ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate incidence of subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Subjects and methods: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) is a prospective cohort study of 15,105 civil servants, examined at baseline and over a 4-year follow-up. This analysis included 9,705 participants with normal thyroid function at baseline, follow-up information about thyroid function and with no report of using drugs that may interfere in the thyroid function. Thyroid function was defined by TSH/FT4 levels or routine use of thyroid hormones/anti-thyroid medications. Annual and cumulative (over 4-year) incidence rates were presented as percentages (95% Confidence Intervals). Results: The incidence of all overt and subclinical thyroid disease was 6.7% (1.73%/year): 0.19% for overt hyperthyroidism (0.048%/year), 0.54% for subclinical hyperthyroidism (0.14%/year), 1.98% for overt hypothyroidism (0.51%/year), and 3.99% for subclinical hypothyroidism (1.03%/year). The incidence of all thyroid diseases was higher in women, when compared to men, with a low women:men ratio (1.36). For Blacks the highest incidence was for overt hyperthyroidism, while for Whites, the highest incidence was for overt hypothyroidism. However, the highest incidence of overt hyperthyroidism was detected in Asian descendants. The presence of antithyroperoxidase antibodies at baseline was associated with higher incidence of overt thyroid diseases. Conclusion: These results showed a high incidence of hypothyroidism, which is compatible with a country with a more-than-adequate iodine intake. The low women:men ratio of the incidence of thyroid dysfunction highlights the importance of the diagnosis of thyroid diseases among men in Brazil.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar a influência da adubação nitrogenada, do ambiente e cultivares no teor de proteínas, o volume de sedimentação com dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDSS) e no número de queda em trigo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, em quatro repetições foram avaliadas cultivares de trigo IPR Catuara TM, BRS Gaivota, Quartzo e CD 120 em seis manejos do nitrogênio em quatro ambientes. Foram realizadas as avaliações do teor de proteínas, teste de sedimentação com dodecil sulfato de sódio, número de queda e produtividade de grãos. Foi realizada análise de variância conjunta para os quatro ambientes e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, p ≤ 0,05. O efeito do ambiente é superior ao efeito de nitrogênio e de cultivares sobre o teor de proteínas. O incremento no teor de proteínas reduz a produtividade de grãos das cultivares. O SDSS e o número de queda em trigo são influenciados pela interação entre cultivar e ambiente e também pelo manejo do nitrogênio. O teor de proteínas no grão tem baixa influência sobre o volume de sedimentação com dodecil sulfato de sódio, logo o manejo do nitrogênio em cobertura apresenta efeito menos acentuado para essa variável resposta. O número de queda não varia entre cultivares quando o ambiente é propício à germinação na espiga. A utilização de nitrogênio em cobertura influência o número de queda em trigo.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of nitrogen (N) fertilization, environment and cultivars on the protein concentration, sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation test (SDSS) volume and falling number in wheat. The experimental design was a randomized blocks in split plot scheme with four repetions. Four wheat genotypes were evaluated under six N managements in four enviroment (subplots). The wheat genotypes evaluated were IPR Catuara TM, BRS Gaivota, Quartzo and CD 120. Protein concentration, SDS sedimentation test, falling number and grain yield were evaluated. Combined analysis of variance for the four environment was performed and means were compared by Tukey test at p ≤ 0.05. The environmental effect is greater than the genotype and N effects on protein concentration. The increase in protein concentration reduces grain yield of the cultivars tested. SDSS and falling number in wheat are influenced by the interaction between cultivar and environment and also by the N management. The protein concentration of grain has low influence on SDS sedimentation volume, so the topdressing N management has less accentuated effect on this response variable. The falling number does not vary among cultivars when the environment is suitable to pre-harvest sprouting. The use of topdressing N influences the falling number in wheat.

