Abstract Aim: to compare the impact of different resistance exercise orders on postexercise hemodynamic measures in resistance-trained nonhypertensive middle-aged and older women. Methods: Twenty-three women (age 50-78 yrs) were randomized into two resistance training (RT) groups: one group started training sessions performing multi-joint exercises followed by single-joint exercises (MS, n = 12; 58.92 ± 5.53 yrs), while the other group performed their sessions in the opposite order (SM, n = 11; 57.93 ± 11.89 yrs). Both groups performed their RT sessions composed of 7 exercises performed in 3 sets of 10-15 repetitions maximum. Blood pressure was measured by automated equipment during pre-training and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min after the training session. Results: Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified an isolated effect of time only for systolic blood pressure (p = 0.003) with statistically significant reductions in pre-session measurement at 60 min post-session in both groups (MS: 117.67 ± 15.89 mmHg vs. 111.25 ± 11.84 mmHg and SM: 118.64 ± 15.13 mmHg vs. 111.50 ± 15.62 mmHg). Regarding diastolic blood pressure and subjective perception of effort, no difference was identified between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that a RT session can promote post-exercise hypotension for systolic blood pressure after 60 min of recovery in middle-aged and nonhypertensive older women regardless of the exercise order.

RESUMO O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do cultivo de eucalipto no estoque total de C orgânico (COT) e N total (NT), C e N associados às frações ácido fúlvico (AF), ácido húmico (AH), humina (HU), matéria orgânica leve (MOL) e biomassa microbiana (BM), em solos de diferentes texturas, no Leste do Rio Grande do Sul. O delineamento adotado foi inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas. As amostras foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60 e 60-100 cm. Em solo franco-argiloso, a área sob povoamento de eucalipto apresentou redução nos estoques de C associado ao AH, HU e BM em relação à vegetação de referência na camada de 0-100 cm. Por outro lado, no solo arenoso houve aumento nos estoques de COT, NT, C e N associados àAH, HU, MOLe de C-BM. O aumento no estoque de COTfoi principalmente na camada de superficial (0-10 cm), aproximadamente 150 % em relação a área de vegetação nativa, provavelmente devido a grande contribuição do resíduo do eucalipto. Ao comparar as áreas com eucalipto e áreas de vegetação de referência, no solo arenoso, nota-se alterações de maior magnitude nos estoques de C e N associados às frações da MOS, o que evidência a capacidade da fração argila em proteger a matéria orgânica do solo.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of eucalyptus plantations on total organic C (TOC) and total N (TN) stocks as well as the C and N in the fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), humin (HU), light organic matter (LOM) and microbial biomass (MB) fractions in soils with different textures in the eastern part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Soil samples were collected from the 0-10-cm, 10-20-cm, 20-40-cm, 40-60-cm and 60-100-cm soil layers in a completely randomized experimental design with subdivided plots. Under the eucalyptus plantation, clay loam soil presented lower HA, HU and MB C stocks in the 0-100-cm soil layer compared to reference vegetation, whereas sandy soil presented higher and C and N in HA and LOM as well as C in MB. The observed increase in TOC in eucalyptus plantations was more pronounced in the surface soil layer (0-10 cm), i.e., approximately 150% higher than under native vegetation, which was probably due to the high contribution of the eucalyptus litter. Differences in C and N stocks in soil organic matter (SOM) fractions between eucalyptus plantations and areas with reference vegetation were more pronounced in sandy soil, showing the capacity of the clay fraction to protect SOM.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of applying N and K2O at different times after harvest on the structure and production characteristics of Marandu and Xaraés cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha. Two greenhouse 4 × 2 factorial experiments using a randomized block design with eight treatments and four replicates were carried out. In experiment 1, the plants in pots were fertilized weekly with 50 mg/dm³ of N and K2O until a week before a uniformity cut, for a total of four applications. After cutting, plants were fertilized with 50 mg/dm³ of N and K2O at 0, 3, 6, and 9 days. Cultivars were evaluated after 44 days of regrowth. In experiment 2, a single 50 mg/dm³ dose of N and K2O was applied a week before the uniformity cut, and 100 mg/dm³ of N and K2O were applied at 0, 4, 8, and 12 days after cutting; cultivars were evaluated after 39 days of regrowth. In experiment 1, the leaf/stem ratio and dry matter yield were influenced by the time at which fertilizers were applied. In the second experiment, the total number of leaves, expanded leaves, dead leaves, and the leaf lamina accumulated length and dry matter production were influenced by the time at which fertilizers were applied. Marandugrass had more leaves and tillers than cv. Xaraés, which, in turn, had greater height, dry matter yield and regrowth vigor. Applying nitrogen and potassium fertilizer immediately after cutting improves the structural characteristics, while the dry matter yield is maximized by applying fertilizers immediately after cutting by using lower doses of N, or at 4.5 days after cutting by using higher doses of N.

