Benzophenones display several biological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, and photoprotective. Furthermore, antioxidants can minimize both ultraviolet absorption and tumor development. In the present investigation, a series of twenty-six 1,2,3-triazole-benzophenone derivatives were synthesized and had their antioxidant, anticancer, and photoprotective effects evaluated. For the compounds synthesis, 4,4’-dihydroxybenzophenone (1a) and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (1b) were propargylated, affording the alkynes bis(4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy))benzophenone (2a) and (2-hydroxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy))benzophenone (2b), respectively. The copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction between the compounds 2a/2b and several benzyl azides gave the 1,2,3-triazole-benzophenone derivatives with yields ranging from 35 to 95%. The 1,2,3-triazole-benzophenone derivatives at the concentration of 0.2 μg mL-1 (a no-cytotoxic concentration) exhibited a solar protection factor (SPF) comparable to positive control benzophonen-3 (BP-3). Concerning their antioxidant and cytotoxic effects, the derivatives from 1b showed high in vitro antioxidant effects as well as cytotoxicity against A549 (lung carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), and HT-144 (metastatic melanoma) cell lines, without significant cytotoxicity to a non-cancerous cell line. Derivatives 19, 20, and 24 induced cell death and cell cycle arrest at G1/S in HT-144 melanoma cells.

ABSTRACT In response to the Zika epidemics in Brazil, the ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) was developed and registered at the Brazilian Regulatory Agency of Health Surveillance - ANVISA. The circulation of Zika (ZIKV) Dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses and their clinical similarities are challenges to correctly diagnose these viruses. The simultaneous detection of ZIKV, DENV and CHIKV is an important tool for diagnosis and surveillance. Here, we present the analytical and clinical performance evaluation of ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) at the public health laboratories three years after its registration at ANVISA. The clinical performance demonstrates the ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) has 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity to detect and discriminate ZIKV, CHIKV, and DENV from clinical plasma samples. The ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) results were highly reproducible and no cross-reactivity was seen during testing with a panel of other infectious agents. In conclusion, the ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) is an accurate and reliable tool to monitor Zika, dengue and chikungunya infections in countries like Brazil with simultaneous circulation of the three viruses.

Objective: This paper describes the development of the Protocol for Identification of Problems for Rehabilitation (PLPR), a tool to standardize collection of functional information based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Development of the protocol: The PLPR was developed for use during the initial contact with adult patients within a public network of rehabilitation services. Steps to develop the protocol included: survey of the ICF codes most used by clinical professionals; compilation of data from functional instruments; development and pilot testing of a preliminary version in the service settings; discussion with professionals and development of the final version. The final version includes: user identification; social and health information; brief functional description (BFD); summary of the BFD; and PLPR results. Further testing of the final version will be conducted. Conclusions: The protocol standardizes the first contact between the user and the rehabilitation service. Systematic use of the protocol could also help to create a functional database that would allow comparisons between rehabilitation services and countries over time.

Frutose se acumula em tecidos e líquidos corporais de pacientes afetados por intolerância hereditária à frutose (HFI), doença causada pela deficiência da aldolase B. Nós investigamos o efeito da administração aguda de frutose sobre o perfil bioquímico e as atividades das enzimas do ciclo de Krebs em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens. Os ratos receberam uma administração subcutânea de NaCl (0,9 %; grupo controle) ou solução de frutose (5 μmol/g; grupo tratado). Doze ou 24 horas após a administração, os animais sofreram eutanásia e os córtices cerebrais foram isolados. Também foram coletados sangue periférico (para obtenção de soro) e líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) dos animais. Foi observado que os níveis de albumina diminuíram e os níveis de colesterol aumentaram no LCR dos animais 12 horas após a administração de frutose. Adicionalmente, os níveis séricos de lactato aumentaram 12 h após a administração, em comparação como grupo controle. Além disso, a atividade da malato desidrogenase aumentou no córtex cerebral do grupo tratado 24 h após administração deste carboidrato. No presente trabalho, demonstramos que a administração de frutose altera parâmetros bioquímicos em LCR e soro, bem como parâmetros bioenergéticos em córtex cerebral. Tais achados sugerem um papel para a frutose nas alterações cerebrais encontradas em pacientes com HFI.

