Abstract This study evaluates the economic viability of sheep finishing systems on irrigated Tamani grass pasture under continuous stocking, using castor bean cake. Four production systems were simulated: sheep supplemented with soybean meal on pasture fertilized with urea (SMUR), sheep supplemented with detoxified castor bean cake on pasture fertilized with urea (CCdUR), sheep supplemented with soybean meal on pasture fertilized with in natura castor bean cake (SMCC) and sheep supplemented with detoxified castor bean cake on pasture fertilized with in natura castor bean cake (CCdCC). A minimum unit of 3 hectares and an average slaughter weight of 28 kg were considered. A minimum selling price, at which the least profitable system would become profitable, was stablished: US$ 2.38 and US$ 4.45/kg per kilogram of body weight and carcass weight equivalent, adopting a minimum rate of return of 3.5% per year, based on the Selic rate. The costs for organic fertilization were 46.01% higher than in systems using chemical fertilization. The selling of live animals was not attractive in any of the systems evaluated, and the opposite was observed for the selling of carcasses and non-carcass components. System SMUR proved to be more profitable, with a gain of US$ 0.53 per kg carcass.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a economicidade de sistemas de terminação de ovinos em pastagem irrigada de capim-tamani sob lotação contínua, utilizando torta de mamona. Foram simulados quatro sistemas de produção: ovinos suplementados com farelo de soja e o pasto adubado com ureia (FSUR), ovinos suplementados com torta de mamona destoxificada e o pasto adubado com ureia (TMdUR), ovinos suplementados com farelo de soja e o pasto adubado com torta de mamona in natura (FSTM) e ovinos suplementados com torta de mamona destoxificada e o pasto adubado com torta de mamona in natura (TMdTM). Foi considerada a unidade mínima de 3 hectares e determinado um peso médio ao abate de 28 kg de peso corporal. Estabeleceu-se um preço de venda mínimo, no qual o sistema de criação menos lucrativo se tornasse rentável de 2,38 e 4,45 dólares por quilograma de peso corporal e por equivalente de peso da carcaça, dotando uma taxa mínima de atratividade de 3,5% ao ano, com base na taxa Selic. Os custos com adubação orgânica, em média, são 46,01% superiores aos sistemas que utilizam adubação química. A venda de animais vivos não é atrativa em nenhum dos sistemas avaliados, sendo o contrário observado para a comercialização de carcaças e dos não componentes da carcaça de ovinos. O sistema de produção FSUR se mostrou mais lucrativo, com ganho de US$ 0.53 centavos por kg de carcaça.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has hit Spain particularly hard, despite being a country with a developed economy and being praised for the robustness of its national health system. In order to understand what happened and to identify how to improve the response, we believe that an independent multi-disciplinary evaluation of the health, political and socio-economic spheres is essential. In this piece we propose objectives, principles, methodology and dimensions to be evaluated, as well as outlining the type of results and conclusions expected. Inspired by the requirements formulated by the WHO Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response and by experiences in other countries, we detail the multidimensional aspects to be evaluated. The goal is to understand key aspects in the studied areas and their scope for improvement in terms of preparedness, governance, regulatory framework, national health system structures (primary care, hospital, and public health), education sector, social protection schemes, minimization of economic impact, and labour framework and reforms for a more resilient society. We seek to ensure that this exercise serves not only at present, but also that in the future we are better prepared and more agile in terms of our ability to recover from any pandemic threats that may arise.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19ha afectado de manera particularmente intensa a España, pese a su nivel de desarrollo y la elogiada solidez de su Sistema Nacional de Salud. Para comprender qué ha pasado e identificar cómo mejorar la respuesta creemos imprescindible una evaluación independiente multidisciplinaria de la esfera sanitaria, política y socioeconómica. En este trabajo proponemos objetivos, principios, metodología y dimensiones a evaluar, además de esbozar el tipo de resultados y conclusiones esperadas. Nos inspiramos en los requerimientos formulados por el panel independiente de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y en las experiencias evaluativas en otros países, y detallamos la propuesta de aspectos multidimensionales que deben valorarse. La idea es comprender aspectos clave en los ámbitos estudiados y su margen de mejora en lo relativo a preparación, gobernanza, marco normativo, estructuras del Sistema Nacional de Salud (atención primaria, hospitalaria y de salud pública), sector de educación, esquemas de protección social, minimización del impacto económico, y marco y reformas en el ámbito laboral para una sociedad más resiliente. En definitiva, buscamos que este ejercicio sirva no solo para el presente, sino también para que en el futuro estemos mejor preparados y con más ágil capacidad de recuperación ante las amenazas pandémicas que puedan surgir.