Resumen: Desde 2006, en México se ha multiplicado la producción de textos, tanto académicos como literarios, relacionados con la violencia generada en el país a causa de la estrategia securitaria de los gobiernos de México y Estados Unidos, desde el mandato del presidente Felipe Calderón (2006-2012) y George W. Bush (2001-2009); una estrategia que en realidad sirvió para otros objetivos como el extractivismo. En este artículo se analizan los poemas Los muertos de María Rivera, Querida fábrica de Dolores Dorantes, Disentimientos de la nación de Javier Raya y Antígona González de Sara Uribe. El análisis se hace en relación con dos constelaciones teóricas. Por un lado, los planteamientos de Giorgio Agamben, Rita Segato, Oswaldo Zavala y Luis Astorga, que explican la violencia como resultado de una estrategia esencialmente capitalista. Y por otro, las propuestas de Cristina Rivera Garza, Ana Cento Bull y Hans Lauge Hansen, así como de Daniel Inclán, las cuales buscan, desde el trabajo con el archivo y la memoria, distintas soluciones a los resultados trágicos que la violencia ha traído consigo.

Abstract: From 2006 onwards it has been growing the production of academic and creative text works regarding the violence triggered by both Mexican and American governments, specially over the Felipe Calderon’s rule (2006-2012) and George Bush’s one (2001-2009). Depicted as if trying to end the insecurity, such a bilateral strategy ended up serving, in reality, for paving the way for the extractivism. This work aims to show how several academic, journalistic and literary works have rightly interpreted the latter. To do so the author analyzes Maria Rivera,’s Los Muertos, Dolores Dorantes’s Querida fabrica, Javier Raya’s Disentimientos de la nación and Sara Uribe’s Antígona González. The analysis is made taking into account two theoretical approaches. On the one hand, the works by Giorgio Agamben, Rita Segato, Oswaldo Zavala and Luis Astorga. They all explain the violence, in essence, as a result of a capitalist strategy. The other theoretical proposals are those elaborated by Cristina Rivera Garza, Ana Cento Bull and Hans Lauge Hansen, as well as by Daniel Inclán. Boosted by their work with archives, these theorists look for diverse vias to exit the dreadful results caused by violence. This text is intended to focus the actual causes of such a phenomenon in Mexico, and to utilize an array of proposals to imagine ways for exiting the violence.

ABSTRACT The present study explored the predictive values of milk leukocyte differentials (MLD) as a basis for improving the diagnosis of intramammary infections (IMIs) and subclinical mastitis. Quarter milk samples were collected for bacteriological analysis, quarter somatic cell count (qSCC), and MLD. The MLD were assessed using the cytospin technique, direct microscopic smears, and flow cytometry. The predictive values of each single leukocyte population and useful potential indices that could better reflect immune complexity were also calculated. Changes in the percentage of any leukocyte alone failed to substantially improve the predictive value of qSCC in diagnosing IMIs. Although certain parameters increased the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) as a result of increased specificity values, a slight reduction in sensitivity was observed. The so-called CD8 complex was a unique parameter which improved both the sensitivity (78.79 %) and the specificity (80.77 %) in IMI diagnosis, resulting in the highest area under the ROC curve (0.87). To diagnose subclinical mastitis, the percentage of macrophages and the sum of the percentage PMNLs and T CD8+ cells divided by the percentage of macrophages showed the highest predictive values (sensitivity = 79.63, specificity = 73.68, and area under the ROC curve = 0.83) in the differentiation of the inflammatory condition status of cows. In conclusion, this study provides further insights into using T CD8+ lymphocytes in diagnosing bovine IMIs, combined with PMNLs and macrophages. The antidromic trend of macrophages vs. PMNLs and T CD8+ lymphocytes due to the increasing qSCCs was crucial to differentiating quarters under both inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions.