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la eficiencia de los insecticidas metoxifenozide, teflubenzuron, piriproxifeno, clorantraniliprole y Azadirachta indica en el control del escarabajo de la cama Alphitobius diaperinus. Se realizaron dos bioensayos en el laboratorio del control microbiano de la Universidade Estadual Londrina (Brasil). En el primero, las larvas de A. diaperinus fueron alimentadas con pienso de maíz tratado con los insecticidas en siete dosis (i.e. dosis recomendada - DR y porcentajes del 50; 25; 12,5; 6,25; 3,12 y 1,65 de la misma). En el segundo bioensayo, lós diferentes tratamientos fueron aplicados en las larvas pero sólo en las tres más altas dosis. La cuantificación de la mortalidad de larvas se hizo diariamente hasta el día 30, cuando se evaluó el número de pupas y adultos. Las mayores mortalidades de larvas se presentaron en larvas alimentadas con raciones con teflubenzuron, clorantraniliprole y A. indica. Los tratamientos con metoxifenozide y piriproxifeno causaron menor mortalidad, sin embargo, con este último, las larvas no alcanzaron a formar pupas ni adultos. Teflubenzuron presentó la mayor toxicidad con menor TL50. Cuando los productos fueron aplicados directamente en las larvas, los tratamientos más eficientes fueron teflubenzuron, clorantraniliprole y A. indica, sin embargo, hubo reducción en los porcentajes de la mortalidad con teflubenzuron y clorantraniliprole. Para A. indica, el método de aplicación no interferió con los niveles de mortalidad. Piriproxifeno, que no había causado mortalidad en el consumo de ración, aumentó hasta el 30% cuando fue aplicado a la larva.

The purpose of this study was to evalúate the efficiency of the insecticides methoxyphenozide, teflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, chlorantraniliprole and also Azadirachta indica in the control of Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The study was carried out in the Microbial Control laboratory of Universidade Estadual Londrina (Brazil) and consisted of two bioassays. In the first, A. diaperinus larvae were fed with corn feed treated with the insecticides in seven dosages. In the second bioassay, the different treatments were sprayed on the larvae only at the three highest dosages. Evaluations were performed daily, quantifying larval mortality, and on the 30th day, the number of pupae and adults were evaluated. Teflubenzuron, chlorantraniliprole and A. indica were responsible for the greatest percentage of mortalities in larvae fed with treated feed. The treatments with methoxyphenozide and pyriproxyfen caused the lowest mortalities; however, with pyriproxyfen the larvae were not transformed into pupae and adults up to the 30th day of assessment. The treatment with teflubenzuron showed the greatest toxicity, with the lowest survival time (ST50) When the products were applied directly on to the larvae, the most efficient treatments were teflubenzuron, chlorantraniliprole and A. indica; however, there was a reduction in the mortality percentages with teflubenzuron and chlorantraniliprole in relation to the feed bioassay. For A. indica, the application method did not affect the mortality levels. Pyriproxyfen, which had not led to mortality through feed ingestion, obtained an increase of up to 30% after being applied directly on to the larvae.

Neste trabalho se objetivou avaliar a aplicação foliar de aminoácidos associada à aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura, no desempenho produtivo e nas características agronômicas da cultura do milho, cultivado no período da safrinha. O delineamento foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com 4 repetições. Foram utilizadas quatro doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1) na forma de ureia e quatro doses de aminoácido (0, 8, 16, e 24 L ha-1) aplicadas via foliar. A cultivar de milho utilizado foi o Pioneer 305 31H. As variáveis analisadas foram teor de nitrogênio foliar, altura de plantas, altura de espiga, diâmetro do colmo, comprimento de espiga, número de fileiras de grãos por espiga, número de grãos por fileira, número de grãos por espiga, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos. O aminoácido não alterou as variáveis analisadas. O nitrogênio incrementou linearmente as variáveis altura de plantas, altura de inserção de espiga, número de grãos por espiga e número de grãos por fileira. O comprimento de espiga, a massa de mil grãos e a produtividade de grãos obtiveram, respectivamente, máxima resposta ao nitrogênio nas doses de 135,3, 157 e 149,5 kg ha-1.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the foliar application of amino acids associated with the application of nitrogen as topdressing on yield performance and agronomic characteristics of corn, cultivated during the latter season. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 4 x 4 factorial, with 4 repetitions. Four doses of nitrogen (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1) as urea were used and four doses of amino acids (0, 8, 16, and 24 L ha-1) were applied on leaves. The maize cultivar used was Pioneer 305 31H. The variables analysed were: leaf N content, plant height, ear height, stem diameter, ear length, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of grains per spike, weight of 100 grains and yield. The amino acids did not alter the analysed variables. Nitrogen increased linearly the variables plant height, height of insertion of ear, number of grains per ear and number of kernels per row. The length of spike, thousand grain weight and grain yield response to nitrogen obtained under maximum doses of 135.3, 157 and 149.5 kg ha-1, respectively.