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has hit Spain particularly hard, despite being a country with a developed economy and being praised for the robustness of its national health system. In order to understand what happened and to identify how to improve the response, we believe that an independent multi-disciplinary evaluation of the health, political and socio-economic spheres is essential. In this piece we propose objectives, principles, methodology and dimensions to be evaluated, as well as outlining the type of results and conclusions expected. Inspired by the requirements formulated by the WHO Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response and by experiences in other countries, we detail the multidimensional aspects to be evaluated. The goal is to understand key aspects in the studied areas and their scope for improvement in terms of preparedness, governance, regulatory framework, national health system structures (primary care, hospital, and public health), education sector, social protection schemes, minimization of economic impact, and labour framework and reforms for a more resilient society. We seek to ensure that this exercise serves not only at present, but also that in the future we are better prepared and more agile in terms of our ability to recover from any pandemic threats that may arise.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19ha afectado de manera particularmente intensa a España, pese a su nivel de desarrollo y la elogiada solidez de su Sistema Nacional de Salud. Para comprender qué ha pasado e identificar cómo mejorar la respuesta creemos imprescindible una evaluación independiente multidisciplinaria de la esfera sanitaria, política y socioeconómica. En este trabajo proponemos objetivos, principios, metodología y dimensiones a evaluar, además de esbozar el tipo de resultados y conclusiones esperadas. Nos inspiramos en los requerimientos formulados por el panel independiente de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y en las experiencias evaluativas en otros países, y detallamos la propuesta de aspectos multidimensionales que deben valorarse. La idea es comprender aspectos clave en los ámbitos estudiados y su margen de mejora en lo relativo a preparación, gobernanza, marco normativo, estructuras del Sistema Nacional de Salud (atención primaria, hospitalaria y de salud pública), sector de educación, esquemas de protección social, minimización del impacto económico, y marco y reformas en el ámbito laboral para una sociedad más resiliente. En definitiva, buscamos que este ejercicio sirva no solo para el presente, sino también para que en el futuro estemos mejor preparados y con más ágil capacidad de recuperación ante las amenazas pandémicas que puedan surgir.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of the nitrogen dose variation (N) on the reflectance properties of the cotton por culture, through an optical sensor. The research was conducted in the experimental field of the FCA/UNA. Subsidiary Santa Rosa, Misiones. The cotton cultivars evaluated were IAN-425 and IPTA-212. The doses of N used were 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg ha-1, in the form of urea, with an experimental design of random blocks in divided plots, where the main plots were the cultivars and the subplots by the dose of N. The results were subjected to a comparison of means (Tukey p<0.05). The NDVI values obtained by the sensor were significantly influenced (p<0.05) as a function of the N doses applied to the plant, based on the evaluations made at 76 DDE, regardless of the type of cultivar, where they were recorded. the highest spectral values (0.85 and 0.84) with the N dose of 250 kg ha-1. In spite of not detecting significant differences between the cultivars, neither in the doses of nitrogen applied to the plants, as well as in the interaction of the studied factors (Cultivar x Dosage) in the yield of fiber in branch, we can emphasize that the average yield of the cultivar IAN-425 was 3,143.17 kg ha-1 and in turn, the cultivar IPTA-212 obtained an average yield of 3,036.91 kg ha-1, results that far exceed the national average yield of 1,180 kg ha-1 for the harvest 2015/2016.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la variación de dosis de nitrógeno (N) en las propiedades de reflectancia del cultivo de algodón, a través de un sensor óptico. La investigación fue realizada en el campo experimental de la FCA/UNA. Filial Santa Rosa, Misiones. Los cultivares de algodón evaluados fueron IAN-425 e IPTA-212. Las dosis de nitrógeno utilizadas fueron de 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 y 250 kg ha-1, utilizando como fuente del N la urea. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar en parcelas divididas, donde las parcelas principales fueron los cultivares y las subparcelas la dosis de N. Los resultados fueron sometidos al análisis de varianza y las variables con diferencias significativas comparadas por la prueba de Tukey (p<0,05). Los valores de NDVI obtenidos por el sensor fueron influenciados significativamente (p<0,05) en función de las dosis de N aplicado a la planta, a partir de las evaluaciones realizadas a los 76 DDE, independientemente del tipo de cultivar, donde fueron registrados los mayores valores espectrales (0,85 y 0,84) con la dosis de N de 250 kg ha-1. No se detectaron diferencias significativas en el rendimiento de fibra en rama entre los cultivares, como también en la interacción de los factores estudiados (Cultivar x Dosis). Se resalta que el rendimiento promedio del cultivar IAN-425 fue de 3.143,17 kg ha-1 y por su vez, el cultivar IPTA-212 y se obtuvo un rendimiento promedio de 3.036,91 kg ha-1, resultados que superan ampliamente el rendimiento promedio nacional de 1.180 kg ha-1 para la zafra 2015/2016.