RESUMEN: El propósito de este estudio fue analizar la autopercepción sobre salud general, cuidado oral, estrés, ambiente académico y hábitos nocivos de estudiantes de Odontología en México durante el periodo de cuarentena por COVID-19. Estudio descriptivo observacional que consistió en una encuesta de autopercepción enviada a estudiantes de Odontología que cursaban clases virtuales. Fueron analizadas cinco secciones: Salud General, Salud Oral, Estrés, Ambiente Académico y Hábitos. Para cada pregunta, se les pidió a los estudiantes que calificaran su percepción antes de, y durante la contingencia, lo que permitió realizar una comparación entre ambos tiempos para cada cuestión. Las respuestas fueron recolectadas en Microsoft Excel y los análisis estadísticos se realizaron empleando SPSS v.20. Una diferencia estadísticamente significativa fue observada entre los grados académicos, para las variables: “ejercicio físico” antes de la cuarentena, “problemas emocionales” y “carga de trabajo” durante la cuarentena, y “eficiencia académica” para ambos tiempos. Se observó una tendencia hacia una percepción desfavorable con relación a la salud general, ambiente académico y hábitos nocivos entre los estudiantes de Odontología, durante el aislamiento social derivado de la pandemia. Es notable que los alumnos de 1er año presentaron un mayor impacto en todas las variables de interés.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to analyze the self-perceived general health, oral care, stress, academic environment, and harmful habits of Mexican dental students during the COVID-19 quarantine period. This descriptive observational study consisted of a self-perception survey that was sent to dental students undergoing virtual classes. Five sections were analyzed: General Health, Oral Health, Stress, Academic Environment and Habits. For each question, students were asked to rate their perception prior to, and during the contingency, which allowed a comparison to be made between both times for each inquiry. The answers were collected into Microsoft Excel and the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v.20. A statistically significant difference was observed between the academic years for the variables: “physical exercise” prior to quarantine, “emotional problems” and “work-load” during quarantine, and “academic efficiency” for both times. A trend towards unfavorable perception in relation to general health, academic environment, and harmful habits was observed among dental students during social isolation derived from the pandemic. It is notable that 1st-year students presented a greater impact on all the variables of interest.

Introdução: O “mallet finger” é uma deformidade comum. O tratamento é geralmente conservador. No entanto, em casos de situações agudas com fractura-arrancamento superior a 1/3 das superfície articular e subluxação da falange distal preconiza-se o tratamento cirúrgico. Uma das técnicas actualmente mais utilizada foi descrita por Ishigura e consiste num bloqueio percutâneo em extensão com utilização de dois fios de kirshner (extension block pinning). O objectivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as complicações de uma série de doentes operados entre 2009 e 2014. O Ponto de partida para este trabalho é uma noção de inconsistência nos resultados obtidos e consequente procura dos motivos que podiam justificar essa inconsistência de resultados. Não faz parte do objectivo discutir indicações cirúrgicas ou fazer comparações com outras técnicas. Material e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de uma série de 15 doentes sumetidos a tratamento cirúrgico na nossa instituição, pela técnica já referida. Resultados: Todos os doentes foram operados no serviço de urgência. O tempo médio de espera foi de 8 horas. 9 doentes eram do sexo masculino. Os erros técnicos encontrados foram: fios de kirshner com diâmetro maior do que suposto; flexo da IFD; falência da redução; falência do encavilhamento trans-articular. Houve necessidade de reintervenção em 2 doentes com conversão em cirurgia aberta e fixação do tendão com uma âncora. Discussão/Conclusão: O tratamento deste tipo de deformidade mantém-se controverso. Não há nenhum método (aberto ou fechado) em que haja excelentes resultados de forma consistente. O método descrito neste trabalho tem em teoria bons resultados, desde que utilizado em doentes com boa indicação, por cirurgiões com experiência e conhecedores da técnica. As pequenas deformidades residuais são bem toleradas pelo doente, pelo que pode justificar-se maior ponderação na colocação da indicação cirúrgica.

