ABSTRACT: This study estimated the growth of body, carcass, primal cuts, edible offal, and feathers of Japanese quail reared in two thermal environments, receiving three nutritional plans, from one to 39 days of age. A total of 576 one-day-old female chicks (Coturnix japonica) with an average initial weight of 7.51±0.75g/bird were evaluated in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (three nutritional plans × two temperatures). The animals were housed in two climatic chambers, at 25 ºC and 35 ºC, using 12 replications with eight birds per experimental unit. Nutritional plans (NP) were as follows: NP1: one diet from 1-21days and another from 22-39 days; NP2: one diet from 1-14 days and another from 15-39 days; and NP3: a single diet from 1-39 days. The growth curves and growth rates of body, carcass, primal cuts, feathers, and edible offal were evaluated using the Gompertz mathematical model. Quail fed NP3 showed higher growth curves and rates for body, carcass, drumstick +thigh, and feather. There was an effect on maturity rate, which was lowest in quail housed at 35 ºC. Among the animals kept at 25 ºC, the group fed NP3 exhibited the highest growth rate and breast weight. The nutritional plan consisting of a single diet offered from 1 to 39 days, formulated based on the tables for Japanese and European quail, is the most suitable for estimating the growth curves (Gompertz model) of Japanese quail housed at 25 ºC or 35 ºC.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se estimar o crescimento corporal, carcaça, cortes nobres, vísceras comestíveis e penas de codornas japonesas criadas em dois ambientes térmicos e alimentadas com três planos nutricionais de um a 39 dias. Foram utilizadas 576 pintainhas (Coturnix japônica), fêmeas, com um dia de idade, com peso médio inicial 7,51 ± 0,75g/ave, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 × 2 (três planos nutricionais x duas temperaturas), alojadas em duas câmaras climáticas de 25º e 35 ºC, com 12 repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. Os planos nutricionais foram: plano nutricional um (PN1) - uma dieta de 1-21 dias e uma dieta de 22-39 dias; plano nutricional dois (PN2) - uma dieta de 1-14 dias e uma dieta de 15-39 dias; e plano nutricional três (PN3) - dieta única de 1-39 dias. Foram avaliadas as curvas e taxas de crescimento corporal, carcaça, cortes nobres, penas e vísceras comestíveis, através do modelo matemático de Gompertz. Codornas alimentadas com PN3 apresentaram maiores curvas e taxas de crescimento corporal, de carcaça, coxa + sobrecoxa e penas. Houve efeito para taxa de maturidade, sendo inferior para codornas alojadas em 35 ºC. Nas aves mantidas em 25 ºC, observou-se maior taxa de crescimento e peso de peito nas codornas alimentadas com PN3. O plano nutricional composto por uma única dieta ofertada durante o período de um a 39 dias, formulado com base nas recomendações das tabelas para codornas japonesas e europeias, é o mais indicado para estimar curvas de crescimento no modelo de Gompertz de codornas japonesas alojadas em 25 ºC ou 35 ºC.