RESUMO Os compostos de preocupação emergente (contaminants of emerging concern - CECs) atingem constantemente os corpos d’água via lançamento de esgoto sanitário, efluentes industriais e lixiviados de aterro, disposição inadequada de resíduos sólidos e escoamento superficial, ocasionando a poluição dos cursos d’água. Geralmente estes se encontram em concentrações da ordem de nanograma por litro ou micrograma por litro, dificultando sua análise ou onerando esse processo, demandando, assim, o desenvolvimento de técnicas de preparo e extração. Nesse contexto, destaca-se a Partição a Baixa Temperatura (EPBT), que se baseia na partição do analito de interesse entre fase aquosa e fase orgânica. Face ao exposto e à relevância do tema, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, pelo uso da EPBT e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas, a ocorrência de 16 CECs no esgoto bruto e no tratado de Belo Horizonte (MG).

ABSTRACT Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) constantly reach water bodies through the discharge of sanitary sewage, industrial effluents and landfill leachate, inadequate disposal of solid waste and surface runoff, causing the pollution of watercourses. In general, these are in concentrations of the order of mg / L or ng / L, making it difficult to analyze or burden this process, thus requiring the development of preparation and extraction techniques. In this context, it stands out the Low Temperature Patitioning Extraction (LTPE), which is based on the partition of the analyte of interest between aqueous phase and organic phase. Bearing this and the relevance of the subject in mind, the present work had the objective of evaluating the occurrence of 16 CECs in the crude and treated sewage of Belo Horizonte / MG, by using LTPE and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.

This work estimated the efficiency of water in asparagus and vine crops in Irrigation District 037 through the use of indicators that allowed determining the physical, economic and social efficiency of water in the cultivation of asparagus versus table grape. Indicators of physical, economic and social efficiency of water were 2075 kg and 625 L-1 US$ 540,924 and $ 945,190 useful hm-3 and 48.6 and 10.7empleos hm-3 respectively for asparagus and vine. In conclusion, asparagus compared with table grapes is inefficient water use in physical and economic but not social terms, water use in asparagus generates 4.54 times more jobs per unit of water used. Of the 8,281 jobs, US$ 163.63 million of utility and 245.63 hm³ of water used by both crops, asparagus contributed with 91%, 56.3% and 69.2% respectively. In Caborca water is a scarce resource, however, even though the proportion utility m-3/cost m-3 was 29.7, it places the regional water within what the economy called the tragedy of the common goods. Which has caused a serious problem of overexploitation of the aquifer, as the producer makes an inefficient use of water.

Este trabajo estimó la eficiencia del agua en los cultivos de espárrago y vid en el Distrito de Riego 037 mediante el uso de indicadores que permitieron determinar la eficiencia física, económica y social del agua en el cultivo de espárrago versus uva de mesa. Los indicadores de la eficiencia física, económica y social del agua fueron 2.075 y 625 L kg-1, US$ 540.924 y US$ 945.190 de utilidad hm-3 y 48,6 y 10,7 empleos hm-3 respectivamente para espárrago y vid. En conclusión, el espárrago en comparación con la uva de mesa es ineficiente en el uso del agua en términos físicos y económicos, mas no sociales, el uso del agua en espárrago genera 4,54 veces más empleo por unidad de agua usada. De los 8.281 empleos, US$ 163,63 millones de utilidad y 245,63 hm³ de agua usada por ambos cultivos, el espárrago contribuyó con 91%, 56,3% y 69,2% respectivamente. En Caborca el agua es un recurso escaso, sin embargo, a pesar de que la proporción utilidad m-3/costo m-3 fue de 29,7, ubica al agua regional dentro de lo que la economía llama la tragedia de los bienes de uso común, lo que ha provocado un serio problema de sobreexplotación del acuífero, pues el productor hace un uso ineficiente del agua.

