta taxa de migração de P. percellens entre as localidades analisadas, com D = 0.5222, FS = 0.3528, SSD = 0.01785, R = 0.3890.

Abstract The guitarfishes Pseudobatos horkelii and Pseudobatos percellens meet the criteria for threatened status as Critically Endangered (CR) and Endangered (EN), respectively. Both species occur in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Considering the lack of data on the genetic structure of these species, the present study evaluated the genetic variability and population structure of the P. horkelii and P. percellens in the southern region of Brazil and the northern coast of Argentina, based on sequences of mitochondrial DNA, Control Region (D-loop). Samples of P. horkelii (n = 135) were analyzed in six localities situated in Northern Argentina, along the Brazilian states’ coast. The mean of nucleotide diversity was 0.0053, the ΦST was 0.4277 and demographic analysis of P. horkelii suggests the existence of stability of the populations, with D = 0.9929, FS = 2.0155, SSD = 0.0817, R = 0.2153. In P. percellens (n = 101) were analyzed from six Brazilian localities along the coast of Santa Catarina, Paraná, and São Paulo. The mean nucleotide diversity was 0.0014 and ΦST value of 0.2921, the demographic analysis indicates a high migration rate of P. percellens among the localities evaluated, with D = 0.5222, FS = 0.3528, SSD = 0.01785, R = 0.3890.

ABSTRACT Laguna Las Vueltas (LLV) area retains the morphology of a late Pleistocene watershed that was flooded during a mid-Holocene marine transgression. Sediments associated with a paleosol dated at 22,582 cal yr BP reflect subaerial exposure of the area prior to the submergence during the marine transgression. This transgression produced an extensive tidal flat near the mouth of the former LLV watershed by 7,477 cal yr BP. Subsequent decoupling of the Las Vueltas valley from the sea occurred through the growth of a baymouth barrier and a beach-ridge plain to the east. This decoupling turned the lagoon into a pan environment in which subsequent lake-level fluctuations were controlled by climate. A lunette dune developed at the pans in the former lagoon, providing a narrow corridor where humans trapped, killed and processed guanacos as early as 3,402 cal yr BP Changes in aeolian sedimentation hint at increased aridity during the past 500 years.

RESUMEN El área de Laguna Las Vueltas (LLV) conserva la morfología de una cuenca hídrica del Pleistoceno tardío que fue inundada durante la transgresión marina del Holoceno medio. Los sedimentos asociados con un paleosuelo datado en 22.582 cal yr AP reflejan la exposición subaérea del área con anterioridad a la transgresión marina. Esta transgresión provocó hacia 7.477 cal yr AP una extensa planicie de marea en la zona baja de la cuenca de la LLV. La subsecuente desvinculación del valle de la LLV con el mar ocurrió a partir del desarrollo de una barrera litoral y una planicie de cordones de playa hacia el este. Este desacople convirtió a la albufera en una laguna somera (pan), donde las subsiguientes fluctuaciones de nivel del agua estuvieron controladas por el clima. Una duna de tipo “lunette” se desarrolló en el área de la antigua albufera, dando lugar a un corredor angosto donde los grupos humanos atraparon, mataron y procesaron guanacos desde al menos 3.402 años cal yr AP. Los cambios en la tasa de sedimentación eólica sugieren un incremento de la aridez en los últimos 500 años.

ABSTRACT Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) has represented a great concern to the Brazilian poultry industry in the last years. It is known that immunosuppression in poultry is a contributing factor to increase Salmonella faecal shedding and to disturb control programmes. Not only infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus but also some live vaccines have been reported to induce immunosuppression. In the present study we assessed the effects of two live vaccines against IBD on SH-infected broiler chicks. At 7 days of age, birds of three groups (vaccinated with recombinant HVT-IBD vector, with immune complex-IBD vaccine and unvaccinated) were orally challenged with 1 x 108 CFU of SH. A group of hatchmates remained unvaccinated/unchallenged to serve as negative controls. Caecal colonization and systemic invasion were evaluated by bacterial enumeration at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days post-infection (Dpi) and SH faecal shedding assessed by cloacal swabs at 3, 7, 10 and 14 Dpi. The counts of SH in caecal contents were higher in birds vaccinated with immune complex-IBD than in those that received the HVT-IBD vector vaccine at 5, 7 and 14 dpi (p<0.01). There were no statistical differences in bacterial counts in liver and spleen among birds of different groups. Cloacal swabs also indicated that the birds vaccinated with immune complex-IBD shed more SH than those vaccinated with HVT-IBD vector or those unvaccinated (p<0.01). The results of the present study suggested that the immunosuppressive effect of the immune complex-IBD vaccine helped to increase the SH-faecal shedding in the infected birds.