ABSTRACT. The goal of this study was to determine the essential fatty acids of the total lipids of the fillet, head and orbital cavity tissue from farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fish from a Brazilian Amazon area. The tambaqui were acquired from different fish farms in the Roraima state, located at Western Brazilian Amazon. The meat, the head and the fatty tissue from orbital cavity were dissected for lipid extraction and analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography. The fatty acids were quantified in mg g-1 of total lipids using C23:0 as an internal standard. The nutritional quality of the lipids was determined by using the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices, and also by the ratio between hypocholesterolemic / hypercholesterolemic fatty acids. The orbital cavity tissue had the higher concentration amount of linoleic and α-linolenic acid, whereas the fillet had higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentration was: 1.28, 0.97, 1.71 mg g-1 of total lipids, in the filet, in head, and in orbital cavity tissue, respectively. All essential fatty acids were detected in the three parts analyzed. The nutritional quality of the total lipids from the head and from the orbital cavity tissue was similar to the fillet.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar de forma comparativa a influência de diferentes fontes de PUFAS na dieta sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, composição química e características físicas da carne do peito de codornas europeias. Foram utilizadas 280 codornas europeias, peso médio 90,97 ± 0,5 g, durante período de crescimento, compreendido de 14 a 42 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com sete tratamentos, e cinco repetições com 8 aves cada. As codornas foram alimentadas com rações contendo 2% das seguintes fontes e misturas lipídicas: 1. Óleo de soja (SBO); 2. Óleo de linhaça (LSO); 3. Óleo de castanha- doPará (BNO); 4. Óleo de peixe (FSO); 5. LSO+SBO; 6. BNO+SBO; e 7. FSO+SBO. Foram avaliadas as medidas de desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e características de qualidade de carne (composição química, pH, perda por centrifugação, perda de peso por cocção, força de cisalhamento e cor). As medidas de desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar) foram influenciadas pelas fontes lipídicas. A dieta FSO apresentou melhor desempenho. As codornas alimentadas com as dietas BNO (18,27 g/ave/dia), LSO (17,58 g/ave/dia) apresentaram maior consumo de ração. O rendimento de carcaça e a composição química da carne não apresentaram diferença significativa (P > 0,05), enquanto que as características químicas e físicas apresentaram diferença entre as fontes lipídicas suplementadas na dieta. A adição de fontes de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados não causaram efeitos prejudiciais às aves e alterações indesejáveis à qualidade de carne.

ABSTRACT The aim o f this study was to carry out a comparative evaluation of the effect of adding different sources of PUFAS to the diet on performance, carcass yield, chemical composition, and the physical characteristics of breast meat from European quail. A tot al of 280 European quail with a mean weight of 90.97 ± 0.5 g, during the growth period and ranging from 14 to 42 days of age, were distributed in a completely randomised design with seven treatments, and five replications of eight birds each. The quail were fed on diets containing 2% of the following lipid sources and mixtures: 1. Soybean oil (SBO); 2. Linseed oil (LSO); 3. Brazil Nut Oil (BNO); 4. Fish oil (FSO); 5. LSO+SBO; 6. BNO+SBO; and 7. FSO+SBO. Performance measures, such as carcass yield and meat quality (chemical composition, pH, centrifugation loss, weight loss by cooking, shear strength and colour) were evaluated. The performance measures (weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion) were influenced by the source of lipids. The FSO diet showed better performance. Quails fed on the BNO (18.27 g/bird/day) and LSO (17.58 g/bird/day) diets had a higher feed intake. Carcass yield and the chemical composition of the meat showed no significant differences (P > 0.05), while the chemical and physical characteristics showed differences between the lipid sources added to the diet. The addition of sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids caused no harmful effects to the birds or undesirable changes in meat quality.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate whether replacing corn starch (CS) energy with isolated soy protein (ISP) and soybean oil (SO) and the ambient temperature affect the protein and energy requirements for maintenance and gain of European quail. Thus, a total of 432 European quail from 10 to 30 days of age, distributed in a completely randomized design, were used to estimate the protein and energy requirements for maintenance through the comparative slaughter methodology. The treatments consisted of three diets formulated with the replacement of CS, corresponding to 15% of the metabolizable energy in the diet, with ISP and SO, two controlled temperatures (26 and 35 °C), and three levels of feed supply (ad libitum, and 70 and 40% of ad libitum intake), with four replicates of six birds. Protein and energy requirements for weight gain were determined from 160 European quail, slaughtered every five days at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days of age. Birds were housed in four groups of 40 birds in a room with thermoneutral temperature (26 °C). The energy sources of the feed and temperatures studied affected protein and energy requirements for maintenance and gain of European quail. Replacing CS energy by 15% of dietary energy with SO results in lower protein and energy maintenance requirements for European quail at both temperatures. The protein and energy weight gain requirements of quail fed SO as an energy source is higher than CS and ISP.