Resumo: Objectivo: Determinar qual seria a potência mecânica (usando um modelo matemático que pode englobar às possíveis causas de lesão pulmonar) outorgada pelo ventilador, em pacientes submetidos a ventilação mecânica invasiva no modo espontâneo PAV (Ventilação assistida proporcional). Métodos: Calculamos a potência mecânica e de distensão com as fórmulas: p o d e r m e c a n i c o r s = F R . ∆ V 2 . 1 2 . E L r s + F R . 1 + I : E 60 . I : E . R a w + ∆ V . P E E P 2. Poder mecánico rs = (0.098) · (FR · ΔV) · (Ppico − ½ · ΔP) 3. PD = (0.098) · (PPL − PEEP) · Vt · FR Foram selecionados 60 pacientes, metade com ventilação mecânica invasiva PAV, estimando a pressão de platô (Ppl) mediante o volume corrente (Vt), distensibilidade (Crs), e a pressão positiva ao final de uma expiração total (PEEPt) dadas pelo ventilador mecânico. Resultados: Foram incluídos dados de 60 pacientes com ventilação mecânica invasiva, 30 no modo espontâneo: ventilação assistida proporcional a (PAV), dos quais 100% tinham remoção bem sucedida de ventilação, 30 pacientes com controles em modalidades controladas, com idade de 65 (SD ± 15) anos, 63% homens e parâmetros gerais: frequência respiratória (FR) média de 18 (SD ± 5.5) min-1, Vt médio 0.46 (SD ± 0.1) Lts, Crs média de 55 (SD ± 22) mL/cm H2O, PEEPt de 7.6 cm (SD ± 3.3) com H2O, pressão de pico (Ppico) 20.4 (SD ± 6.9) cm H2O, Ppl de 17.05 (SD ± 5.8) cm H2O. Todas as comparações ao calcular a potência mecânica, foram menores em pacientes no modo espontâneo vs os pacientes ventilados com modo controlado, determinando os seguintes valores: 6.98 (SD ± 1.69) vs 18.49 (SD ± 8.20) J/min (p < 0.001), 7.17 (SD ± 1.67) vs 20.92 (SD ± 9.05) J/min (p < 0.001) e 4.6 (SD ± 1.64) vs 12.33 (SD ± 7.04) J/min (p < 0.001), nas fórmulas 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente, com um valor médio para os pacientes em modo espontâneo de 6.25 (SD ± 1.66) J/min. Conclusões: A possibilidade de determinar um valor médio da potência mecânica em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica invasiva no modo PAV, permitiu obter um parâmetro como objetivo a seguir; no contexto da sua equivalência estimada em condições fisiológicas e acima de tudo, os pacientes que desejamos preservar medidas de proteção pulmonar e progressar para remover a ventilação invasiva.

Abstract: Objective: To define which would be the mechanical power (using a mathematical model that can apply to possible causes for lung injury) used by a ventilator, in patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation in spontaneous PAV (proportional assist ventilation). Material and methods: The mechanical and distention powers are calculated using the equations: p o d e r m e c a n i c o r s = F R . ∆ V 2 . 1 2 . E L r s + F R . 1 + I : E 60 . I : E . R a w + ∆ V . P E E P 2. Mechanical power rs = (0.098) . (FR . ΔV) . (Ppeak − ½ . ΔP) 3. PD = (0.098) . (PPL − PEEP) . Vt . RF Sixty patients were selected, half of them with invasive mechanical ventilation PAV in spontaneous mode, estimating the plateau pressure (P pl ) though tidal volume value (Vt), distensibility (C rs ), and the positive pressure at the end of a normal exhalation (PEEPt) given by the mechanical ventilator. Results: Data from 60 patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation was included, 30 of them through spontaneous modality: proportional assist ventilation (PAV), from which 100% had a successful ventilator tube removal; 30 patients were paired as controls with controlled modalities, with age 65 years (SD ± 15), 63% were men, with the general parameters: mean respiratory frequency (RF) of 18 (SD ± 5.5) min-1, mean Vt of 0.46 (SD ± 0.1) Lts, mean C rs of 55 (SD ± 22) mL/cm H2O, PEEPt of 7.6 (SD ± 3.3) cm H2O, peak pressure (Ppico) 20.4 (SD ± 6.9) cm H2O, Ppl of 17.05 (SD ± 5.8) cm H2O. When comparing the mechanical power, all the results were inferior in patients with spontaneous modality versus patients undergoing controlled modality ventilation, determining the following values: 6.98 (SD ± 1.69) versus 18.49 (SD ± 8.20) J/min (p < 0.001), 7.17 (SD ± 1.67) versus 20.92 (SD ± 9.05) J/min (p < 0.001) and of 4.6 (SD ± 1.64) versus 12.33 (SD ± 7.04) J/min (p < 0.001), in the equations 1, 2, and 3 respectively, with an average value for the patients undergoing spontaneous modality of 6.25 (SD ± 1.66) J/min. Conclusions: The probability of determining a mean value for the mechanical power used in patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation on a PAV mode may allow to obtain a standard parameter to follow under the context of its estimated equivalence in physiological conditions, mainly for patients in whom lung protective measures are desired in order to obtain a positive progress and the eventual removal of the invasive ventilation.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar cuál es el poder mecánico (mediante un modelo matemático que puede englobar las posibles causas de lesión pulmonar) otorgado por el ventilador en pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica invasiva en modalidad espontánea VAP (ventilación asisto-proporcional). Material y métodos: Se calculó el poder mecánico y de distensión con las fórmulas: p o d e r m e c a n i c o r s = F R . ∆ V 2 . 1 2 . E L r s + F R . 1 + I : E 60 . I : E . R a w + ∆ V . P E E P 2. Poder mecánico rs = (0.098) · (FR . ΔV) · (Ppico − ½ · ΔP) 3. PD = (0.098) · (PPL − PEEP) · Vt · FR Se realizó en 60 pacientes, la mitad de ellos con ventilación mecánica invasiva en modalidad espontánea VAP, estimando la presión meseta (P pl ) mediante el volumen corriente (Vt), la distensibilidad (C rs ) y la presión positiva al final de la espiración total (PEEPt) dadas por el ventilador mecánico. Resultados: Se incluyeron datos de 60 pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica invasiva, 30 de ellos en la modalidad espontánea: ventilación asisto-proporcional (VAP), de los cuales 100% tuvo retiro de la ventilación exitoso; 30 pacientes como controles emparejados en modalidades controladas, con edad de 65 (DE ± 15) años, 63% hombres y parámetros generales: frecuencia respiratoria (FR) media de 18 (DE ± 5.5) min-1, Vt medio de 0.46 (DE ± 0.1) Lts, Crs media de 55 (DE ± 22) mL/cm H2O, PEEPt de 7.6 (DE ± 3.3) cm H2O, presión pico (P pico ) 20.4 (DE ± 6.9) cm H2O, Ppl de 17.05 (DE ± 5.8) cm H2O. Al calcular el poder mecánico, todas las comparaciones fueron menores en pacientes en modalidad espontánea versus aquellos ventilados con modalidad controlada; se determinaron los siguientes valores: 6.98 (DE ± 1.69) versus 18.49 (DE ± 8.20) J/min (p < 0.001), 7.17 (DE ± 1.67) versus 20.92 (DE ± 9.05) J/min (p < 0.001) y de 4.6 (DE ± 1.64) versus 12.33 (DE ± 7.04) J/min (p < 0.001), en las fórmulas 1, 2 y 3 respectivamente, con un valor promedio para los pacientes en modalidad espontánea de 6.25 (DE ± 1.66) J/min. Conclusiones: La posibilidad de determinar un valor promedio del poder mecánico en pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica invasiva en modalidad VAP puede permitir obtener un parámetro como objetivo a seguir bajo el contexto de su equivalencia estimada en condiciones fisiológicas y, sobre todo, en pacientes en quienes se desean conservar medidas de protección pulmonar y progresar para retirar la ventilación invasiva.