Objective: To determine the relationship between the risk of falls and cognitive impairment in elderly subjects at Cirujano Mayor Santiago Tavara Peruvian Navy Medical Center for the 2010-2015 period. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective observational and analytical study, which consisted in a secondary analysis of a database. The risk of falls was assessed using the results of the functional scope test (FS), while cognitive impairment was assessed with the Pfeiffer score. Additionally, socio-demographic factors, such as age, sex, and educational level were studied; also, clinical factors, such as comorbidities, polypharmacy or previous falls were assessed. Results: Nearly eighteen hundred (1786) elderly subjects were included. Nearly half of all subjects (45.1%) were between 71 and 80 years old; most of them were male (58.9%); and the majority had technical/higher education level (70.9%). Nearly half of all subjects (48.9%) had 2 or more comorbidities. A statistical association (p<0.05) was found between an altered FS and age, educational level, presence of comorbidities, and cognitive impairment. The multivariate analysis showed that cognitive impairment was associated with a high risk of falls (adjusted PR: 3.05; 95% CI: 2.45-3.79). Conclusion: It was found that cognitive impairment was associated with a threefold risk of falls in elderly subjects from Cirujano Mayor Santiago Tavara Peruvian Navy Medical Center during 2010-2015.

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el riesgo de caídas y deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores del Centro Médico Naval "Cirujano Mayor Santiago Távara" 2010-2015. Materiales y métodos: Fue un estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo, que consistió en el análisis secundario de una base de datos. Se evaluó el riesgo de caídas mediante los resultados de la prueba de alcance funcional (AF), mientras que para determinar el deterioro cognitivo se utilizó el cuestionario de Pfeiffer. Adicionalmente, se estudiaron factores socio-demográficos como la edad, sexo, nivel educativo; y clínicos como la presencia de comorbilidades, polifarmacia o antecedentes de caídas. Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 1786 adultos mayores. El 45,1% tenían entre 71 y 80 años, de sexo masculino (58,9%), con nivel educativo técnico/superior (70,9%), tenían 2 o más comorbilidades (48,9%). Se encontró asociación estadística (p<0,05) entre AF alterado y la edad, el nivel educativo, la presencia de comorbilidades, y el deterioro cognitivo. Al realizar el modelo multivariado, se encontró que el deterioro cognitivo se asoció al riesgo de caídas con un PR ajustado de 3,05 (IC 95%: 2,45-3,79). Conclusión: Se encontró que el deterioro cognitivo estuvo asociado a un riesgo tres veces mayor de caídas en adultos mayores del Centro Médico Naval "Cirujano Mayor Santiago Távara" durante los años 2010-2015.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to estimate the heritability coefficients for ten functional type traits and milk production in the Jersey breed in Brazil, besides the genetic and phenotypic correlations between them. The present study utilised data from 1,567 records of linear type traits, including stature (ST), body depth (BD), loin strength (LS), rump width (RW), rump angle (RA), fore udder attachment (FUA), front teat placement (FTP), rear udder height (RUH), central ligament (CL), and final score (FS). Milk yield (MY) adjusted to 305 lactation days was also calculated. Covariance components were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood approach using the PEST and VCE6 programs on the animal model. Heritability coefficients thus assessed were as follows: 0.22±0.01 (ST), 0.35±0.07 (BD), 0.17±0.01 (RW), 0.55±0.05 (RA), 0.09±0.01 (LS), 0.20±0.02 (FUA), 0.40±0.06 (FTP), 0.40±0.06 (RUH), 0.15±0.02 (CL), 0.21±0.02 (FS), and 0.16±0.02 (MY). Therefore, the higher genetic gain will be obtained for BD, RA, FTP, and RUH, while the other traits would need a medium or long-term period to show improvement. The genetic correlations fell in the range from 0.01 (FTP × FS) to 0.87 (RW × CL), and the only genetic correlation noted between FS and RA was negative (−0.10±0.06). Thus, in the Jersey breed in Brazil, the type traits are genetically associated, and the selection of any one of them may elicit an indirect response in another.