RESUMO O entendimento do escoamento de sedimentos é fundamental para a adequada gestão e uso dos recursos hídricos. A falta de planejamento de uso e ocupação do solo, marcado por ações antrópicas irracionais, influencia diretamente a dinâmica dos sedimentos nas bacias hidrográficas em todo o território nacional. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo teve como objetivos determinar as descargas de sedimentos, analisar fatores que podem influenciar o carreamento de sedimentos na bacia hidrográfica e construir as curvas-chave que representam a relação entre as descargas sólida e líquida no rio Jordão. O estudo foi realizado na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Jordão, estabelecendo-se quatro estações de amostragem, sendo realizadas nove campanhas de medições de vazões e coletas de água para análise de sedimentos suspensos em épocas secas e chuvosas no período de agosto de 2017 a julho de 2018. As concentrações e descargas de sedimentos apresentaram variações entre as estações e os períodos de amostragem. Na época chuvosa, os valores das descargas e concentrações foram superiores ao período de estiagem. A maior concentração média foi de 101,16 mg.L-1 na estação 3, e a maior descarga sólida total ocorreu na estação 4, com valor médio de 113,83 t.d-1. Além da precipitação, fatores como cobertura vegetal, uso do solo e declividade influenciam o carreamento dos sedimentos no rio Jordão. As curvas-chave de sedimentos em suspensão e totais, para cada estação e para os dados unidos de todas as estações, apresentaram boas correlações.

ABSTRACT Understanding the sediment flow is fundamental for the proper management and use of the water resources. The lack of planning in the use and occupation of land, marked by irrational anthropogenic actions, directly influences the sediment dynamics in river basins throughout the national territory. In this sense, the objectives of this article were to determine sediment discharges, to analyze factors that can influence sediment dynamics in the basin and to construct the key curves that represent the relationship between the solid and liquid flow of the Jordão River. The study was carried out in the Jordão River Basin. Four sampling stations were established, and nine campaigns were carried out to measure flows and water samples for the analysis of suspended sediments during dry and rainy seasons from August 2017 to July 2018. The concentrations and discharges of sediment presented variations between the seasons and sampling periods. In the rainy season, the values of discharges and concentrations were higher than in the dry season. The highest mean concentration was 101.16 mg.L-1at station 3, and the highest total solid discharge occurred at station 4 with a mean value of 113.83 t.d-1. In addition to precipitation, factors such as vegetation cover, land use and slope are influencing the sediment dynamics in the Jordão River. The key curves of suspended and total sediments obtained for each season and the bound data from all stations showed good correlations.

RESUMO O tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, é uma das espécies nativas da fauna brasileira com grande potencial de expansão, todavia, os estudos de exigências nutricionais são escassos e apresentam resultados conflitantes, a ponto de não termos informações suficientes para formular dietas específicas para a espécie, nas diferentes fases de crescimento. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a influência de níveis de proteína bruta sobre o desempenho produtivo, composição de carcaça e taxa de excreção de amônia em tambaqui na categoria de peso de 2 a 20 g. Os juvenis (peso médio 1,7 ? 0,05 g) foram alimentados quatro vezes ao dia, durante um período de 60 dias, com dietas contendo 300; 350; 400 e 450 g kg-1 de proteína bruta. O experimento foi executado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro níveis de proteína e cinco repetições. Os juvenis de tambaqui alimentados com a dieta contendo 300 g kg-1 de proteína bruta apresentaram maior consumo de ração, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de eficiência proteica e valor produtivo da proteína, demonstrando que os animais alimentados com o menor nível de proteína bruta apresentaram melhor eficiência de utilização deste nutriente. Por outro lado, observou-se maior deposição de gordura viscero-somático e lipídio corporal nestes animais. As taxas de excreção de amônia foram menores nos tambaquis alimentados com a ração contendo 300 g kg-1 proteína bruta do que naqueles que receberam ração contendo 450 g kg-1. Recomenda-se o nível de 300g kg-1 de proteína bruta para tambaqui de 2 a 20 g de peso vivo.

ABSTRACT The freshwater fish, tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, is a native species of Brazilian fauna that has the potential to become a widespread aquaculture species, howerer, studies regarding the nutrient requirements remain scarce, often producing conflicting results. Hence, the currently available information is insufficient to formulate the specific diet of this species, for the different growth stages. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary crude protein levels on the growth performance, body composition and ammonia excretion rates in tambaqui of 2-20 g body weight. Juvenile (average weight, 1.70 ? 0.05 g) were fed four times a day over a 60 days period using diets containing 300; 350; 400 and 450 g kg-1 crude protein in a completely randomized experimental design. The tambaqui juvenile fed diet containing 300 g kg-1 crude protein exhibited higher feed intake, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and protein productive value. This finding shows an improvement in protein utilization efficiency when fish are fed the lowest level of this nutrient in the diet; however, more viscero-somatic fat deposition and body lipid content was observed in these fish. The total ammonia excretion rates were lower in tambaqui fed diet containing 300 g kg-1 crude protein than those fed diets containing 450 g kg-1 crude protein. From the present investigation, it can be conclude that 300 g kg -1 crude protein should be fed to tambaqui juvenile of 2-20 g body weight.