Fructose accumulates in tissue and body fluids of patients affected by hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI), a disorder caused by the deficiency of aldolase B. We investigated the effect of acute fructose administration on the biochemical profile and on the activities of the Krebs cycle enzymes in the cerebral cortex of young rats. Rats received a subcutaneous injection of NaCl (0.9 %; control group) or fructose solution (5 μmol/g; treated group). Twelve or 24 h after the administration, the animals were euthanized and the cerebral cortices were isolated. Peripheral blood (to obtain the serum) and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) from the animals were also collected. It was observed that albumin levels were decreased and cholesterol levels were increased in CSF of animals 12 h after the administration of fructose. In addition, serum lactate levels were increased 12 h after the administration, as compared to control group. Furthermore, malate dehydrogenase activity was increased in cerebral cortex from treated group 24 h after the administration of this carbohydrate. Herein we demonstrate that fructose administration alters biochemical parameters in CSF and serum and bioenergetics parameters in the cerebral cortex. These findings indicate a possible role of fructose on brain alterations found in HFI patients.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar isolados de Xanthomonas causadores da mancha bacteriana do tomateiro para consumo in natura, provenientes da região do Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe, SC, Brasil, bem como caracterizá-los quanto à sensibilidade in vitro ao cobre. As espécies foram determinadas por similaridades de perfis genômicos gerados por BOX-PCR e a sensibilidade ao cobre foi estabelecida utilizando-se o meio CYE suplementado com sulfato de cobre nas concentrações de 50, 100 e 200 µg/mL. Do total de 44 isolados, 80% foram identificados como X. gardneri, 11% como X. perforans e 9% como X. vesicatoria. De acordo com a reação ao cobre, os isolados foram agrupados em quatro classes (S, sensíveis; MS, moderadamente sensíveis; MI, moderadamente insensíveis; I, insensíveis). Quanto à sensibilidade ao cobre, 98% de todos os isolados foram sensíveis a 200 µg/mL, sugerindo que aparentemente, a dosagem recomendada de produtos à base de cobre em campo, 10 vezes maior que a dosagem limítrofe utilizada nos testes in vitro, ainda é eficiente para as diferentes espécies da bactéria.

The aim of this study was to identify at the species level Xanthomonas strains causing tomato bacterial spot in the region of "Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe", state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, as well as to determine their in vitro sensitivity to copper. Species were determined by similarity analysis of genomic profiles generated by BOX-PCR and sensitivity to copper was established using the CYE medium supplemented with copper sulfate at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 µg/mL. Of the 44 isolates, 80% were identified as X. gardneri, 11% as X. perforans and 9% as X. vesicatoria. According to the response to copper, the isolates were divided into four classes (S, sensitive; MS, moderately sensitive; MI, moderately insensitive; I, insensitive). Regarding the sensitivity to copper, 98% of all isolates were sensitive at 200 µg/mL, suggesting that the recommended dosage of copper-based products registered for the crop may still provide effective control of the different bacterial species.

Este trabajo revisa y discute la literatura sobre las motivaciones de los voluntarios que donan su tiempo a las organizaciones no gubernamentales. Cuanto mejor una organización conoce a sus voluntarios, más esta organización puede ir más allá para satisfacer las necesidades y expectativas de estas personas. Por lo tanto, la comprensión de las motivaciones que pueden llevar una persona para donar su tiempo a una organización en particular es relevante en la gestión de las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG’s). En primer lugar, el artículo describe el estado del arte del voluntariado formal y las motivaciones de los voluntarios no dirigentes. Se presenta una búsqueda de bases de datos bibliográficas, que incluye revistas especializadas en la investigación sobre el voluntariado. A continuación, el artículo describe y compara los diferentes tipos de motivaciones relacionadas con el trabajo voluntário y propone una tipología que agrupa a las motivaciones de los voluntarios en cuatro categorías: el altruismo, la pertenencia, ego y el reconocimiento social y el aprendizaje y el desarrollo. Por último, un análisis que indica que tres lagunas en la literatura de la motivación de los voluntarios para justificar una investigación más a fondo: la omisión de las diferencias entre las motivaciones relacionadas con la “atracción” versus la “retención” de los voluntarios, el enfoque de las investigaciones en el contexto América del Norte y Australia, y la ausencia de análisis comparativas que relacionen las motivaciones por tipos de ONG’s.