RESUMO o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos do 1-MCP sobre a qualidade pós-colheita de laranjas cv. Pera, armazenadas ao longo de 45 dias à temperatura de 7 °C. Os frutos foram separados em quatro tratamentos e em seguida submetidos à aplicação de 1-metilciclopropeno em três concentrações (0,1; 0,5 e 1,0 µL L-1 por um período de 12 horas e posteriormente armazenados à temperatura de 7 °C. Determinou-se: taxa respiratória, coloração da epiderme, SS, AT, ratio, vitamina C, carotenóides totais, compostos fenólicos, açúcares redutores e totais, perda de massa e rendimento de suco. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (teste F) e as médias estudadas por meio de regressão (P≤0,05). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, observou-se que: as doses mais elevadas de 1-MCP podem ter causado estresse químico nas laranjas analisadas, sendo responsável pela elevação na taxa respiratória; a mudança de coloração da epiderme dos frutos, de verde para amarela/laranja, foi retardada pela aplicação de 1-MCP; a aplicação de 1-MCP não causou alterações nas características químicas como SS, AT, ratio, carotenóides, compostos fenólicos e açúcares.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to analyse the effects of 1-MCP upon the post-harvest quality of the orange cv. Pera stored for 45 days at a temperature of 7 ºC. The fruit was divided into four treatments, and then submitted to the application of three concentrations of 1-methylciclopropene (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0µL.L-1) for a period of 12 hours.The fruitwas again then stored at a temperature of 7 ºC. The rate of respiration was determined, together withcoloration of the epidermis, SS, TA, ratio, vitamin C, total carotenoids, phenolic compounds, total and reducing sugars, weight loss and juice yield. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (F-Test), and the averages were analysed by regression (P≤0.05). According to the results, it could be seen that higher doses of 1-MCP may have caused chemical stress to the orangesunder evaluation, being responsible for the increasein the rate of respiration.Achange in coloration of the epidermis from green to yellow/orange was delayed by the application of 1-MCP; the application of 1-MCP did not cause any alteration to such chemical characteristics as SS, TA, ratio, carotenoids, phenolic compounds or sugars.