O presente artigo avaliou a capacidade de autodepuração do Rio Jordão, considerando as contribuições reais do córrego Brejo Alegre em período de estiagem e os dois cenários que levam em conta as cargas poluidoras estimadas da estação de tratamento de esgoto e a baixa capacidade de diluição do rio para a vazão crítica Q7,10, por meio do modelo QUAL-UFMG. A simulação na estiagem apresentou aceitável calibração, tendo em vista a otimização dos coeficientes, evidenciando a prevalência da desoxigenação por demanda carbonácea sobre a nitrificação e a importância da reaeração natural no processo de autodepuração. Apenas o parâmetro 'demanda bioquímica de oxigênio' (DBO5) não respeitou os limites preconizados pela Resolução do Ministério do Meio Ambiente 357:2005, tendo ficado em toda a extensão do rio fora da regulamentação devido ao recebimento de cargas poluidoras do córrego Brejo Alegre. Quanto às simulações dos cenários, as cargas poluidoras de uma população de 13.300 habitantes para o Cenário 1 e 20.500 para o 2 garantiriam a capacidade de autodepuração, considerando-se uma vazão crítica 3,2 vezes inferior à menor vazão medida no período de estiagem.

The present article assessed the self-depuration capacity of Jordão River, considering the real contributions of Brejo Alegre stream in a drought period and two scenarios regarding the estimated polluting loads of a waste treatment plant and the low dilution capacity of the river for the Q7,10 critical flow by using the QUAL-UFMG model. The simulation for the drought period presented acceptable calibration by adjusting coefficients, evidencing the deoxygenation by carbon demand over nitrification and the importance of natural re-aeration in the self-depuration process. Only the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) parameter did not respect the limits recommended by the CONAMA Resolution 357:2005, in which all the river extension was outside the regulations due to the pollution loads received from Brejo Alegre stream. For the simulated scenarios, polluting loads of a population of 13.300 people for scenario 1 and 20.500 for 2 guaranteed the self-depuration capacity, considering a critical flow 3.2 times lower than the lowest flow measured in the drought period.

O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação com fitase em dietas com diferentes níveis de fósforo disponível sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias. Foram utilizados 1.080 frangos Cobb-500, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (3 x 4) com três níveis de fósforo disponível (0,30; 0,40 e 0,50%) e quatro níveis de fitase (0; 500; 1.000 e 1.500 UF), totalizando 12 tratamentos, cada um com seis repetições de 15 aves. As variáveis avaliadas foram: consumo de ração, peso vivo, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e as características de carcaça. O peso vivo e ganho de peso não foram influenciados pelos níveis de fósforo disponível e pela adição de fitase na dieta. Houve interação entre os níveis de fósforo disponível e os níveis de fitase para consumo de ração e para conversão alimentar. Verificou-se melhor conversão alimentar nas aves alimentadas com dietas contendo 0,30% de fósforo disponível com 1.500 UF kg-1. Os níveis de fósforo disponível influenciaram os rendimentos da coxa e do dorso, onde o melhor resultado foi com 0,30 e 0,40%, respectivamente. Recomenda-se a utilização de dietas contendo 0,30% de fósforo disponível, suplementadas com 1.500 UF kg-1.