Este artigo revê e discute a literatura sobre as motivações dos voluntários para doarem o seu tempo às Organizações Não-Governamentais (ONG). Quanto melhor uma organização conhecer os voluntários, mais essa organização poderá ir de encontro às necessidades e expectativas desses mesmos indivíduos. Por isso, compreender as motivações que podem levar um indivíduo a doar o seu tempo a uma determinada organização é relevante na gestão das ONG. Primeiro, o artigo discute o estado da arte do voluntariado formal e as motivações dos voluntários não dirigentes. Apresenta-se uma pesquisa a bases de dados bibliográficas, que inclui revistas especializadas na investigação de voluntariado. Depois, o artigo mostra e compara os diferentes tipos de motivações associadas ao trabalho voluntário e propõe uma tipologia que agrupa as motivações dos voluntários em quatro tipos: altruísmo, pertença, ego e reconhecimento social e aprendizagem e desenvolvimento. Por fim, efectua-se uma análise que indica três lacunas na literatura das motivações dos voluntários que justificam investigação adicional: a omissão de diferenças entre as motivações relacionadas com a «atracção» versus a «retenção» dos voluntários; a focalização das investigações no contexto norte-americano e australiano; e a ausência de análises comparativas que relacionem as motivações por tipos de ONG.

This research intends to critically review and discuss literature about volunteers’ motivations to donate their time to NGO’s. The more an organization knows its volunteers, the better this organisation will be able to meet the needs and expectations of these individuals. Therefore, to understand motivations that can make individuals donate their time to a certain organisation is an important issue for NGO’s management. Firstly, this paper examines the state-of-the-art in formal voluntarism and the motivations associated with the work of direct service volunteers. We illustrate the results of an analysis conducted in bibliographical databases that include specialised journals in voluntarism research. This discussion is followed by a presentation of a typology that organises different volunteers’ motivations in four groups: altruism, belonging, ego and social recognition and learning and development. Finally, three gaps in the literature of volunteers’ motivations that can justify additional research are identified: omission of differences between motivations related with volunteers’ ‘attraction’ versus ‘retention’; focus of the investigations in North American and Australian contexts; and absence of comparative analyses that relate motivations by NGO types.

Few data are available on autopsy-proven fatal asthma patients in São Paulo, Brazil. We characterized 73 asthma patients who were autopsied at the Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Universidade de São Paulo between 1996 and 2004. An interview with the next of kin assessed socioeconomic status, history, and treatment of asthma. There were 42 women and 31 men. Fifty-six (76.7%) of them were older than 34 years. Sixty-three percent were Caucasians, 77.3% had < 8 years of schooling, and the median income was 1.6 times the minimum wage. Twenty-two patients (30.1%) were smokers and 14 (19.2%) were ex-smokers. Only 25 (34.2%) patients were regularly followed by a doctor. Only 12.3% received inhaled steroids. Thirty-five patients (47.9%) had moderate-to-severe asthma. Fifty-five (75.3%) deaths took place outside a hospital. We conclude that this population shares characteristics of severe or poorly controlled asthma, low educational and socioeconomic levels, and lack of medical care and of inhaled steroid use.

Se cuenta con poca información acerca de los pacientes fallecidos por asma certificada por autopsia en São Paulo, Brasil. Se caracterizaron 73 pacientes de asma sometidos a autopsia en el Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Universidade de São Paulo entre 1996 y 2004. Mediante entrevistas con sus parientes se estableció el nivel socioeconómico, los antecedentes de asma y el tratamiento seguido. Del los 73 pacientes (42 mujeres y 31 hombres), 56 (76,7%) eran mayores de 34 años; 63,0% eran caucásicos y 77,3% tenían menos de 8 años de escolaridad. La mediana de los ingresos era de 1,6 veces el salario mínimo. De los pacientes, 22 (30,1%) eran fumadores y 14 (19,2%) lo habían sido. Solamente 25 (34,2%) pacientes tenían seguimiento médico regular y solo 12,3% usaba inhaladores de esteroides; 35 (47,9%) presentaban asma moderada o intensa; 55 (75,3%) de las muertes ocurrieron fuera de los hospitales. Se concluye que esta población se caracterizaba por padecer de asma intensa o poco controlada, bajo nivel educacional y socioeconómico, carecía de atención médica y no usaba inhaladores de esteroides.