The aim of this work was the determination of the blue water footprint in forage crops from DR-017 “Comarca Lagunera”, México. By means of productivity and efficiency mathematical models were used to estimate the blue water footprint of forages crops. The results show that forages occupied 45% of the total agricultural area using 94,7% of groundwater, generating 33% of the Gross Value Production. Physical productivity rates were on average 252 L kg-1 (forage sorghum 181 L kg-1, forage oats 413 L kg-1 alfalfa L kg- 1). Income per m³ was US$ 0.04 m-3 on average (US$ 0.94 m-3 in forage maize, US$ 0.05 m-3 alfalfa forage). The social efficiency indicator showed in average 0.048 jobs per hectometer (0.037 jobs hm-3 in alfalfa and 0.076 jobs hm-3 in rye grass). Finally, under the same crop y market conditions the minimum amount for a viable operation (break-even point) was 39.02 t ha-1. In conclusion, the production of corn and sorghum forage in the region was highly efficient and productive compared to other forage crops which resulted in lower blue water footprint.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue la determinación de la huella hídrica azul en los cultivos forrajeros del DR-017 Comarca Lagunera, México. Mediante el uso de indicadores de productividad y eficiencia se desarrollaron modelos matemáticos que permitieron estimar la huella hídrica azul de los cultivos. Los resultados muestran que los forrajes ocuparon 45% de la superficie total agrícola, empleando 94,7% del agua subterránea, generando 33% del Valor Bruto de la Producción agrícola. Los índices de productividad física fueron en promedio 252 L kg-1 (sorgo forrajero 181 L kg-1, avena forrajera 413 L kg- 1, alfalfa L kg-1). El ingreso por m³ empleado fue de US$ 0,04 m-3 en promedio (maíz forrajero US$ 0,07 m-3, alfalfa US$ 0,05 m-3). El indicador de eficiencia social mostró que en promedio se generaron 0,048 empleos hm-3 (0,037empleos hm-3 en alfalfa y 0,076 empleos hm-3 en rye grass). Finalmente bajo las mismas condiciones de cultivo, así como de mercado, la cantidad mínima que se requiere producir para tener una operación viable (punto de equilibrio) en promedio fue 39,02 t ha-1. En conclusión, la producción de maíz y sorgo forrajero en la región resultó altamente eficiente y productiva en comparación con los demás cultivos forrajeros lo que se tradujo en una menor huella hídrica azul.

Introduction: reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect the human body with pathologies such as cardiovascular and chronic non-communicable diseases. The incidence of these diseases is lower when the daily diet includes a high intake of fruits and vegetables. This is the reason why it is important to be acquainted with their phytochemical properties. Objective: determine the antioxidant capacity of the juice of purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) in the postharvest period. Methods: physiologically mature fruits were harvested and kept in the open (20 °C and 70 % RH) for 21 days. During that period, antioxidant activity was measured with ABTS•+ radical cation assay and Fe+3 ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), whereas ascorbic acid content was determined by HPLC and carotenoids by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. Results: antioxidant activity showed an upward trend during the postharvest period, reaching its peak on day 14. It is therefore advisable to consume the fruit around that day. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was expressed in an unstable manner, but increase was evident by the end of the storage period. Carotenoid content showed a steady increase. Conclusions: antioxidant activity of purple passion fruit juice may be due to the contents of ascorbic acid and carotenoids. It is important to define the most suitable time for consumption during the postharvest period, to obtain the maximum nutraceutical benefit. These notions are useful to strengthen the position of purple passion fruit in the export market.

Introducción: las especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO), afectan al organismo humano con patologías como las enfermedades cardiovasculares y las crónicas no transmisibles. La incidencia de éstas es menor si en la dieta diaria se incluye un alto consumo de frutos y hortalizas; por esta razón, es importante conocer sus propiedades fitoquímicas. Objetivo: determinar la capacidad antioxidante del jugo de gulupa (Passiflora edulis Sims) en poscosecha. Métodos: se cosecharon frutos en madurez fisiológica y se mantuvieron al ambiente (20 ºC y 70 % de HR) por 21 días, tiempo en el que se midió la actividad antioxidante con los métodos radical catiónico ABTS•+ y el poder antioxidante de reducción del Fe+3 (FRAP), el contenido de ácido ascórbico por HPLC y los carotenoides por espectrofotometría ultravioleta-visible (UV-Vis). Resultados: se apreció una tendencia ascendente en la actividad antioxidante a través del tiempo en poscosecha, con énfasis en el día 14, lo que conduce a manifestar que es la época recomendable para el consumo. El ácido ascórbico (vitamina C), se expresó de manera inestable, pero el aumento hacia el final del almacenamiento fue evidente, mientras que los carotenoides presentaron un incremento constante. Conclusiones: la actividad antioxidante del jugo de gulupa, puede estar dada por los contenidos de ácido ascórbico y carotenoides. Es importante la definición del tiempo de consumo después de la cosecha del fruto, para aprovechar al máximo su valor como alimento nutracéutico. Estos aspectos son útiles para fortalecer la posición de la gulupa en el mercado de exportación.