OBJETIVO: O Aeroporto Internacional Tancredo Neves (AITN) está localizado na microbacia do córrego do Fidalgo, Brasil. Desde sua construção, o AITN tem atraído a instalação de indústrias e loteamentos residenciais sem que a região oferecesse condições básicas de infraestrutura. Este trabalho teve por objetivo calibrar e validar modelo de predição da qualidade da água e avaliar a capacidade de assimilação de cargas difusas em microbacia cárstica; MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se o QUAL2Kw para a modelagem da qualidade da água. A calibração do modelo foi realizada no período chuvoso e a validação para o período seco; RESULTADOS: O modelo demonstrou ser capaz de representar com habilidade e flexibilidade os aspectos físicos, químicos e hidráulicos observados na microbacia. Os parâmetros pH, CE, STD, PT, alcalinidade e E. coli apresentaram os melhores ajustes entre as previsões do modelo e os dados observados para o período chuvoso. Para o período seco, os melhores ajustes foram obtidos para pH, EC, TDS, TP e alcalinidade. Os valores de REMQ foram similares entre os períodos para vazão, SDT e OD. As maiores diferenças foram observadas para os parâmetros pH, CE, NO3, PT e E. coli. O menor valor de OD obtido na calibração foi de 5,40 mg.L-1 e na validação de 4,70 mg.L-1, valores superiores ao mínimo estabelecido de 4,0 mg.L-1 para conservação das comunidades aquáticas pela USEPA, porém inferior ao limite de 5,0 mg.L-1 estabelecido pela CONAMA 357.Os limites de DBO, NT e PT são atingidos com um acréscimo de carga na microbacia de 0,361 kg.d-1 O2, 0,022 kg.d-1 N,e 0,010 kg.d-1 P de acordo com a USEPA e 0,361 kg.d-1 O2 e 0,012 kg.d-1 P pela CONAMA 357; CONCLUSÕES: A conservação dos recursos hídricos dessa região deve ser efetivada com a adoção de medidas preventivas, como a cobertura de solos expostos e a diminuição do influxo de nutrientes de origem agrícola ou pecuária.