O cancro bacteriano da videira (Vitis vinifera), causado por Xanthomonas campestris pv. viticola, foi primeiramente detectado no Brasil em 1998, em parreirais no município de Petrolina, Vale do São Francisco, Pernambuco. A doença foi também observada em Juazeiro, Bahia, e mais tarde nos estados de Piauí e Ceará. Devido à sua limitada distribuição geográfica e relativamente recente detecção no Brasil, pouco se conhece sobre a biologia e diversidade do patógeno. Padrões genômicos de rep-PCR foram gerados a partir do DNA purificado de 40 isolados de X. campestris pv. viticola, coletados entre 1998 e 2001, em diferentes localidades dos estados de Pernambuco, Bahia e Piauí. A análise combinada dos padrões obtidos com os "primers" REP, ERIC e BOX, mostraram alta similaridade entre os isolados brasileiros e o isolado tipo NCPPB 2475, originário da Índia. Os isolados brasileiros apresentaram padrões similares e algumas bandas diagnósticas, presentes em todos os isolados. Os padrões foram distintos dos isolados de outros patovares e de um isolado não-patogênico obtido de folhas de videira. O polimorfismo observado entre os isolados brasileiros permitiu a diferenciação de cinco subgrupos, sem nenhuma relação com cultivar de origem, local ou época de coleta.

Bacterial canker of grapevine (Vitis vinifera), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. viticola was first detected in Brazil in 1998, affecting grapevines in the São Francisco river basin, state of Pernambuco. The disease was also reported in Juazeiro, Bahia and later in Piauí and Ceará. Due to its limited geographical distribution and relatively recent detection in Brazil, very little is known about the pathogen's biology and diversity. Repetitive DNA based-PCR (rep-PCR) profiles were generated from purified bacterial DNA of 40 field strains of X. campestris pv. viticola, collected between 1998 and 2001 in the states of Pernambuco, Bahia and Piauí. Combined analysis of the PCR patterns obtained with primers REP, ERIC and BOX, showed a high degree of similarity among Brazilian strains and the Indian type strain NCPPB 2475. Similar genomic patterns with several diagnostic bands, present in all strains, could be detected. Fingerprints were distinct from those of strains representing other pathovars and from a yellow non-pathogenic isolate from grape leaves. The polymorphism observed among the Brazilian strains allowed their separation into five subgroups, although with no correlation with cultivar of origin, geographic location or year collected.

Objetivo: o presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de comparar a eficácia de uma fórmula infantil pré-espessada (Nan AR) com fórmula convencional, de espessamento caseiro, com amido de milho, na redução de episódios de regurgitações e vômitos de lactentes com refluxo gastroesofágico (RGE). Métodos: foram estudadas 100 crianças, menores de 12 meses de idade, que não faziam uso de leite materno exclusivo. Por sorteio, 48 receberam fórmula convencional, e 52 receberam fórmula infantil pré-espessada (Nan AR), com comparação dos resultados clínicos após 3 meses. Resultados: não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na melhora ou cura dos sintomas entre os dois grupos, tendo sido ambos os tratamentos eficazes. Conclusões: o espessamento dietético, seja com fórmulas infantis especiais, seja com medidas caseiras, tem eficácia semelhante no tratamento do refluxo gastroesofágico do lactente.

Objective: the purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a pre-thickened infant formula (Nan AR) with a conventional homemade formula in the reduction of regurgitation and vomiting in infants with gastroesophageal reflux. Methods: a hundred children, under 12 months, not exclusively breast feeding, were select for the study. Forty-eight were treated with conventional formula with starch and 52 with pre-thickened infant formula. Results: there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the improvement or cure of symptoms, each treatment having been effective. Conclusions: thickened formulas, pre-thickened or home-thickened, have shown the same efficacy in the management of gastroesophageal reflux in children.