Introduction: Mallet finger is a common deformity. Treatment is usually conservative. However, in cases of acute situations with a fracture with an avulsion greater than 1/3 of the articular surface and subluxation of the distal phalanx surgical treatment is mandatory. One of the most common techniques used today was described by Ishigura and consists of an extension block pinning with the use of two K wires. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the complications of a series of patients operated between 2009 and 2014. The starting point for this work is notion of an inconsistency of the results and consequent demand for reasons that could justify this inconsistency results. It is not the aim to discuss surgical indications or make comparisons with other techniques. Material and Methods: Retrospective study of a series of 15 patients undergoing surgical treatment in our institution with the technique referred previously. Results: All patients were operated in the emergency room. The average waiting time was 8 hours. 9 patients were male. Technical errors were: Kirshner wires with a diameter greater than assumed; flexion of DIF; failure of reduction; failure of the trans-articular nailing. There was need for reintervention in 2 patients with conversion to an open surgery and fixation of the tendon with an anchor. Discussion / Conclusion: The treatment of this type of deformity remains controversial. There is no method (open or closed) where there is excellent results consistently. The method described in this paper has theoretically good results, provided it is used in patients with good indication, by surgeons experienced and skilled in the art. Small residual deformities are well tolerated by the patient, so you can justify a higher prudence in the placement of surgical indication.

Mepraia spinolai é uma espécie endêmica no Chile que mora em habitats domésticos e silvestres. É a única espécie da família Reduviidae que apresenta polimorfismo de asas: as fêmeas são sempre sem asas, mas os machos podem ou não tê-las. O cariótipo de M. spinolai consiste de 10 pares de autossomos e um sistema complexo de determinação do sexo. Os machos das regiões mais setentrionais, regiões I e II (latitude 18o-26o S), sempre têm asas (braquíteros) e são X1X2Y, com um grande cromossomo Y. Da região III à região metropolitana (latitude 26o-33o S), os machos podem ou não ter asas, mas parecem ser polimórficos para um pequeno neo-cromossomo Y que pode ter se originado por fratura do grande cromossomo Y holocêntrico encontrado nas populações mais ao norte. Cruzamentos experimentais sugerem que os genes para asas estão ligados no cromossomo Y e também que há dois tipos citologicamente indistinguíveis de neo-cromossomo Y: uma forma (Y1) é portadora de um gene ou de genes para asas, enquanto que a outra (Y2) não apresenta tais genes. Os machos que são X1X2Y1, X1X2Y1Y1 e X1X2Y1Y2 têm asas, enquanto que a ausência de Y1 (X1X2Y2 e X1X2Y2Y2 ) resulta em um macho sem asa. Esses cromossomos e as modificações morfológicas correlacionam-se com uma mudança da população do sul para habitats mais áridos do interior da região metropolitana e da região III.

Mepraia spinolai is an endemic species in Chile that lives in wild and domestic habitats. It is the only species of the Reduviidae family that shows alate polymorphism; females are always wingless, but males can be found with and without wings. The M. spinolai karyotype consists of 10 pairs of autosomes and a complex sex determination system. Males from the northernmost regions I and II (latitude 18°-26° South) are always winged (braquipterous) and are X1X2Y, with a large Y chromosome. From region III to the metropolitan region (latitude 26°-33° South), males may be either winged or wingless but appear to be polymorphic for a small neo-Y chromosome, which may have originated by fracture of the large holocentric Y chromosome found in populations from farther north. Experimental crosses suggest that the genes for wings are linked in the Y chromosome and also that there are two cytologically indistinguishable types of neo-Y chromosomes. One form (Y1) bears a gene or genes for wings while the other (Y2) lacks such genes. Males that are X1X2Y1, X1X2Y1Y1 and X1X2Y1Y2 are winged, while the absence of Y1 (X1X2Y2 and X1X2Y2Y2 ) results in a wingless male. These chromosomes and morphological changes are correlated with a shift of the southern population into more arid habitats of the interior in the metropolitan region and region III.