Abstract Though it has been the most extensively used instrument for forensic evaluation, the MMPI-2 is being gradually replaced by the MMPI-2-RF version, requiring evidence research to support it. A malingering design was implemented to assess the efficacy of the overreporting validity scales in discriminating between a group of malingerers and the general and clinical populations in a forensic context. Of a total of 878 subjects, 309 were from the general population, 308 from the clinical population, and 261 were instructed to malinger a psychological injury. The results showed that malingerers scored significantly higher than the clinical and general population on the F-r, Fp-r, FBS-r, Fs and RBS scales. As for the classification of cases, the F-r, Fp-r, FBS-r, Fs, and RBS scales classified correctly and significantly between malingerers and honest respondents from the general population, and the F-r and Fp-r scales between malingerers and clinical population. Additionally, the results showed F-r incremental validity over Fp-r, and vice versa. Thus, F-r and Fp-r scales are independent and may be accumulated to detect malingering. Forensic practical implications from the results were derived and discussed.

Resumen Aunque el MMPI-2 ha sido el instrumento psicométrico más usado en la evaluación forense, está siendo reemplazado gradualmente por la versión reestructurada, el MMPI-2-RF precisándose de más evidencia científica para ello. Se utilizó un diseño de investigación de simulación para evaluar la eficacia de las escalas de validez de evaluación de la simulación en la discriminación entre simuladores y las poblaciones general y clínica en el contexto forense. Participaron en el estudio 878 sujetos, 309 de la población general, 308 casos clínicos y 261 instruidos para simular daño psicológico. Los resultados mostraron que los simuladores puntuaban significativamente más alto que los sujetos de las poblaciones general y clínica en las escalas F-r, Fp-r, FBS-r, Fs y RBS. En la clasificación de casos, las escalas F-r, Fp-r, FBS-r, Fs y RBS clasificaban correcta y significativamente entre simuladores y respuestas honestas de la población general, y las escalas F-r and Fp-r entre simuladores y población clínica. Además, los resultados evidenciaron validez incrementada de F-r sobre Fp-r y viceversa. Se discuten las implicaciones para la práctica forense de los resultados.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e a qualidade dos ovos de aves que receberam dietas contendo farelo de arroz integral (FAI), com ou sem adição de complexo enzimático (CE), com e sem valorização energética. Foram utilizadas 480 poedeiras Hisex brown, durante 112 dias experimentais, divididas em oito tratamentos com 12 repetições cada. Os tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4 consistiram da presença de milho (M) e farelo de soja (FS), e os tratamentos 5, 6, 7 e 8 consistiram de M, FS e 20% de FAI, com ou sem inclusão do CE. Os tratamentos 1, 3, 5 e 7 não receberam CE; no entanto, nos tratamentos 3 e 7 houve valorização energética de 100 kcal EM/kg (controles negativos). O CE quando presente foi acrescido sem valorização energética (on top) nos tratamentos 2 e 6, e valorizado em 100 kcal EM/kg nos tratamentos 4 e 8. Aves que receberam FAI produziram ovos e claras mais pesadas, gemas menos pigmentadas e apresentaram maior peso vivo. Aves que consumiram FAI recebendo CE on top ou sem valorização apresentaram maior consumo de ração. Maior unidade Haugh e melhor conversão alimentar por dúzia foram observados em aves que receberam tratamento controle ou controle com CE valorizado.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance as well as the quality of eggs from birds fed diets containing whole rice bran (RB), with or without the addition of an enzyme complex (EC) with different levels of metabolizable energy value. A total of 480 Hisex brown layers were used. The treatments consisted of diets based on corn (C), soybean meal (SBM), rice bran (RB), with or without the inclusion of the enzyme complex (EC) to the diets. Treatments 1, 2, 3, and 4 consisted of the presence of corn (C), soybean meal (SBM) and treatments 5, 6, 7, and 8 consisted of C, SBM, and 20% RB, with or without the inclusion the EC. Treatments 1, 3, 5, and 7 did not receive CE; however, in treatments 3 and 7 there was energy recovery of 100 kcal / kg (negative controls). The EC was added without energy recovery (on top) to treatments 2 and 6, and valued at 100 kcal / kg in treatments 4 and 8. Birds fed RB produced heavier eggs and yolk. Birds fed RB and that received the EC on top had higher feed intake. The highest Haugh unit and best feed conversion per dozen were observed in birds that received only the control treatment or the control diet supplemented with EC in a diet reformulated to 100 kcal ME/kg.