AIM: The Tancredo Neves International Airport (TNIA) complex is situated in Brazil's Fidalgo watershed. Since its construction, the TNIA complex has attracted urban development, leading to expansion of the complex and occupation of the surrounding area. However, this area lacks basic infrastructure such as wastewater treatment facilities. This paper had the objectives of calibrating and validating a water quality prediction model and of assessing the capacity of small karstic watersheds to assimilate non-point source pollutant loads; METHODS: We used the QUAL2Kw model for modeling the water quality. We performed model calibration for the rainy period then validated the results for the dry period; RESULTS: The model adequately represented the physical, chemical, and hydraulic aspects of the Fidalgo watershed. The pH, EC, TDS, TP, alkalinity and E. coli presented the closest simulation values for the rainy period. For the dry period, the best simulations were obtained for pH, EC, TDS, TP, and alkalinity. We concluded that the calibration and validation periods had similar RMSE values for flow rate, TDS and DOC. The differences were greater for pH, EC, NO3, TP, and E. coli. The lowest dissolved oxygen contents obtained during the calibration and validation periods were 5.4 and 4.7 mg.L-1, respectively, both of which are higher than the minimum of 4.0 mg.L-1 established by the USEPA for the conservation of aquatic communities, but lower than the minimum of 5.0 mg.L-1established by the Brazilian CONAMA 357. The upper limits for biochemical oxygen demand and total N and P can be met as long as the respective loads increase by no more than 0.361 kg.d-1 O2, 0.022 kg.d-1 N, and 0.010 kg.d-1 P, according to USEPA and 0.361 kg.d-1 O2 and 0.012 kg.d-1 P according to CONAMA 357; CONCLUSIONS: The conservation of the water resources in this region should therefore consider the adoption of preventive measures such as protecting exposed soils and decreasing the nutrient influx from agricultural and livestock activities.

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada (100, 200, 300, 400 kg/ha/ano de N) e da irrigação (área irrigada - AI e não-irrigada - ANI) sobre a composição quimico-bromatológica da planta inteira (PI) (colmo+folha) e das lâminas foliares dos perfilhos basais não-decapitados (LF-PBNd) e decapitados (LF-PBd) do capim-elefante cv. Napier. Adotou-se delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com três repetições, em que a unidade experimental consistiu de parcelas (piquetes de 300 m²), nas quais foram aplicados os tratamentos. Os teores de PB apresentaram valores proporcionais às doses de nitrogênio, observando-se os maiores valores, no período das águas, nas LF-PBNd e LF-PBd. Os resíduos das doses N aplicados no período chuvoso tanto na AI como ANI elevaram os teores de PB nas lâminas foliares das duas categorias de perfilhos, mas não sobre os teores de FDN e FDA. A irrigação proporcionou teores de FDN e FDA mais elevados nas LF-PBNd e LF-PBd e menores na planta inteira, porém, não se observou efeito sobre os teores de PB.

This research was carried out to evaluate the chemical composition of elephantgrass cv. Napier in the whole plant (WP) (stem+leaf) and in the leaf blade of non-decapitated basal tillers (SF-NDBT) and leaf blade of decapitated basal tillers (SF-DBT), fertilized with different N doses (100, 200, 300, and 400 kg/ha/year of N) in an irrigated area (IA) and in a non-irrigated area (NIA). Treatments were analyzed in a randomized block design with three replicates. The CP concentrations were proportional to the N doses with greater CP concentration in the rainy season in fractions SF-NDBT and SF-DBT. Fertilizer residues of N doses applied in the rainy season, both in IA and NIA, increased CP concentration in the leaf blade of the two tiller categories, but did not affect NDF and ADF concentration. Irrigation increased concentration of NDF and ADF in SF-NDBT and SF-DBT and reduced it in the WP, with no effect on CP concentration.

Este experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada sobre a demografia de perfilhos e a biomassa forrageira em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk submetidas à mesma intensidade de pastejo. Os tratamentos consistiram da aplicação de quatro doses de nitrogênio (75, 150, 225 e 300 kg/ha.ano) antes do período das avaliações experimentais, realizadas durante as estações verão, outono, inverno e primavera de 2002. O delineamento foi em blocos completos, casualizados com duas repetições. A demografia populacional de perfilhos e a biomassa forrageira de B. decumbens variaram com as estações do ano e com as doses de nitrogênio. A densidade populacional de perfilhos vegetativos e vivos aumentou linearmente, enquanto a de perfilhos mortos decresceu linearmente com as doses de N. A biomassa forrageira também aumentou linearmente, ao passo que a densidade populacional de perfilhos reprodutivos não foi influenciada pela adubação nitrogenada. A densidade populacional de perfilhos vivos, vegetativos e reprodutivos e a biomassa de folhas, de colmo e de material verde de Brachiaria decumbens variaram entre as estações do ano, apresentando valores menores no inverno.