The study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of phytase supplements in feeds with different levels of available phosphorus on the performance of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age. We used 1080 Cobb-500 chickens distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, with three levels of available phosphorus (0.30; 0.40 and 0.50%) and four levels of phytase (0; 500; 1,000 and 1,500 UF), totaling 12 treatments, each with six replications of 15 birds. The variables evaluated were: feed intake, live body weight, weight gain, feed conversion and carcass characteristics. Live body weight and weight gain were not influenced by the levels of available phosphorus or adding phytase to the diet. There was interaction between the levels of available phosphorus and phytase levels for feed intake and feed conversion. Better feed conversion was seen in birds fed on diets containing 0.30% available phosphorus at 1,500 UF kg-1. The available phosphorus levels affected the development of the thigh and the back, where the best results were from 0.30% and 0.40% respectively. The use of a diet containing 0.30% phosphorus, supplemented with 1500 UF kg-1 is recommended.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da vitamina C (VC), vitamina E (VE) e de duas formas de selênio sobre o desempenho, rendimento e qualidade do filé de tilápia Nilótica. O experimento foi realizado num delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto por seis tratamentos, os quais foram constituídos pela adição de 100, 200 e 400 mg kg-1 das vitaminas C e E, associados com 0,1, 0,2 e 0,4 mg kg-1 de duas formas de selênio. Cada tratamento foi constituído por cinco repetições de 30 peixes cada. A dieta com 200 mg kg-1 de VC e VE + 0,2 mg kg-1 de selênio orgânico proporcionou ganho de peso, comprimento corporal e fator de conversão alimentar semelhantes aos tratamentos com 400 mg kg-1 de VC e VE + 0,4 mg kg-1 de selênio orgânico ou inorgânico. A adição de selênio orgânico à dieta melhorou o ganho de peso e o fator de conversão alimentar em comparação com o selênio inorgânico. A dieta com 0,2 mg kg-1 de selênio orgânico apresentou nível de glutationa peroxidase igual ao da dieta com 0,4 mg kg-1 de selênio inorgânico. Os rendimentos de carcaça e filé não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, entretanto houve efeito dos tratamentos na composição química do filé.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE), and two selenium sources on the performance, yield, and composition of Nile tilapia fillet. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design consisting of six treatments with the addition of 100, 200, and 400 mg kg-1 VC and VE and 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 of two sources of selenium. Each treatment had five replicates of 30 fish each. The diet with 200 mg kg-1 VC and VE + 0.2 mg.k-1 organic selenium resulted in weight gain, length gain, and feed conversion ratio similar to that of the treatment with 400 mg kg-1 VC and VE + 0.4 mg kg-1 organic or inorganic selenium. The addition of organic selenium to the diet improved the weight gain and feed conversion ratio in comparison with the addition of inorganic selenium. The diet with 0.2 mg kg-1 organic selenium showed glutathione peroxidase level equal to the diet with 0.4 mg kg-1 of inorganic selenium. Carcass and fillet yields were not affected by treatments; however, there was treatment effect on the fillet's chemical composition.

The objective of this study was to estimate the requirements for maintenance and gain of crude protein in Japanese and European quails aged 16-36 days. To determine the maintenance requirements, one experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four decreasing feeding levels (100, 75, 50 and 25%) and four replicates per treatment. The method of comparative slaughter was used, through a feeding assay. A total of 352 quails from each strain were housed by supply level in 16 pens measuring 1.0 × 1.5 m, totaling 22 birds per cage under ambient temperature conditions (26±0.5 ºC). To estimate the requirement gains, one experiment was conducted with five groups of quails fed ad libitum and housed under controlled temperature of 18 ºC. All poultry were slaughtered at 16, 21, 26, 31 and 36 days of testing for determination of body composition in protein throughout growth. The requirement for maintenance of the Japanese quail differs from that obtained with the European quail. The protein was retained at the proportion of 32% for European quails and 25% for the Japanese quails. This difference in retention promoted estimate of 0.65 g/g gain in European quails and 0.84 g/g gain in Japanese quails. Quails should be fed diets formulated considering the requirement for protein of each genotype.

As exigências nutricionais de codornas diferem das de frangos e de galinhas poedeiras. Igualmente, as exigências de codornas japonesas também são distintas das de codornas europeias. Codornas exigem mais proteína (aminoácidos), menos cálcio na ração e digerem melhor os aminoácidos dos alimentos em comparação e a energia de alimentos fibrosos. Esses animais ainda aproveitam a energia do milho e do farelo de soja na mesma proporção que os frangos. Da mesma forma que os frangos, as codornas exigem mais energia para mantença, quando alojadas no piso, e menos, quando submetidas às altas temperaturas ambiente. Conclui-se que rações formuladas para frangos e galinhas não devem ser usadas na alimentação de codornas europeias e japonesas.