Os estudos de hidrologia, agrometeorologia, perda de solo e de cenários de mudança climática, dependem de informações climáticas passíveis de não estar disponíveis. Os geradores climáticos como o CLIGEN, podem sintetizar séries climáticas diárias estatisticamente semelhantes aos dados observados. O objetivo foi avaliar o CLIGEN na geração de séries climáticas nas condições do Paraná, Brasil, que apresenta transição entre os climas Cfa e Cfb. Dados observados de 20 estações meteorológicas entre 1975 e 2009 foram comparados com séries sintéticas geradas com o mesmo número de anos. Analisaram-se médias e desvios padrão do número de dias com chuva, precipitação diária, intensidade máxima de precipitação normalizada, radiação solar, temperatura máxima, mínima e do ponto de orvalho. O coeficiente de determinação foi inferior a 0,91em duas estações; nas condições avaliadas o CLIGEN apresentou restrições na simulação da intensidade máxima de precipitação normalizada e, para as demais variáveis avaliadas, mostrou-se viável para sintetizar séries climáticas diárias estatisticamente semelhantes aos dados observados.

Studies on hydrology, agro-meteorology, soil loss and climate change scenarios depend on weather information, which may not be available. Weather generators, such as the CLIGEN, can synthesize daily climate series statistically similar to the observed data. The objective of this study was to evaluate the CLIGEN in generating series in the climatic conditions of Paraná, Brazil, which show transition between Cfa and Cfb climates. Observed data from 20 weather stations from 1975 to 2009 were compared with synthetic series generated with the same number of years. Mean and standard deviation of the number of wet days, daily precipitation, normalized storm peak intensity, solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperatures and dew point were analysed. The coefficient of determination was less than 0.91 in two stations.Under the evaluated conditions, the CLIGEN showed restrictions to simulate the normalized storm peak intensity and, for the remaining variables, it was shown to be viable to synthesize daily climate series statistically similar to those in the observed data.

O sistema de plantio direto já está consagrado como sistema conservacionista de cultivo agrícola, o que motivou este trabalho, através do qual se visa analisar o tempo de consolidação deste sistema, considerando-se cultivos de milho com plantio direto implantado entre 2 e 14 anos. Esta análise foi feita por meio da medição da área das estruturas presentes no perfil cultural do solo com um SIG e, posteriormente avaliada pelo método estatístico de componentes principais. Constatou-se que as estruturas onde o plantio direto foi implantado há menos de 8 anos assemelharam-se às estruturas do sistema de plantio convencional, e quando implantado há mais de 9 anos, assemelharam-se às estruturas do perfil de floresta, concluindo-se que o período de consolidação do sistema de plantio direto situa-se entre o 9º e o 10º ano após a sua implantação, para as condições da área estudada. O excesso de detalhamento na nomenclatura das unidades morfologicamente homogêneas dificultou a análise dos dados.

The no-tillage system has already been acclaimed as a conservational system of agricultural cultivation, what has motivated this work, through which it was aimed to analyze the consolidation time of this system, considering maize plantations with no-tillage system implemented between 2 to 14 years. This analysis has been done through the measuring of areas of the present structures in the cropping profile with GIS and later, evaluated by the statistical method of principal components. The structures where no-tillage system has been implemented for less than eight years are similar to conventional cultivation, and where it has been implemented for more than nine years are similar to forest cultivation, leading to the conclusion that the period of consolidation of no-tillage system is between the ninth and tenth year after its implementation, for the conditions of the analyzed area. The excess of details in the nomenclature of morphological homogeneous units makes the data analysis difficult.