This trial was carried out from November 2001 to November 2002, aiming at the evaluation of the effects of nitrogen fertilization upon the tiller demography and forage biomass in Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk pastures fertilized with nitrogen and subjected to the same grazing height. The treatments consisted of four nitrogen rates (75, 150, 225 and 300 kg/ha.yr.) applied before the beginning of the experimental evaluations, which were performed during the Summer, Fall, Winter and Spring, 2002. A completely randomized block experimental design was used with two replications. Seasons and nitrogen rates affected grass tiller population density and forage biomass. The population density of alive and vegetative tillers increased linearly, while that of the dead tillers decreased linearly with the N rates. Forage biomass increased linearly with nitrogen fertilization, whereas the population density of reproductive tillers were not affected by nitrogen fertilization. The alive tiller population density, vegetative and reproductive, leaf biomass, stem and green matter of the Brachiaria decumbens varied among the seasons, with lower values in Winter.

Este experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada sobre as características morfogênicas e estruturais de Brachiaria decumbens sob pastejo. Os tratamentos consistiram da aplicação de quatro doses de nitrogênio (75, 150, 225 e 300 kg/ha.ano) antes do início das avaliações experimentais, realizadas em 2002 durante as estações de verão, outono, inverno e primavera. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos completos casualizados, com duas repetições. A taxa de alongamento de folha, o comprimento final da folha, o índice de área foliar e as porcentagens de colmo e de lâmina foliar aumentaram linearmente, enquanto a porcentagem de material morto decresceu com a adubação nitrogenada da Brachiaria decumbens sob pastejo. Não foi constatado efeito da adubação nitrogenada sobre o número de folhas vivas, de folhas emergentes e de folhas totais e as taxas de alongamento do colmo e de senescência foliar. A taxa de alongamento de folha e de colmo, o número de folhas vivas, o comprimento final da folha, o índice de área foliar e a porcentagem de lâmina foliar e de colmo de Brachiaria decumbens variaram entre estações do ano, apresentando valores menores no inverno.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization upon the morphogenetical and structural characteristics of Brachiaria decumbens under grazing. Four nitrogen rates (75, 150, 225 and 300 kg/ha.yr) were applied before the beginning of the experimental evaluations, which were performed during the Summer, Fall, Winter and Spring seasons. The randomized complete block design was used with two replications. Linear increases were observed for the leaf elongation rate, final leaf length, leaf area index, stem and leaf blade percentage. The percentage of dead material decreased with the nitrogen fertilization. On the other hand, N fertilization had no effect on the number of alive leaf, number of emerging leaves, total numbers of leaves, stem elongation rate and senescence rate. Leaf and stem elongation rates, number of alive leaf, final leaf length, leaf area index, leaf blade and stem percentages in the Brachiaria decumbens varied among seasons, lower values occurring in the winter.

Formulations containing the entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis strain IPS-82 has been widely applied for mosquito control around the world. Strain IPS-82 is highly active against Aedes aegypti but less active against other well-known vectors such as Culex quinquefasciatus and Simulium spp. larvae. Eighteen strains of B. thuringiensis were isolated from Simulium pertinax larvae naturally occurring in rivers of Southeast Brazil with one demonstrating special toxic effects. Simulated field tests against S. pertinax larvae showed that the native Brazilian autoagglutinanting B. thuringiensis (LFB-FIOCRUZ 1035) has an LC50 at least 25 times lower than the standard IPS-82 strain. The same bacterial preparation was also tested against Ae. aegypti larvae in laboratory trials and the LC50 values obtained with LFB-FIOCRUZ 1035 were at least three times lower than the one for the IPS 82 strain. The results indicate that this strain is more toxic than the standard B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis (H14) in the two Dipteran species tested. It is noteworthy that differences between LC50 values were more pronounced in S. pertinax larvae, the source of the original isolation.