The nutritional requirements differ between quail chickens and laying hens and between Japanese quail and European quails. Quail require more protein (amino acids), less calcium and digest better amino acids of food in comparison with chickens, however, quails digest better energy of food fibrous, but in the same proportion as the chickens from corn and soybean meal. Likewise the chickens, the quail require more energy when on the floor and less when subjected to high ambient temperatures. It is concluded that diets for broiler chickens and should not be used as feed for European quails and Japanese.

This study aimed to estimate the energy requirements for maintenance and gain of Japanese and European quails under growth housed in two rearing systems: floor pens and cages. To determine maintenance requirements, two experiments were conducted with birds housed in cages in environmental chambers (experiment 1) and in floor pens at room temperature conditions (experiment 2). The experimental design was completely randomized with four levels of feed supply (100, 75, 50 and 25%) and four repetitions. Energy requirements for maintenance were estimated by the comparative slaughter method through a feeding trial. In experiment 1, 64 Japanese and European quails per treatment were housed in cages of climatic chambers at 18, 24, and 28 °C, while in experiment 2, 352 quails per treatment were housed in floor pens at room temperature (26 °C). To estimate gain requirements, five slaughters were performed with quails receiving feed ad libitum and housed under controlled temperature of 18 °C (experiment 3). Prediction equations were obtained to estimate requirements for maintenance and gain of energy for the two genotypes of quails. The room temperature and breeding system affected the estimates of energy requirements for maintenance. The genotypes presented different estimates for maintenance and gain. Prediction models should be developed considering the room temperature and quails' genotypes.

The study was conducted to estimate requirements of energy and crude protein for maintenance, weight gain and egg production of Japanese quails in the period of 67 to 107 days of age. Two experiments were performed: one, to determine the requirements for maintenance of protein, and the other, for energy. Experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with four dietary levels of offer and four replicates of six birds. The diets offered were: ad libitum (100%), 75%, 50%, and 25% consumption ad libitum (below maintenance). The methodology used to estimate the demand for maintenance was the comparative slaughter. For estimation of the requirement for weight gain, eight groups of 15 quails were reared separately, fed ad libitum and housed under 22 ºC controlled temperature. From these poultry, three groups were slaughtered at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days of the trial. The requirement for egg production was obtained by taking the ratio of energy content, egg protein, efficiency of energy use and protein for egg production. Prediction equations that estimate maintenance requirement, weight gain and egg production in energy and crude protein of Japanese quail include: metabolizable energy (kcal/bird/day) = 92.34*body weight0.75 + 6.23*weight gain + 4.19*egg mass; crude protein (g/bird/day) = 6.71*body weight0.75 + 0.615*weight gain + 0.258*egg mass.

