SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the clonidine infusion rate in the first 6 h, as maintenance dose (first 24 h), and in the pre-extubation period (last 24 h), as well as the cumulative dose of other sedatives and the hemodynamic response. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study. RESULTS: Children up to the age of 2 years who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary referral hospital in the south region of Brazil, between January 2017 and December 2018, were submitted to mechanical ventilation, and received continuous clonidine infusions were included in the study. The initial, maintenance, and pre-extubation doses of clonidine; the vasoactive-inotropic score; heart rate; and systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the study participants were assessed. A total of 66 patients with a median age of 4 months who were receiving clonidine infusions were included. The main indications for mechanical ventilation were acute viral bronchiolitis (56%) and pneumonia associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (15%). The median of clonidine infusion in the first 6 h (66 patients) was 0.53 μg/kg/h (IQR 0.49–0.88), followed by 0.85 μg/kg/h (IQR 0.53–1.03) during maintenance (57 patients) and 0.63 μg/kg/h (IQR 0.54–1.01) during extubation period (42 patients) (p=0.03). No differences were observed in the doses regarding the indication for mechanical ventilation. Clonidine infusion was not associated with hemodynamic changes and showed no differences when associated with adjuvants. CONCLUSION: Clonidine demonstrated to be a well-tolerated sedation option in pediatric patients submitted to mechanical ventilation, without relevant influence in hemodynamic variables.

OBJETIVO: descrever o perfil de uso de analgésicos e sedativos em crianças submetidas à ventilação mecânica, internadas em uma UTI pediátrica de referência, em um período de 12 meses, avaliando o tempo de uso dessas drogas, as doses diárias utilizadas e a incidência de síndrome de abstinência. MÉTODOS: estudo de coorte prospectivo (abril de 2001 a março de 2002), envolvendo crianças em ventilação mecânica (via tubo traqueal) por um período superior a 12 horas, com idade entre 30 dias e 15 anos, que tivessem sucesso no processo de extubação (excluídos os óbitos ou aqueles que necessitassem reintubação). Uma equipe não envolvida com a assistência coletava os dados diariamente, até o 28º dia de ventilação mecânica (tempo máximo de seguimento para aqueles que eventualmente permanecessem um tempo superior a 28 dias em ventilação artificial), sendo o principal desfecho a dose, infundida às 12h da manhã, de morfina, fentanil, quetamina e midazolam (assumindo esta como a dose média naquele dia para cada uma destas drogas). O diagnóstico de síndrome de abstinência foi definido através de pesquisa no prontuário (registro do diagnóstico ou tomada de medidas terapêuticas neste sentido) e por entrevista com o médico assistente de cada paciente, realizada nos dias subseqüentes à extubação. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa do HSL-PUCRS. RESULTADOS: dos 127 pacientes elegíveis para este estudo, obtivemos dados de 124 pacientes (16,0+29,5 meses, 58% meninos; 92 definidos como clínicos e 32 como cirúrgicos). Cada criança utilizou uma média de 1,7 sedativos-analgésicos em infusão por dia (sem diferença entre pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos). Os opióides (morfina e fentanil) foram as drogas mais utilizadas em ambos grupos (fentanil o preferido entre os clínicos, e a morfina entre os cirúrgicos, p<0,001). O tempo médio de uso diferiu significativamente (p<0,01) entre os clínicos e cirúrgicos (6,8 contra 3,9 dias), observando-se também que, a partir de 7 dias de uso, houve um aumento significativo (p<0,01) nas doses de fentanil e midazolam; assim como uma maior prevalência de abstinência (42%) no grupo de pacientes clínicos (p<0,01). CONCLUSÕES: neste estudo que avaliou a prática diária de uma UTI brasileira de referência, pode-se constatar que a infusão contínua de sedativos e analgésicos em crianças submetidas a ventilação mecânica é utilizada de forma liberal (média de 1,7 drogas por paciente por dia) e, principalmente, que os pacientes clínicos utilizam estas drogas por um período maior, o que pode explicar a elevada prevalência de síndrome de abstinência neste grupo.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the pattern of analgesic and sedative infusions in children submitted to mechanical ventilation in a regional pediatric intensive care unit during a 12-month period. To compare the use of these drugs among clinical and surgical patients, as well evaluate the influence of the length of use on the average daily doses and on the incidence of abstinence syndrome. METHODS: this cohort study was performed from April 2001 to March 2002, involving children (1 month old to 15 years old) submitted to the mechanical ventilation with a tracheal tube for a period longer than 12 hours and who were successfully extubated (dead patients and those who required reintubation were excluded from the study). A team of professionals not involved with the patient's assistance performed a daily collection of all data up to the 28th day under mechanical ventilation (maximum length of follow up for those who remain longer under mechanical ventilation). The main outcome was the infusion doses of morphine, fentanyl, ketamine and midazolam administered at 12 AM (considering this dose as the average dose for that day). The diagnosis of abstinence syndrome was based on the chart revision (recorded diagnosis or based on the specific antagonist treatment used) and in an interview with the assistant physician on the following days after the extubation. This study was approved by the Ethics and Scientific Committee of the HSL-PUCRS. RESULTS: 127 children were eligible for this study, but only 124 patients were analyzed (16.0+29-5 months old; 58% male; 92 defined as clinical patients and 32 as surgical patients). An average of 1.7 sedative-analgesic infusion per patient a day was used in the whole group (without difference between clinical and surgical groups). Morphine and fentanyl were the most common drugs infused in both groups (fentanyl was preferred for the clinical group and morphine for the surgical group). The mean length of infusion was different (p<0.01) between clinical and surgical patients (6.8 and 3.9 days, respectively). After the 7th day, there was a significant increase in the fentanyl and midazolam doses (p<0.01), as well as a higher incidence of abstinence syndrome in the clinical group (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: this study evaluated the daily practice in a regional PICU, and it demonstrated that analgesic and sedative infusions in children submitted to mechanical ventilation are used according to an uncontrolled pattern (average 1.7 drugs/patient/day) and those classified as clinical patients used these drugs for longer periods, what could explain the higher prevalence of abstinence syndrome in this group.