Aquafeeds are formulated with a high content of fishmeal as protein source. The fishmeal is usually produced from pelagic fish resulting in a reduction of fish availability for human consumption. Thus, it is important to find appropriate protein substitutes in the production of formulated aquafeeds. Several works reported the positive effect of partial addition of poultry by-product meal (PBM) in aquafeeds for different fish species, and from them it is clear that the total substitution of fishmeal is limited by the unbalance of essential fatty acids. In this work, aquafeeds were designed with the total and partial substitution of fishmeal by PBM and enriched with acid fish silage. The designed aquafeeds were evaluated in the rainbow fish Oncorhynchus mykiss growth. Six diets were formulated at different levels of substitution of fishmeal by PBM pet feed grade (33, 66 and 100%), with and without addition of acid fish silage (FS) from tuna fish by-products. All treatments were formulated to contain similar protein and energy in a factorial random design with three repetitions. The diet containing 100% enriched PBM (EPBM) showed the highest specific growth rate (2.0% day-1) (P < 0.001), whereas the lowest growth rate was observed with PBM33 without enrichment (1.76% day-1), after 22 weeks treatment These results demonstrate that the addition of FS in an aquafeed containing only poultry by-product meal as protein source improves the growth of rainbow fish. The positive effect of FS, mainly the role of essential fatty acids, is discussed.