Os objetivos centrais do presente artigo são (1) apresentar à comunidade científica o projeto PortVix, que trata da fala da cidade de Vitória, capital do Espírito Santo; (2) sintetizar os trabalhos desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, com base nos dados deste projeto; e (3) tecer considerações sobre o alinhamento da fala de Vitória ao cenário nacional e sobre traços que a caracterizam. A Teoria da Variação e de Mudança Linguística norteia a organização da amostra e, de forma geral, a análise de diversos fenômenos variáveis, a saber, alternância entre futuro do pretérito e pretérito imperfeito; a expressão variável do futuro do presente; usos do gerúndio; variação sintática das orações adverbiais finais; alternância nós/a gente; a expressão do objeto direto anafórico; concordância nominal; concordância verbal; expressão gramatical do imperativo; alternância indicativo/subjuntivo; alternância você/cê/ocê; ausência/presença de artigo diante de antropônimos e de possessivos. Observações do senso comum e resultados das análises permitem evidenciar que, ao lado de aspectos que alinham a fala de Vitória-ES ao cenário nacional, corroborando a generalidade de diversos fenômenos, há outros aspectos que permitem inferir a caracterização da fala capixaba face aos três estados com os quais o Espírito Santo estabelece fronteiras: Rio de Janeiro, Bahia e, especialmente, Minas Gerais.

The main objectives of this paper are (1) to show the academic community the PortVix, a project which deals with the speech of the city of Vitória, capital of Espírito Santo; (2) to summarize the works concluded and in development, based on data from this project, and (3) to speak about the alignment of Vitória's speech with the national setting and about characteristics that individualize it. The Theory of Language Variation and Change guides the organization of the sample and, in general, the analysis of several variable phenomena, namely the variation between verb forms of conditional and of imperfect indicative; variable expression of the future tense; use of the gerund; variation of final adverbial clauses; alternation between the expressions nós/a gente (we); expression of anaphoric direct object; nominal agreement; verbal agreement; grammatical expression of imperative form; alternation of indicative/subjunctive form; variation of second pronouns, specially among você/cê/ocê; presence or absence of definitive article in front anthroponyms and possessive pronouns. Common sense observations and test results evidenced that there are aspects that align the speech of Vitória-ES with the national setting, confirming the generality of some phenomena, but there are other characteristics that allow individualization of the capixaba speech (speech from the state of Espírito Santo) against the three states with which Espírito Santo establishes boundaries: Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, and especially Minas Gerais.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the irrigation system on fruit retention of Vanilla planifolia Andrews. An irrigation system located in orchards with three types of management was designed and tested in Totonacapan, Veracruz, México. During 2000 and 2001, 40 host trees with vanilla plants per host tree and divided into groups of 10 individuals were selected in technical (Te), semitechnical (St) and traditional (Tr) orchards. Irrigation was provided daily at 18:00 h during the dry season (May-June) in four treatments: 1) 1.0 L m-2 of water; 2) 0.5 L m-2; 3) 0.25 L m" ²; 4) a control group without irrigation. Fruit retention of vanilla in the plants was monthly quantified and the tree cover in each type of plot to obtain the percentage of shade was measured. Soil pH, temperature, precipitation and atmospheric moisture were measured. The retention of fruits did not vary between years, which was 45 to 70 % and equivalent to 0.44 t ha -1; this result is are higher than the domestic average (0.22 t ha -1). The orchard with semi-technical management shows retention of 69.5 % of fruits, attributable to irrigation and cropping system characteristics. The combination of soil moisture and management of fields of vanilla crops seem to have a strong influence on fruit retention, improving the condition of the crop.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de riego en la retención de frutos de Vanilla planifolia Andrews. Se diseñó y probó un sistema de riego localizado en huertos con tres tipos de manejo en el Totonacapan, Veracruz, México. Durante 2000 y 2001 se seleccionaron en huertos tecnificados (Te), semitecnificados (St) y tradicional (Tr) 40 tutores con plantas de vainilla por tutor y divididos en grupos de 10 individuos. Se suministró riego diariamente a las 18:00 h durante la temporada seca (mayo-junio) en cuatro tratamientos: 1) 1.0 L m-2 de agua; 2) 0.5 L m-2; 3) 0.25 L m-2; 4) un grupo testigo sin riego. Mensualmente se cuantificó la permanencia de los frutos de vainilla en las plantas y se midió la cobertura arbórea en cada tipo de parcela para obtener el porcentaje de sombra. Se midieron el pH del suelo, temperatura, precipitación y humedad atmosférica. La retención de frutos no varió entre los años, la cual fue de 45 a 70 % y equivalente a 0.44 t ha -1, este resultado es superior a la media nacional (0.22 t ha -1). El huerto con manejo semitecnificado presentó una retención de 69.5 % de frutos, atribuible al riego y a las características del sistema de cultivo. La combinación de humedad del suelo y el manejo de los vainillales parece tener una fuerte influencia sobre la retención de frutos, lo cual mejora la condición del cultivo.