Avaliaram-se as exigências de metionina+cistina de aves de reposição leves ou semipesadas de 1 a 4 semanas de idade alimentadas com ração farelada ou triturada. Utilizaram-se 800 aves Dekalb White (leves) com peso vivo inicial de 34,52 ± 0,26 g e 800 Bovans Goldline (semipesadas) com peso inicial de 36,41 ± 0,22 g. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 × 2 × 2, composto de cinco níveis de metionina + cistina total (0,65; 0,70; 0,75; 0,80 ou 0,85%), duas linhagens e duas formas físicas da ração, totalizando 20 tratamentos, cada um com quatro repetições de 20 aves. A ração basal foi suplementada com DL-metionina (99%) para proporcionar os cinco níveis de metionina + cistina total e foram mantidas isonutritivas quanto aos níveis de energia metabolizável (2.900 kcal/kg), proteína bruta (21%), cálcio (0,94%) e fósforo disponível (0,44%). Aos 28 dias de idade, foram avaliados os consumos de ração total e diário, os ganhos de peso total e diário e a conversão alimentar. Não houve efeito de interação níveis de metionina+cistina × linhagem × forma física da ração, todavia, isoladamente, os níveis de metionina+cistina afetaram de forma quadrática todas as características de desempenho. Os melhores resultados de desempenho foram obtidos com a linhagem semipesada. Em ambas as linhagens, a ração triturada promoveu maior ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar. Houve interação níveis de metionina+cistina × linhagem para o peso e a porcentagem de penas, que foram maiores nas aves semipesadas. Recomenda-se 0,78% de metionina+cistina para aves de reposição leves e semipesadas de 1 a 4 semanas de idade ou 146 mg/dia para as leves e 160 mg/dia para as semipesadas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the total methionine+cystine requirements in function of crushed and ground diets and pullet strain (light and semi-heavy) from 1 to 4 weeks of age. One thousand and sixty 1-day-old pullets were used as follows: 800 Dekalb White pullets and 800 Bovans Goldline pullets, weighting 34.52 ± 0.26 g and 36.41 ± 0.22 g, respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme (0.65; 0.70; 0.75; 0.80 and 0.85% total Met+Cys × pullet strain × two physical forms), with twenty treatments, four repetitions of twenty birds. The basal diet was supplemented with DL-Met (99%) to provide five total Met+Cys levels. The experimental rations presented the same contents for ME (2.900 kcal/kg), CP (21%), Ca (0.94%) and available P (0.44%). The total feed consumption (TFC), daily feed consumption (DFC), total weight gain (TWG), daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion (FC) were measured up to 28 days of age. The averages were analyzed through the F test and regression model. SH strain presented better TFC, DFC, TWG, DWG and FC. The crushed ration provided better TWG, DWG and FC for both strains. The Met+Cys levels affected TWG, DWG and FC in a linear way. Semi-heavy pullets presented better performance than light pullets. The ground diet improved TWG, DWG and FC of light and SH pullets from 1 to 4 weeks of age. Supplementation with 0.85% of Met+Cys is recommended for light and semi-heavy pullets from 1 to 4 weeks of age or average Met+Cys consumption of 159 and 174 mg, respectively.

O experimento foi realizado para estimar as exigências de sódio em frangas leves (LV) e semipesadas (SP), durante a fase de recria (7 a 12 semanas de idade). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial com seis níveis de sódio (0,04; 0,10; 0,16; 0,21; 0,27 e 0,32 %) e duas linhagens (LV e SP), que resultaram em doze tratamentos, com cinco repetições de seis aves. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração (CR), consumo de água (CAG), ganho de peso diário (GPD), conversão alimentar (CA), temperatura retal (TR), comprimento da crista (CC), matéria seca das excretas (MSF) e umidade das excretas (UF). Não houve interação dos níveis de sódio (NS) com a linhagem sobre as variáveis estudadas. O CR não foi afetado pelos NS, porém as frangas SP consumiram mais ração que as LV. Os NS proporcionaram efeito quadrático para o GPD e CA, e a linhagem LV apresentou maior CC que a SP. O aumento do NS da ração elevou o CAG, a UF e diminuiu a MSF, mas a TR não foi alterada. Recomenda-se de 7 a 12 semanas de idade 0,22%, ou o consumo de 123 e 140 mg de sódio para as LV e SP, respectivamente.

The experiments were carried out to determine sodium requirements for light (LS) and egg-brown (EBS) pullets from 7 to 12 weeks of age. It was used a completely randomized design according to a 6x2 factorial (sodium levels: 0.04; 0.10; 0.16; 0.21; 0.27 and 0.32% X 2 strains), with five replicates of six pullets per experimental unit. Feed intake, water intake, daily weight gain, feed: gain ratio, rectal temperature, and comb size were evaluated, as well as feces dry matter and humidity. In the two experiments, there was no interaction (P>0.05) between sodium levels (SL) and strains on the studied variables. Feed intake was not affected by LS, but it was greater in EBS than in LS birds (P <0.05). LS had significant effects on daily weight gain and feed: gain ratio according to the quadratic model, and comb size was greater in LS compared to EBS birds. The increase in dietary sodium levels increased water intake and feces humidity, whereas feces dry matter decreased. Rectal temperature was not affected by the treatments. For SL and EBS, it is recommended 0.22% Na or a daily intake of 123 and 140 mg of sodium, respectively, from 7 to 12 weeks of age.