Los alimentos acuícolas son formuladas con alto contenido de harina de pescado que es producida con peces pelágicos (FN por sus siglas en inglés), disminuyendo la posibilidad que sean destinados a consumo humano, lo que motiva la necesidad de encontrar sustitutos proteínicos para formular estos alimentos. Se conoce el efecto positivo de los subproductos avícolas (PBM por sus siglas en inglés) en alimentos acuícolas, aun sin encontrar la substitución total de la FM por un balance inadecuado de ácidos grasos. En este trabajo las dietas se diseñaron con una substitución total y parcial de la harina de pescado por PBM sólo y enriquecido con ensilado ácido de pescado (FS por sus siglas en inglés). Las dietas fueron evaluadas en trucha arcoíris Oncorhynchus mykiss. Seis dietas se formularon con diferentes niveles de sustitución de FM; tres PBM (33, 66 y 100%), y otras tres dietas en niveles similares, pero con PBM previamente enriquecida (EPBM) con FS utilizando subproductos de atún en una proporción de 60(PBM):40(FM) (peso: volumen). Todos los tratamientos se formularon para contener el mismo nivel de proteína y energía. Se llevó a cabo un diseño factorial aleatorizado con tres repeticiones cada uno. Después de 22 semanas, la dieta EPBM100 alcanzó la tasa de crecimiento específico más alta (2% día-1) (P < 0,001), mientras que la tasa de crecimiento más baja se observó con el PBM33 sin enriquecimiento (1,76% día-1). Aquí se demuestra que una combinación de PBM con FS elaborado con subproductos resulta en un mejor crecimiento en dietas para trucha arcoíris. Se discute el efecto positivo del FS, principalmente por el papel de los ácidos grasos.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar biológica e economicamente a utilização de três fontes proteicas (farelo de soja (FS), caroço de algodão (CA) ou torta de nabo forrageiro (TN)), na formulação de suplementos (1,0% do peso corporal (PC)) na terminação de novilhas de corte em pastos de capim Marandu na estação seca. Este experimento foi realizado no município de Potirendaba, SP, e análises químicas na Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR. A área experimental foi de seis hectares, dividida em três piquetes, cada um com seis novilhas de corte 1/2 sangue Simental, 1/2 Nelore, PC inicial de 210 ± 8,34 kg, idade de 15 ± 3 meses. Foi realizada análise econômica utilizando-se método de orçamentos parciais. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições por tratamento (n=18). Foi realizada análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey (P<0,05). Animais suplementados com TN apresentaram menor ganho de peso (FS=0,81, CA=0,76 e TN=0,40 kg/animal/dia; P<0,05). Foi observada alteração negativa no rendimento líquido para os suplementos CA (US$-22,15/animal) e TN (US$-1,96/animal) em relação ao suplemento FS que, embora apresente maior valor de aquisição, mostrou-se favorável biológica e economicamente.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate biological and economically the use of three protein sources (soybean meal (SM), cottonseed (CS) or turnip cake (TC)), in the supplement formulation (1.0 % of body weight (BW)) in the finishing stage of heifers grazing Marandu grass pastures during the dry season. This experiment was conducted in the city of Potirendaba, São Paulo State, and the chemical analyses were performed at the Londrina State University, Paraná State. The experimental area had six hectares, divided into three paddocks, each one with six crossbred heifers (Simmental × Nellore), initial BW of 210 ± 8.34 kg, and age of 15 ± 3 months. Economic analysis was performed using the method of partial budgeting. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six replicates per treatment (n = 18). Analysis of variance was conducted, and means were compared by Tukey test (P <0.05). Animals supplemented with TC exhibited lower weight gain (SM = 0.81, CS = 0.76 and TC = 0.40 kg / animal / day; P <0.05). Negative changes were observed in net income for the CS supplements (US $ -22.15 / animal) and TC (US $ -1.96 / animal) relative to the SM supplement, which showed better biologic and economic results.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento de plasma, utilizando os gases argônio e oxigênio, associado à posição da fibra, nas propriedades mecânicas de um compósito reforçado por fibra. Onze grupos foram avaliados, um grupo controle, sem reforço, e 10 grupos reforçados com Infibra, variando de acordo com o tratamento de plasma e a posição das fibra. As amostras foram preparadas utilizando uma matriz bipartida de aço inoxidável. O teste de flexão de três pontos foi realizado em uma máquina de ensaios EMIC. A resistência à flexão (FS) e deflexão (FD) foram calculados em relação à falha inicial (IF) e final (FF). Os dados foram avaliados estatisticamente pelos testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis (p<0,05). Para IF, nas fibras posicionadas na base, os valores de FS e FD foram significativamente maiores do que quando as fibras foram afastadas da base em todos os grupos. O maior valor de FS foi obtido no grupo tratado com O 3 min (296,2 MPa) e o maior valor de FD foi obtido no grupo tratado com O 1 min (0,109 mm). Para FF, os valores de FS e FD para os grupos com fibras afastadas da base foram semelhantes ou superiores aos daqueles com fibras na base. O maior valor de FS foi obtido no grupo tratado com O 1 min (317,5 MPa) e o maior valor de FD foi obtido no grupo tratado com O 3 min (0,177 mm). O tratamento de plasma influenciou o FS e o FD. A posição de fibras, assim como o tratamento de plasma, afetaram as propriedades de flexão de um compósito reforçado com fibra.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of plasma treatment using argon and oxygen gases, combined with fiber position on flexural properties of a fiber-reinforced composite. Eleven groups were evaluated, a non-reinforced control group and 10 groups reinforced with InFibra, a woven polyethylene fiber, varying according to the plasma treatment and fiber position. The samples were prepared using a stainless steel two-piece matrix. The three point bending test was performed in an EMIC testing machine. Flexural strength (FS) and flexural deflection (FD) were calculated from initial (IF) and final (FF) failure. Data were evaluated statistically using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (p<0.05). For IF, in all groups with fibers placed on the base, the FS and FD values were significantly higher than those positioned away from the base. The highest value of FS was obtained in the group treated with O 3 min (296.2 MPa) and the highest value of FD was obtained in the group treated with 1 min (0.109 mm). For FF the FS and FD values obtained for the groups with fibers positioned away from the base were similar or higher than those placed on the base. The highest FS value was obtained in the group treated with 1 min (317.5 MPa) and the highest FD value was obtained in the group treated with O 3 min (0.177 mm). Plasma treatment influenced FS and FD. Fiber position and plasma treatment affected the flexural properties of a fiber-reinforced composite.