Objective Assessing VNTR (variable-number tandem repeat) variability of Mycobacterium leprae from Colombian patients with and without prior treatment to identify potential sources of infection and to understand the patterns of disease transmission. Methodology This was a descriptive cross-sectional study where a convenience sample of biopsies was taken from 161 multibacillary leprosy patients; diagnosis and monitoring of the disease had been requested for these patients. DNA was extracted from M. leprae and standardised using the PCR technique for M. leprae VNTR, genotypes were established and different clusters grouped by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Results 22 different VNTR genotypes were found from 161 samples, of which 100 samples (62.1%) had a single u-VNTR genotype and the remaining genotypes were VNTR 17 (5.6%), VNTR 20 (4.3%), VNTR 18 (4.3%), VNTR 14 (4.3%) and VNTR 13 (3.7%), namely those forming groups or clusters. Conclusion This study showed that clones can be detected with varying degrees of virulence / aggressiveness by cluster analysis, implying the need for more monitoring programme activities which will result in a real decline in microorganism transmission.

Objetivo Evaluar la variabilidad de VNTR (variable-number tandem repeat) de Mycobacterium leprae de pacientes colombianos con y sin tratamiento previo para identificar posibles fuentes de infección y entender los patrones de transmisión de la enfermedad. Metodología Estudio transversal descriptivo, en donde mediante un muestreo electivo a conveniencia se tomaron 161 biopsias de pacientes multibacilares de lepra, que habían sido solicitadas para diagnóstico y seguimiento de la enfermedad, de las cuales se realizó extracción de ADN de M. leprae y usando la técnica de PCR para VNTRs de M. leprae estandarizada, se establecieron los genotipos y los diferentes clusters mediante el agrupamiento apareado UPGMA. Resultados En las 161 muestras totales se hallaron 22 genotipos VNTRs diferentes, de las cuales 100 muestras (62,1 %) pertenecían al genotipo único VNTRU, y de los genotipos restantes, los mayoritarios, es decir los que dieron lugar a formación de grupos o clusters fueron VNTR17 (5,6 %), VNTR20 (4,3 %), VNTR18 (4,3 %), VNTR14 (4,3 %) y VNTR13 (3,7 %). Conclusión En este estudio se evidencia por análisis de agrupamiento que se pueden detectar clones con diferente grado de virulencia/agresividad, lo cual implica la necesidad de incrementar varias de las actividades del programa de control que darán como resultado la verdadera disminución de la transmisión del microorganismo.

Objetivo Evaluar la variabilidad de VNTR (variable-number tandem repeat) de Mycobacterium leprae de pacientes colombianos con y sin tratamiento previo para identificar posibles fuentes de infección y entender los patrones de transmisión de la enfermedad. Metodología Estudio transversal descriptivo, en donde mediante un muestreo electivo a conveniencia se tomaron 161 biopsias de pacientes multibacilares de lepra, que habían sido solicitadas para diagnóstico y seguimiento de la enfermedad, de las cuales se realizó extracción de ADN de M. leprae y usando la técnica de PCR para VNTRs de M. leprae estandarizada, se establecieron los genotipos y los diferentes clusters mediante el agrupamiento apareado UPGMA. Resultados En las 161 muestras totales se hallaron 22 genotipos VNTRs diferentes, de las cuales 100 muestras (62,1 %) pertenecían al genotipo único VNTRU, y de los genotipos restantes, los mayoritarios, es decir los que dieron lugar a formación de grupos o clusters fueron VNTR17 (5,6 %), VNTR20 (4,3 %), VNTR18 (4,3 %), VNTR14 (4,3 %) y VNTR13 (3,7 %). Conclusión En este estudio se evidencia por análisis de agrupamiento que se pueden detectar clones con diferente grado de virulencia/agresividad, lo cual implica la necesidad de incrementar varias de las actividades del programa de control que darán como resultado la verdadera disminución de la transmisión del microorganismo.

Objective Assessing VNTR (variable-number tandem repeat) variability of Mycobacterium leprae from Colombian patients with and without prior treatment to identify potential sources of infection and to understand the patterns of disease transmission. Methodology This was a descriptive cross-sectional study where a convenience sample of biopsies was taken from 161 multibacillary leprosy patients; diagnosis and monitoring of the disease had been requested for these patients. DNA was extracted from M. leprae and standardised using the PCR technique for M. leprae VNTR, genotypes were established and different clusters grouped by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Results 22 different VNTR genotypes were found from 161 samples, of which 100 samples (62.1%) had a single u-VNTR genotype and the remaining genotypes were VNTR 17 (5.6%), VNTR 20 (4.3%), VNTR 18 (4.3%), VNTR 14 (4.3%) and VNTR 13 (3.7%), namely those forming groups or clusters. Conclusion This study showed that clones can be detected with varying degrees of virulence / aggressiveness by cluster analysis, implying the need for more monitoring programme activities which will result in a real decline in microorganism transmission.