A dinâmica de crescimento de plantas forrageiras tem sido foco de estudo nos últimos anos, visando aprimorar o conhecimento do processo de produção de forragem em pastagens. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o acúmulo de forragem em pastos de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. adubados com nitrogênio e submetidos a uma mesma intensidade de pastejo. Os tratamentos consistiram de 75, 150, 225 e 300 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N, aplicados antes do início das avaliações experimentais, as quais foram realizadas durante as estações de verão, outono, inverno e primavera de 2002. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com duas repetições. O capim-braquiária apresentou incremento de produção de matéria seca proporcional às doses de nitrogênio. Observaram-se maiores valores de taxa de acúmulo de folha, colmo e forragem nas estações primavera-verão e valores menores no inverno. As variações nas condições climáticas com as estações do ano alteraram as taxas de acúmulo de folha e colmo, senescência e de produção de forragem em Brachiaria decumbens.

In the last years, the growth dynamics of forage plants has been focused, in order to improve the knowledge of forage yield and distribution process in pasture. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on accumulation of the forage in Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. pastures submitted to the same stocking rate. Treatments consisted of 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg ha-1 yr-1 N applied before the beginning of experimental evaluations, which were performed during summer, autumn, winter and spring of 2002. A randomized block experimental design was used with two replicates. Brachiaria grass showed an increase in the dry matter yield proportionally to nitrogen doses, with higher rates for daily accumulation of leaves, stems and forage yield in summer-spring seasons, while lower rates were shown in the winter. The variation of climatic conditions within yearly seasons changed the rates of leaf accumulation, senescence, and forage yield in the Brachiaria decumbens pasture.

Três cultivares de Panicum maximum Jacq. submetidos a pastejo rotativo foram avaliados ao longo do ano, antes e após o período de pastejo, quanto às disponibilidades de matéria seca total e de folhas, altura, profundidade pastejada, densidade, participações de folhas, colmos e material morto, relações folha/colmo e folha/material morto. Os tratamentos constituíram em: 1) cv. Tanzânia + 50 kg/ha de N, 2) cv. Tanzânia + 100 kg/ha de N, 3) cv. Mombaça + 50 kg/ha de B e 4) cv. Massai + N 50 kg/ha de N. O cultivar Mombaça apresentou menores disponibilidades de folhas, e maiores proporções de colmo, enquanto o cv. Massai tanto apresentou características que poderiam favorecer a seleção de folhas, como maior densidade de MS e maior relação folha/colmo, como a característica desfavorável de apresentar menor relação folha/material morto. No cv. Tanzânia, a adubação nitrogenada no final do período chuvoso trouxe benefícios apenas em março, quando houve aumento nas relações folha/colmo e folha/material morto. A profundidade pastejada correlacionou-se positivamente com a altura, e os animais pastejaram em média 41% da altura da pastagem, no período seco, e 47% no período chuvoso.

Three cultivars of Panicum maximum Jacq. under rotational grazing were evaluated for one year, before and after grazing, when measurements were made of the availability of total dry matter, height, residual dry matter, forage density, leaf dry matter, participation of leaves, stems and dead material, and ratios of leaf:stem and leaf:dead plant material. The treatments were 1) v. Tanzania + 50 kg N/ha, 2) v. Tanzania + 100 kg N/ha, 3) v. Mombaça + 50 kg N/ha, and 4) v. Massai + 50 kg N/ha. The Mombaça cultivar presented the poorest results, lowest production of leaves and the highest proportion of stems. However, the cv. Massai deservers attention for characteristics such as higher density of DM and higher leaf lamina:stem ratio; however, it presented a lower ratio of leaves:dead material. There were no significant differences in percentage of leaves among the cultivars. In the cv. Tanzania, nitrogen fertilization at the end of the rainy period had beneficial effects only in March when there was an increase in the leaf:stem and leaf:dead plant material ratios. The residual dry matter correlated positively with the height of the forage. The animals grazed 41% of the height of the pasture in the dry period, and 47% in the rainy period.