El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar el estado nutricional e ingesta de hierro (Fe), zinc (Zn) y cobre (Cu) en mujeres chilenas en edad fértil. Se estudió una muestra de conveniencia de 86 mujeres entre 18 a 48 años de edad de la ciudad de Santiago, Chile. El estado nutricional de Fe se determinó a través de hemoglobina (Hb), volumen corpuscular medio, saturación de transferrina, zinc protoporfirina, ferritina sérica (FS), Zn y Cu séricos. La ingesta dietética fue evaluada con una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo. Un 4,7% de las mujeres presentó anemia por deficiencia de Fe, 21% deficiencia de Fe sin anemia, 26% depósitos depletados de Fe y un 48,3% estado nutricional normal de Fe. Las mujeres obesas presentaron mayores niveles de FS (p<0,01) al comparar con mujeres con peso normal. Además, presentaron niveles más altos de Hb (p<0,05) al comparar con mujeres con estado nutricional normal y sobrepeso. El 3,5% y 2,3% de las mujeres presentó deficiencia de Zn y Cu, respectivamente. El 95%, 94% y 99% cumplió el EAR para Fe, Zn y Cu, respectivamente. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la ingesta de micronutrientes entre las mujeres al comparar por estado nutricional. En conclusión, un alto porcentaje de las mujeres presentó una ingesta adecuada de micronutrientes. Además existe una baja prevalencia de deficiencia de Zn, Cu y anemia. Sin embargo, un 47% presenta deficiencia de Fe en etapas anteriores a la de anemia.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate anemia, the biochemical status and dietary adequacy of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), in Chilean childbearing age women. We studied a convenience sample of 86 women aged 18 to 48 years from Santiago, Chile. We determined anemia and the micronutrient status through hemoglobin (Hb) mean corpuscular volume, transferrin saturation, zinc protoporphyrin, serum ferritin (SF), serum Zn and Cu. Dietary adequacy was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. Of all women, 4.7% had Fe deficiency (ID) anemia, 21 % ID without anemia, 26 % depleted Fe stores and 48.3% normal Fe status. Obese women had higher SF (p<0.01) compared with those classified as having normal BMI. Also, showed higher Hb (p<0.05) concentrations compared with overweight and normal weight women. Participants showed 3.5 % and 2.3 % of Zn and Cu deficiency, respectively. Also, 95 %, 94 % and 99 % had adequate intake of Fe, Zn and Cu respectively, according to EAR cut points. There were no significant differences in micronutrients intake across different nutritional status. There was a low prevalence of anemia, Fe, Zn and Cu deficiency. A high percentage of women reached micronutrient adequacy. However, 47% of women had ID without anemia and Fe depleted stores.

INTRODUÇÃO: Inúmeros questionamentos têm sido levantados com relação ao nível da qualidade dos serviços de saúde, principalmente a partir do início desta década. Uma abordagem que tem sido utilizada como base teórica para essa questão é a de organização da alta confiabilidade (HRO). Neste trabalho, propomos nova abordagem para o controle da qualidade analítica (CQA), com base nos princípios da teoria das HROs e com foco na ampliação do nível de segurança para os clientes no laboratório clínico. OBJETIVOS: Propor uma abordagem complementar para o sistema de CQA, alinhado à teoria HRO, com foco na ampliação do nível de segurança do paciente. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Visando aprimorar a abordagem tradicional para o CQA, viabilizando a análise de estabilidade do sistema analítico com visão de longo prazo, propomos um modelo embasado em avaliação de erro aleatório e sistemático, utilizando cartas de controle avançadas. Para validar o modelo, realizamos simulações, utilizando dados reais obtidos da rotina (glicose, Vitros FS 5.1, OCD). RESULTADOS: O ensaio em estudo foi avaliado em termos de desempenho de longo prazo, apresentando desempenho adequado (4,1 sigma) para seu uso diagnóstico. DISCUSSÃO: O modelo proposto oferece alternativa multiferramenta, com base no conhecimento já amplamente estabelecido de controle estatístico de processos, visando à utilização no controle de estabilidade de longo prazo de métodos laboratoriais. CONCLUSÃO: A abordagem proposta como complementar ao sistema de controle de qualidade (CQ) tradicionalmente utilizado, envolvendo a aplicação sequencial e associada de diferentes ferramentas estatísticas, mostrou-se válida e útil para uma avaliação efetiva do desempenho do método e da estabilidade desse desempenho ao longo do tempo.

INTRODUCTION: Countless questions have been raised concerning quality of health services, mainly since the beginning of this decade. One approach that has been widely pursued as a theoretical basis for this issue is high reliability organization (HRO). In this paper we propose a new approach to analytical quality control (AQC), based on HRO principles and focused on patient safety improvement. OBJECTIVES: To propose a new approach to AQC system, aligned with HRO theory and focused on patient safety improvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to optimize the traditional AQC approach and make feasible the long term assessment of system stability, we propose a model based on evaluation of random and systematic error by means of advanced control charts. We used real data obtained from the routine to validate the simulated model (glucose, Vitros FS 5.1, OCD). RESULTS: The studied assay was evaluated in terms of long term performance and showed an adequate performance (4.1 sigma) for its diagnostic use. DISCUSSION: The proposed model suggests an alternative tool based on expertise already widely applied in statistical process control in order to control long-term stability of laboratory methods. CONCLUSION: The new proposed approach, which is a complement to the traditional quality control system and involves the sequential and associated use of different statistical tools, proved to be a valid and useful model for effective performance evaluation and its ongoing performance stability.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a digestibilidade de componentes nutricionais não-degradados no rúmen por meio da técnica de três estádios. Foram avaliados oito alimentos concentrados: grão de girassol integral (GI), torta de girassol com uma (TG1x) e com duas passagens pela prensa (TG2x), grão de soja integral (SI) e parcialmente desengordurado (SD), farelo de soja (FS), farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado (GM) e concentrado comercial (CC) com 36% de PB. Os alimentos foram incubados no rúmen de bovinos por 33, 20 e 12 horas, correspondendo a taxas de passagens de 3, 5 e 8%/h, respectivamente. Os resíduos não-degradados no rúmen foram submetidos à digestão com solução de pepsina com pH 1,9 durante 1 hora e, posteriormente, em solução de pancreatina com pH 7,8 durante 24 horas, ambas a 38ºC. Nos resíduos desta incubação, foram determinados a MS, MO e os teores de nitrogênio total. A digestibilidade intestinal in vitro da MS não degradada no rúmen, considerando taxa de passagem de 5%/h, variou de 7,88 a 37,72%, sendo que o CC e a SI apresentaram as maiores digestibilidades. A digestibilidade da PB não-degradada no rúmen variou de 13,67 a 81,76% para mesma taxa de passagem. O GI apresentou a menor e o CC e o FS as maiores digestibilidades da PB. A digestibilidade da MO variou de 7,93 a 37,14% para a mesma taxa de passagem, sendo que o GI foi o menos digestível e o CC e a SI, os mais digestíveis. Os menores valores para a proteína digestível não degradável no rúmen (PNDR D), em g/kgMS, foram obtidos nas tortas de girassol com uma ou duas passagens, sugerindo que estes alimentos não devem ser empregados quando se deseja maiores teores de PNDR D.

The objective of this trial was to determine the intestinal digestibility of nutrients using an in vitro three-step enzymatic procedure. Eight concentrate feeds were evaluated: whole sunflower (WSF), mechanically pressed sunflower cake (SFC1x; one press extraction), mechanically pressed sunflower cake (SFC2x; two press extractions), whole soybean (WSB), partially degreased soybean (DSB), soybean meal (SBM), degreased corn germ meal (CGM), and a commercial concentrate with 36% of CP (CC). Feeds were incubated in the rumen of bovines for 33, 20 and 12 hours corresponding approximately to the rates of passage of 3, 5 and 8%/h, respectively. The ruminal undegradable residues were digested with a 1.9 pH-pepsin solution for one hour at 38ºC followed by a second digestion with a 7.8 pH-pancreatin solution for 24 hours also at 38ºC. The residues were then analyzed for total nitrogen, dry matter, and organic matter. The in vitro intestinal digestibilities of ruminal undegradable DM, protein, and organic matter assuming a rate of passage of 5%/h ranged from 7.88 to 37.72%, 13.67 to 81.76%, and 7.93 to 37.14%, respectively. Commercial concentrate and WSB showed the greatest dry matter and organic matter digestibilities. Crude protein digestibility was highest on CC and SBM and lowest on WSF. Organic matter digestibility also was lowest on WSF. The lowest values of digestible ruminal undegradable protein (RUP D) were observed on both sunflower cakes (SFC1x and SFC2x) suggesting that these feeds should not be used in diets of animals with high requirements of RUP D.